13 June: Charles marriesHenrietta Maria, a French catholic princess, which is unpopular due to her religion.[2]
8 June–12 August: Charles' first parliament, which gets dubbed theUseless Parliament, is held. Parliament aims to limit the power of the King by only granting him the right to collecttonnage and poundage duties for one year, rather than for life as had been customary.[3]
October: In order to raise funds, Charles issues the Act of Revocation in Scotland, revoking all gifts of royal or church land made to the nobility.[4]
6 February–15 June: Charles'second parliament sits, but rather than discuss the financial matters Charles wanted, parliament sought to impeach one of the King's favourites, theDuke of Buckingham, causing Charles to dissolve parliament.[5]
October: Charles attempts to bypass parliament by raising funds through a 'forced loan', demanding money from taxpayers to financewar against Spain.[6]
2 March: TheSpeaker attempts to adjourn parliament as directed by the King, but is held in his chair while parliament passed motions condemning non-parliamentary taxation, and opposing any change to religious practices. The King is so frustrated that he dissolves parliament on 10 March and resolves to rule without them, beginning the period ofPersonal Rule.[7]
1639:First Bishops' War - conflict betweenCovenanters and Royalists in Scotland, beginning with the Covenanters seizing the city of Aberdeen in February. In June, English and Scottish armies muster on the border near Berwick but both demobilise without a battle after atruce is negotiated.
1640: Charles recalls the English Parliament in order to obtain money to finance his military struggle with Scotland. Parliament agrees to fund Charles, but only on condition he answer their grievances relating to his 11-yearpersonal rule. Charles refuses and dissolves the Parliament, now known as theShort Parliament, after only three weeks.
1640:The Second Bishops' War breaks out in August. Responding to Charles' attempt to raise an army against them, an army of Covenanters crosses the Tweed and overruns an English force at theBattle of Newburn (28 August), before occupying the city of Newcastle and other parts of northern England.
1640: TheTreaty of Ripon (26 October) is agreed which leaves the Scots in indefinite occupation of north-east England, while receiving daily payments from England, until a final settlement is negotiated. Charles has no option but to recall Parliament to raise the necessary funds. Parliament convenes in November and remains convened, in one form or another, until 1660, thus earning the name of theLong Parliament.
1641: Charles signs theTreaty of London (10 August), formally ending the Bishops' Wars. The Scots army departs northern England.
1641: 23 October,Irish Rebellion breaks out inUlster, with violence marked by the massacre of Protestants by Catholics. The rebels win a battle against Crown forces atJulianstown Bridge nearDrogheda in December.[9]
1641: 1 December, Parliament issues theGrand Remonstrance to Charles. Charles refuses to address the grievances it raises.
1642: The Covenanters send a Protestant Scots army toUlster to defend the Protestantplantations
"Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles" byAnthony van Dyck
1642: Backed by armed troops, Charles enters the House of Commons to arrest thefive members whom he accused of treason. The news causes uproar in London, and Charles flees the capital in fear of his life. In his absence, Parliament passes theMilitia Bill which, in effect, seizes control of the London arsenal and places theTrained bands and militia under its authority. Charles retaliates by appointing individuals to take control of other regional militias in the King's name. From this moment both sides actively raise troops and gather munitions.
1643: Ceasefire between the English Royalists and Irish Confederates declared
1643: 25 September: an alliance between the English Parliament and the Scottish Covenanters — theSolemn League and Covenant — declared. Scottish troops march into England to support the English Parliamentarians
1644: 2 July: theBattle of Marston Moor, a major defeat of the royalists by the Parliamentarians and Scots
1645: 14 June: theBattle of Naseby: the New Model Army crushes the Royalist army, effectively ending the First English Civil War
1645: 15 August,Montrose wins Royalist control of Scotland at theBattle of Kilsyth; subsequently Covenanter armies returned from England defeat him at theBattle of Philiphaugh (13 September 1645)
1646: May: Charles I surrenders to Scots Covenanters, who hand him over to the English Parliament
1647: in theBattle of Dungans Hill (August) and theBattle of Knocknanauss (November) English Parliamentarian forces smash the Irish Confederate armies of Leinster and Munster respectively
1648–1649:Ormonde Peace — formal alliance between Irish Confederates and English Royalists declared, causing a split among the Confederates and some allying with Cromwellian forces
1648: theBattle of Preston (August): Scottish Covenanter (Engagers faction) army invades England to restore Charles I; defeated by the Parliamentarians
1649: 30 January: Execution of Charles I by the English Parliament
1650: Montrose tries to launch a Royalist uprising in Scotland; the Covenanters defeat, arrest and execute him
1650: Charles II takes the oath in support of theSolemn League and Covenant and repudiates his alliance with the Irish Confederates. (The Scots subsequently crown him atScone on New Year's Day, 1651.)
1650:Anglo-Scottish War breaks out between the Scots and the English Parliament. Cromwell invades Scotland and smashes the Scottish army at theBattle of Dunbar (3 September 1650)
^Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert, eds. (2015).Petition of right, 1628. The Oxford Companion to British History | Oxford University Press.ISBN9780191757150. Retrieved17 September 2019.
^November 1641 according to"Archived copy". Archived fromthe original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved13 July 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), retrieved 2 March 2008
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