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This is a timeline of notable events during the period ofMuslim presence inIberia, starting with theUmayyad conquest in the 8th century.

• 711 – AMuslim force consisting of Arabs and Berbers of about 7,000 soldiers under generalTariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the UmayyadCaliphAl-Walid I, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa.
  • At theBattle of Guadalete, Tariq ibn Ziyad defeatsVisigothic kingRoderic.
• 712 – The Muslim governor of Northern Africa,Musa ibn Nusayr, follows Tariq ibn Ziyad with an army of 5,000 Arabs to make the total of the army 18,000. He takesMedina-Sidonia,Seville andMértola.^[1]
• 713 – Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, Musa ibn Nusair's son, takesJaén,Murcia,Granada,Sagunto.
• 714 – First Umayyad campaigns in the lowerEbro valley and southeast part of the Iberian Peninsula.
  • Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa takesÉvora,Santarém andCoimbra.
• 715 – Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa is left in charge and makes his capital the city of Seville. The Al-Walid's successor,Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, orders Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa assassinated.
• 717 – Córdoba becomes the capital of MuslimAl-Andalus.
• 717: Umayyads underal-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi crossed thePyrenees for the first time on a reconnaissance mission.
• 718 – Pelagius, a Christian Asturian noble and possibly (but not certainly) comrade-in-arms of King Roderic at theBattle of Guadalete, leads the fight against the Umayyads in the Asturian region.
• 719: The next Umayyad governor,al-Samh, crossed the Pyrenees in 719 and conquered Narbonne (Arbuna to the Arabs) in that year or the following (720).
• 720 – Al-Samh set up his capital atNarbonne, which the Moors called Arbūna. He offered the still largelyArian inhabitants generous terms.^[2]
• 721 – A combined force ofAquitanians andFranks under DukeOdo the Great defeat an Umayyad army at theBattle of Toulouse.
• 720's:Arab forces soundly based in Narbonne and easily resupplied by sea, started raids.
• 731 – Berbers allied of Odo the Great rebel inCerdanya, but the rebellion is suppressed byAbdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi.
• 732 – The Cordovan army led by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi defeats an Aquitanian force under Duke Odo the Great on theGaronne next toBordeaux.
  • Frankish commanderCharles Martel and Odo defeat an Umayyad army at theBattle of Tours-Poitiers, killing Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi.^[3]
• 735 – Umayyads takeArles in theRhône Valley.
• 739 – Berbers revolt in North Africa, thereafter expanding to Iberia.
  • Rebels in North Africa defeat aSyrian force and kill its commanderKulthum.
  • Revolt drives Muslim army out ofGalicia.
• 740 – Berbers rebel against the ethnically exclusive ArabUmayyad Caliphate and refuse to support them with tax revenues.
• 741 – The 10,000 survivors of Kulthum's force arrive in Iberia under a new leader,Talaba ibn Salama.
• 742 – Internal conflict in Al-Andalus continues for the next 4 years.
• 755 – Abd ar-Rahman I of the Umayyad dynasty flees to Iberia to escape theAbbasids.
• 756 – Abd ar-Rahman I defeatsYusuf al-Fihri outside Córdoba.

• 756 – Abd al-Rahman I proclaims himselfEmir of Córdoba.
• 759 – The Andalusis lose the city ofNarbonne, last Muslim stronghold north of the Pyrenees.
• 764 – Abd ar-Rahman I takes Toledo fromHisham ibn Urwa.
• 766 – Said al-Matari rebels in Seville.
• 771 – Syrians underAbd al-Ghaffar rebel against Abd ar-Rahman I, but the latter defeats the Syrians on the river Bembezar in 774.
• 777 – Abd ar-Rahman I suppresses an Abbasid-inspired revolt.
• 778 – TheFranks led byCharlemagne attackZaragoza, but are forced to withdraw empty-handed.
• 785 – Building of theGreat Mosque of Córdoba begins on the grounds of a Visigothic church; it is completed in 976.
• 788 – Death of Abd ar-Rahman I, founder of the independent Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba. His successor isHisham I.
• 791 – Alfonso II becomes King ofAsturias inOviedo and takes a number of Andalusi strongholds and settles the lands south of theDouro River.
• 791 – Battle of the Burbia River, where the Umayyad Cordovans defeat the Asturians.
  • A Muslim force raids intoGalicia.^{[citation needed]}
• 792 – Hisham I, Emir of Córdoba, calls for aJihad against the Christians in theMarca Hispanica andGothia (eastern Pyrenees).
• 794 – Asturians defeat the Umayyad Cordovans at theBattle of Lutos.
• 795 – An Umayyad force occupiesAstorga.
• 796 – Al-Hakam I becomes Emir of Córdoba.
• 798 – In a raid across western al-Andalus, Alfonso II of Asturias captures andsacks Lisbon, but does not retain it.
• 799 – Basques revolt and kill the local Cordovan governor inPamplona (Mutarrif ibn-Musa).
• 800 – Charlemagne takes Barcelona. He is granted the title of "Holy Roman Emperor" byPope Leo III in order to guarantee his protection of Rome against the invadingLombards.
• 801 – William of Gellone andLouis the Pious, Charlemagne's son, take Barcelona from Andalusi lords.
• 806 – Frankish conquest of Pamplona.
• 808 – Franksfail to take Tortosa.
• 809 – An Umayyad prince defeats and executesTumlus, a Muslim rebel who had seized power in Lisbon some years before.
• 811 – Charlemagne fails to take control ofTarragona; "Hispanic March" (designation until 874) established to the south of Barcelona.
• 813 – The grave ofJames the Apostle is 'revealed' nearSantiago de Compostela, inGalicia.
• 816 – Forces of the Emirate of Cordoba underAbd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Wahid defeat a force loyal to the Kingdom ofFrancia underBalask al-Yalasqi.
• 822 – Abd-ar-Rahman II becomes Emir of Córdoba.
• 824 – Basques destroy a Carolingian army at the secondBattle of Roncesvalles.Kingdom of Pamplona established.
• 825 – Andalusian forces attempt to invade Christian territory from Coimbra andViseu but are driven back.
• 827 – Bernard of Septimania holds Barcelona againstGothic rebels who have Umayyad assistance.
• 829 – Another insurrection in Mérida.
• 839 – Alfonso II of Asturias commands a military force in the region of Viseu.
• 844 – Vikings raid theGalician estuaries, are defeated by Ramiro I, attack Lisbon, and sack Seville, but are shortly afterwards wiped out by a Córdoban relief army.
  • Battle of Clavijo, a fictitious battle between Christians led by Ramiro I of Asturias and Muslims, whereSt. James is claimed to have aided a Christian Army.
• 848 – William, son ofBernard of Septimania, seizes Barcelona.
• 850–859 – Perfectus, a Christian priest in Andalusi Córdoba, is beheaded after refusing to retract numerous insults hurled atMuhammad. Numerous other priests, monks, and laity would follow.
  • Forty-eight Christian men and women are decapitated for refusing to convert or recurrently blaspheming Muhammad – Martyrs of Córdoba.
• 852 – Death ofAbd at-Rahman II.
  • Muhammad I becomes Emir of Córdoba.
• 854 – Afonso Betotes takesTui.
• 859 – Vikings raid the Iberian coast. They capture and ransom KingGarcía Íñiguez of Pamplona.
• 859 – Ordoño I of Asturias defeatsMusa ibn Musa atAlbelda.
• 868 – Vímara Peres capturesPorto and establishes theCounty of Portugal.
• 872 – Count Odoario capturesChaves
• 873 – Over the next 25 yearsWilfred the Hairy,Count of Barcelona, sets up a Christian principality with a certain degree of independence from theFrankish kings.
• 878 – The city ofCoimbra is taken from the Moors.Hermenegildo Gutiérrez is madeCount of Coimbra.
• 886 – Al-Mundhir becomes Emir of Córdoba.
  • Revolts in Al-Andalus continue till 912
• 888 – Abdallah ibn Muhammad becomes Emir of Córdoba.
• 893 – Zamora is taken forAlfonso III of Asturias.
• 899 – Simancas is taken forAlfonso III of Asturias.
• 900 – Toro is taken forAlfonso III of Asturias.
• 905 – Sancho I of Pamplona usurps the Basque kingdom of Pamplona with the help ofAlfonso III of León,Raymond I, Count of Pallars and Ribagorza and theBanu Qasi.
• 912
  • Abd al-Rahman III becomes the Emir of Córdoba. Every spring, Emirate troops or those of vassals launch raiding campaigns against the Christian frontier.
  • Osma is taken for the Christians.
• 913 – An expedition commanded byOrdoño II of León takes Évora (Talavera) from the Muslims.
  • The capital city of theKingdom of Asturias is moved fromOviedo toLeón, becomesKingdom of León.
• 916 – Ordoño II of León is defeated by Emir Abd al-Rahman III inValdejunquera.
• 917 – Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz.Ordoño II defeats an army under Emir Abd al-Rahman III.
• 919 – The Muslims again attack the city ofSan Esteban de Gormaz at theBattle of San Esteban de Gormaz (919)
  • Pope John X recognizes the orthodoxy and legitimacy of the Visigothic Liturgy maintained in theMozarabic rite.
• 920 – Battle of Valdejunquera, where the armies of Abd al-Rahman III defeat the armies of the Kingdom of León.
• 920 – Muslim forces under the command of Abd al-Rahman III take the city ofSan Esteban de Gormaz
• 920 – Muslim forces cross the Pyrenees, enterGascony, and reach as far as the gates ofToulouse. The garrison ofMuez is killed.
• 924 – The city of Pamplona is destroyed by forces led byAbd al-Rahman III.

• 929 – Abd al-Rahman III, faced with the threat of invasion by theFatimids, proclaims himself Caliph of Córdoba, breaking all ties with the Abbasid Caliphate inBaghdad. Under the reign of Abd al-Rahman III Muslim Al-Andalus reaches its greatest height before its slow decline over the next four centuries.
• 930 – Over the next 20 yearsRamiro II of León, defeats Abd al-Rahman III atSimancas,Osma, andTalavera.
• 933 – Battle of Osma whereCastilian–Leónese troops, underFernán González of Castile, defeat the Muslim army of Abd al-Rahman III.
• 939 – Battle of Simancas where Ramiro II of León defeats Abd al-Rahman III. The Christians defeat Abd al-Rahman III al-Nāṣir a second time atAlhandega.
  • Madrid is recaptured from Muslim forces. The encounter between the two rulers finally took place in 939, when, at the so-called ditch of Simancas (Shant Mankus),Ramiro II of León severely defeated the Muslims, and Abd al-Rahman III narrowly escapes with his life. After that defeat Abd al-Rahman III resolved never to take personal charge of another expedition. But Madrid is recaptured by Muslims in 940.
• 953 – Emperor Otto I sends representatives to Córdoba to ask Caliph Abd al-Rahman III to call off some Muslim raiders who had set themselves up in Alpine passes and are attacking merchant caravans going in and out of Italy.
  • Big Moorish incursion inGalicia.
• 955 – Ordoño III of León attacks Lisbon.
• 961 – Al-Hakam II becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
• 974 – A Córdoban expedition underIbn Tumlus crushes a rebellion in Seville.
• 976 – CaliphAl-Hakam II dies, andAl-Mansur takes over in the name of his protégéHisham II, becoming a military dictator usurping caliphal powers and launching a big number of offensive campaigns against the Christians. The Christians take advantage of the resulting confusion and commence raids into Muslim territory.
  • Al-Mansur sacks Barcelona.
• 977 – Al-Mansur volunteers to lead the army against the Christians, and is successful.
• 978 – Leonese forces underGarcía Fernández andRamiro III of León suffer the worst in a string of defeats atSan Esteban de Gormaz (Also defeated atRueda andTorrevicente), eventually leading to the revolt of the Galacian nobles and the abdication of Ramiro in favor ofBermudo II of León.
• 981 – Al-Mansur defeats his old friendGhalib in a confused battle nearAtienza. Al-Mansur force includes Berbers, Christian mercenaries, and Andalusian troops from Zaragoza underMan ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Tujibi. Ghalib's force includes Andalusians and a Castilian contingent under the CountGarcía Fernandez. Ghalib is killed in the battle. Al-Mansur subsequently kills off bothIbn al-Andalusi andMan ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Tujibi.
  • 981 – Ramiro III of León is defeated by Al-Mansur atRueda at theBattle of Rueda and is obliged to pay tribute to the Caliph of Córdoba.
• 983 – After failing in a rebellion in theMaghreb, the Berber ChiefZawi ibn Ziri, of theTunisian royal family, brings a formidable force ofSanhaja horsemen to join Al-Mansur. However, they are not allowed to cross the straits for many years (sometime 1002–1008).
• 985 – Under Al-Mansur and subsequently his son, Christian cities are subjected to numerous raids.
• 985 – Al-Mansur sacks Barcelona.
• 986 – Al-Mansur burns down the monastery ofSant Cugat del Vallès.
• 987
  • Al-Mansur retakes Christian Coimbra.
  • Al-Mansur seizes the castles north of theDouro River, and arrives at the city ofSantiago de Compostela. The city had been evacuated and Al-Mansur burns it to the ground. Al-Mansur has thebasilica doors and bells of the Christian shrine of Santiago de Compostela taken to the Córdoba Mosque and has the rest of the Church destroyed.
• 988 – Al-Mansur razesLeón to the ground. He sacks Leon,Zamora, andSahagun, and sets fire to the great monasteries of Eslonza and Sahagun.
• 989 – Al-Mansur seizesOsma.
• 995 – Despite stout resistance by theBeni-Gomez clan – Christian counts ofSaldaña,Liébana,Carrión, andZamora – Al-Mansur destroys their capital, the city ofSanta Maria de Carrion.
• 997 – Under the leadership of Al-Mansur, Muslim forces march out of the city of Córdoba and head north to capture Christian lands.
• 998 – Wadih, aSlav and the best Andalusian commander of the time, takes Fez inMorocco with a large force.
  • Muslims briefly attempt to establish a garrison atZamora.
• 1000 – Sancho III of Navarre, inflicts major losses on the Muslims, and nearly clinches a remarkable victory.
• 1000–1033 – Sancho III of Navarre gains control ofAragon and Castile, uniting the three kingdoms. But on his death, he splits the kingdom and leavesNavarre to his sonGarcía III of Pamplona, Castile toFernando I, and Aragon toRamiro I.
• 1002 – Al-Mansur raids intoLa Rioja.
  • Al-Mansur dies in the village ofSalem.
  • Power in Al-Andalus subsequently divided between the oldArab nobility, the Berber mercenaries, and theSlav slaves.
• 1002–1008 – Al-Mansur's sonAl-Muzaffar conducts annual raids against the Christians.
• 1003 – Moors lay waste to the city ofLeón.
• 1008 – On the death of al-Muzaffar,Abd al-Rahman ibn Al-Mansur, another son of Al-Mansur, takes over the role of unofficial ruler. In winter he leads his army against the Christians.
  • Muhammad II – great-grandson of Abd al-Rahman III – deposesHisham II as Caliph and destroys Al-Mansur's palace complex of al-Madinat al-Zahira near Córdoba.
  • Mohammed II al-Mahdi becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
  • The period of anarchy over the next 23 years out of which emerged approximately two dozentaifa states.

• 1009 – Muslims lay waste toLeón again.
  • The Berbers are expelled from Córdoba and set up camp atCalatrava. Their Generals nominate another descendant of Abd al-Rahman III – Sulayman al-Mustain – as a rival Caliph.
  • Suleiman seeks the aid of CountSancho García of Castile against Mohammed II of Umayyad. The joint Berber-Castilian army defeats the Arab militia of Muhammad II and sacks Córdoba.
  • Sulaiman al-Mustain becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba as Suleiman II, after deposing Mohammed II.
  • The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) ofBadajoz becomes independent of the Caliph of Córdoba and governs the territory between Coimbra and NorthAlentejo.
• 1010
  • Having fled to Toledo, Mohammed II seeks the aid ofRamon Borrell,Count of Barcelona and Urgel. TheCatalan army defeats Sulaiman II's Berbers at Aqabat al-Baqar and again near the river Guadiaro (near Ronda).
  • Mohammed II reclaims Córdoba supported by theSlav GeneralWadih, but is assassinated.
  • Hisham II is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by slave troops of the Caliphate under Wahdid.
• 1012 – Berber forces capture Córdoba and order that half the population be executed.
  • Sulaiman II is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by the Berber armies.
• 1013 – A Berber reign of terror in Córdoba that kills the deposedHisham II.
  • The powerless Sulaiman II is forced to hand out provincial governorships to the Berber chiefs.
  • Jews are expelled from the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, then ruled by Suleiman II.
  • Samuel ibn Naghrillah flees toMálaga when Suleiman attacks Córdoba.
  • Samuel ibn Naghrillah becomes vizier to the Emir of Granada, as does his son,Joseph ibn Naghrela. Many other Jews flee to Granada.
  • Caliphate of Córdoba begins to break up. Many Taifas (independent Moorish kingdoms) begin to spring up.
• 1014 – The Berber chiefZawi ibn Ziri – leader of theSanhaja confederation, and a member of theAlgerian royal family – makes Granada his capital.
• 1015 – TheEmir ofDenia,Mujāhid al-‘Āmirī, sets out from his base in theBalearic Islands with a fleet of 125 ships in an attempt to takeSardinia.
  • Ali ibn Hammud, Emir ofCeuta, declares himself the rightful Caliph and marches on Córdoba. A Berber general deposes and executes Caliph Suleiman II.
  • Mujāhid al-‘Āmirī is dislodged fromSardinia by a force fromGenoa andPisa.
• 1018 – Self-proclaimed CaliphAli ibn Hammud assassinated in Córdoba. His brotherAl-Qasim replaces him. TheZirids of Granada defeat an Andalusian army of 4,000 underAbd ar-Rahman IV al-Mutada – the Umayyad claimant.
  • The Taifa of theAlgarve becomes independent.
• 1021 – Abd-ar-Rahman IV becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
  • Yahya, the son ofAli ibn Hammud al-Nasir, rebels inMálaga with the support of the Berbers.
• 1022 – Abd-ar-Rahman V becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.
  • The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Lisbon emerges. It will be annexed by the Taifa of Badajoz.
• 1023 – Muhammad III becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.
  • TheAbbadid Emir of Seville,Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad, declares independence from Muhammad III, Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
• 1025 – Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad,Abbadid Emir of Seville, captures two castles at Alafões to the north-west of Viseu.
• 1027 – Hisham III becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
• 1028 – Alfonso V, king ofAsturias and León, lays siege to Viseu but is killed by a bolt from the walls.
  • The MoorishCaliphate of Córdoba falls.
• 1031 – The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls.
  • Hisham III, the last of the Umayyad Caliphs disappears into obscurity.
• 1033 – The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) ofMértola becomes independent.
• 1034 – The Leonese destroy a raiding force underIsmail ibn Abbad of Seville. Ismail ibn Abbad flees to Lisbon.
  • Gonçalo Trastemires – a Portuguese frontiersman – capturesMontemor castle on theMondego river.
  • Over the next 28 yearsFerdinand I of León takes Coimbra and obliges the Muslims of Toledo, Seville, and Badajoz to pay him tribute. Before his death, he divides his territories between his sons: Castile goes toSancho II, León toAlfonso VI of León and Castile andGalicia toGarcia II.
• 1035 – Bermudo III of León defeats the Moors at theBattle of Cesar, in theAveiro region.
• 1038 – Granadine armies under thevizier wage almost continuous war against their Muslim neighbours, primarily Seville.
• 1040 – The Taifa ofSilves becomes independent.
• 1043 – Zaragoza and Toledo fight over the border city ofGuadalajara. Toledo pays theNavarrese to raid into Zaragoza; similarly, Zaragoza pays the León–Castilians to raid into Toledo. The Christian armies ravage the respective Muslim lands unchecked.
  • Rodrigo Diaz Vivar, whom the Muslims would name "El Cid Campeador" (Lord Winner of Battles) is born inBurgos.
• 1044 – Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, son of theAbbadid Emir of SevilleAbbad II al-Mu'tadid, retakesMértola, since 1033 an independent Taifa.
• 1051 – Yusuf ibn Hud, theBanu HudEmir of Lleida, is paying theCatalans to protect against his own family in Zaragoza.
  • The Taifa of theAlgarve is annexed by the Taifa of Seville.
• 1053 – EmirAl-Mutadid of Seville drives Berbers from Arcos, Morón and Ronda.
• 1054 – Battle of Atapuerca. The army ofFerdinand I of Castile defeats that of his brotherGarcía III of Navarra, nearBurgos. Several disaffected Navarrese knights join the Castilians before the battle and one of these men is believed to have killed Garcia. Garcia's son Sancho is proclaimed King on the field of battle and the war continues.
• 1055 – Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Berbers fromAlgeciras.
• 1056 – TheAlmoravids (al-Murabitun) Dynasty begins its rise to power. This Berber dynasty who would rule North Africa and Islamic Iberia until 1147.
• 1057 – Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Almoravids fromCarmona.
  • Ferdinand I of Castile-León takesLamego from the Moors.
• 1058 – EmirAl-Muzaffar al-Aftas (Abu Bekr Muhammad al-Mudaffar – Modafar I of Badajoz,Aftasid dynasty) pays the Christians to leave Badajoz, but not beforeFerdinand I of Castile-León takes Viseu.
• 1060–1063 – Council (EcumenicalSynod) ofSantiago de Compostela.
• 1060 – The hereticBerghouata Berbers set up a Taifa inCeuta, but are eventually crushed by the Almoravids.
  • Ferdinand I of León imposes an annual tribute on Muslim Zaragoza. Emir Al-Muqtadir ibn Hud of Zaragoza drives Slavs fromTortosa when the Tortosans rise against their Slav ruler.
• 1062 – Ferdinand I of Castile and León invades Muslim Toledo with a large army. EmirAl-Mamun becomes a tributary of Castile. Ferdinand then invades Muslim Badajoz, and extracts tribute from Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville.
• 1063 – Battle of Graus. During spring,Ramiro I of Aragon besieges Muslim Graus in Zaragozan territory. The EmirAhmad al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza leads his army north accompanied by a Castilian contingent under Prince Sancho (the future Sancho II). Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar later known as El Cid is probably in the Castilian contingent. The opposing armies meet and after a protracted struggle Ramiro I is killed and the Aragonese flee (8 May 1063). Pope Alexander II sends an international force to Spain under his standard bearer William of Montreuil. It includes Italian knights, Normans (Robert Crespin, Baron of Lower Normandy), Frenchmen (William, Count ofPoitiers and Duke ofAquitaine), and Iberians (Bishop ofVic; CountErmengol II ofUrgel). At the start of July the expedition besiegesBarbastro in the MuslimKingdom of Lleida. The Emir of Lleida (the brother ofAhmad al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza) makes no attempt to relieve the siege and after 40 days the defenders are forced to surrender when a large stone falls from the walls and blocks the only water supply. 50,000 inhabitants are massacred or enslaved. Count Ermengol II of Urgel is left as governor on behalf ofSancho Ramirez of Aragon. Seville feels obliged to pay Christians tribute.
  • The Taifa of Seville annexes the Taifa ofSilves.
• 1064 – Ferdinand I of León-Castilebesieges Muslim Coimbra from 20 January 1064 – 9 July 1064. The Muslim governor who surrendered is allowed to leave with his family, but 5,000 inhabitants are taken captive, and all Muslims are forced out of Portuguese territory across theMondego river.
  • TheMozarabic (Christian) generalSisnando Davides, who led the siege of Coimbra, becomes Count of Coimbra.
  • TheHispanic calendar is adopted.
• 1065 – Civil War in Castile-León. In April EmirAhmad al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza, aided by 500 Sevillian knights, besiegesBarbastro. The governor, Count Ermengol II of Urgel, is killed in a sortie, and a few days later the city falls, whereupon the Iberian and French garrison is put to the sword, thus bringing an end toPope Alexander II's prototype crusade. At around the same time EmirAhmad al-Muqtadir breaks off relationships with Castile, and Ferdinand I leads apunitive expedition into Zaragoza – takingAlquezar – and then intoValencia. Despite him being a tributary of Castile, Emir Mamun of Toledo leads to force in support of his son-in-law Emir Abd al-Malik. Mamun subsequently dethrones Abd al-Malik and incorporates Valencia into theKingdom of Toledo. Ferdinand falls dangerously ill and retires from the field. King Ferdinand dies inLeón on 28 December 1065, and his empire is divided between his three sons:Sancho II in Castile,Alfonso VI in León, andGarcia inGalicia.
• 1066 – Joseph ibn Naghrela, son of the Jewish VizierSamuel ibn Naghrela Ha-Nagid, invitesAl-Mutasim ofAlmería to come and rule in Granada. TheZirids ofSanhaja defeat the attempt and instigate apogrom of the Jews in Granada.
  • Joseph and other Jews in Granada are attacked and murdered; many escapees flee to the north. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day, December 30, 1066."^[4]
• 1067 – The Castilian army under Sancho II and the Alferez Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar – already known as El Cid by this time – besiege Zaragoza. The siege is lifted after EmirAhmad al-Muqtadir pays a large ransom and promises tribute. War of the three Sanchos: Castile versus Aragon andNavarre. Aragon severely mauls the Castilians atViana, however status quo is restored when the ZaragozanWali of Huesca invades Aragon from the south.
• 1068 – Alfonso VI of León leads a campaign against Badajoz, but withdraws when Emir Mamun ibn Dhi-I-Nun of Toledo intercedes. Badajoz becomes tributary to León. Later the Emir of Badajoz dies and his two sons dispute the succession.
• 1069 – Alfonso VI of León overruns Badajoz early in the year. Seville takes Córdoba. The army consists of an advance guard of 300 horses and a main body of 1000.
• 1071 – Battle of Pedroso (betweenBraga and the RiverCávado) whereGarcia II of Galicia suppresses the rebellion of his Portuguese subjects under CountNuno Mendes, last count of Portugal of theVímara Peres House. Count Nuno Mendes is killed andGarcia II of Galicia proclaims himself King of Portugal. Sometime after 18 January 1071 and before May, Garcia II of Galicia is captured by his brother Sancho II of Castile (It is unclear if Garcia was captured in open battle at Santarém or by trickery). Garcia purchases his release and retires to the court of his tributaryAl-Mutamid of Seville. Galicia is divided between his brothers Sancho and Alfonso.
• 1073 – The Emir of Granada rejects the Castilian demand for tribute, however,Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, the Emir of Seville offers to pay instead. Consequently, a joint Muslim-Castilian force builds the fortress ofBelillos, from which the garrison raid into Granada.
• 1074 – Emir Al-Mutamid of Seville drives the Almoravids fromJaén.
• 1075 – Toledo takes Córdoba from Seville with the help of Castilian troops.
• 1076 – EmirAhmad al-Muqtadir drivesSlavs fromDenia. Ferdinand I of León-Castile besieges Muslims and takesCoria in Badajoz. After the Emir of Toledo dies, Seville takes Córdoba back from his son al-Qadir.
• 1078 – Ibn Ammar acquires Murcia nominally on behalf of Seville but in reality as his own. Seville takes Valencia from Toledo. As a result, Al-Qadir of Toledo is forced from the city by a coup and his opponents acknowledge al-Mutawwakil of Badajoz as their new ruler. The Almoravids takeTangier.Ceuta hangs on as the lastZanata outpost because its fleet can supply it from sea.
• 1079 – Battle of Cabra.Rodrigo Díaz, defeats the Emir Abd Allah of Granada, who was helped by the Castilian Count García Ordíñez.
• Battle ofCoria. Alfonso VI (already king of Castile and León) defeats the Muslim Emir of Badajoz, Al-Mutawwakkil. Al-Mutawwakkil renounces control of Toledo and al-Qadir is reinstated. A Leonese garrison is established atZorita to the east of Toledo.
• 1080 – Ibn Ammar forced to flee Murcia.
• 1081 – El Cid, now a mercenary because he had been exiled by Alfonso IV of Castile, enters the service of the Moorish king of the northeast Spanish city of Zaragosa, al-Mu'tamin, and would remain there for his successor, al-Mu'tamin II.
• 1082 – Battle of Almenar. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, leading the army of Al-Mutamin of Zaragoza, defeats a combined army of the kings of Valencia (Al-Mundhir),Lleida (Al-Hayib), Aragon (Sancho Ramírez), and the Count of Barcelona (Berenguer Ramón II, who is captured). When Emir Al-Mutamid of Seville pays his tribute in debased coinage, Alfonso of León-Castile leads an expedition in Muslim territory.
• 1083 – In June–July Almoravids takeCeuta – the last outpost of theZanata – and put to death the ruler, al-Muizz ibn Badis. Ships from Seville may have aided the attack. The same summer Alfonso of León-Castile reachesTarifa overlooking theStraits of Gibraltar. Castile under Alfonso VI of León and Castile takes Madrid.
• 1084 – The Muslim army of Zaragoza under El Cid defeats the Aragonese. In autumn the Castilians start a loose siege of Toledo.
• 1085 – Christians takeSalamanca.
  • Castile under Alfonso VI of León and Castile,Emperor of all Spains, takes Toledo.
• 1086 – Several Muslim Emirs (namelyAbbad III al-Mu'tamid) ask theAlmoravid leaderYusuf ibn Tashfin for help against Alfonso VI of León and Castile. In this year Yusuf ibn Tashfin passed the straits toAlgeciras and inflicted a severe defeat on the Christians at theBattle of az-Zallaqah (North of Badajoz). He was debarred from following up his victory by trouble in North Africa which he had to settle in person.
  • Raymond of Burgundy, son ofWilliam I, Count of Burgundy, comes to Iberia for the 1st time to fight against the Moors, bringing with him his younger cousinHenry of Burgundy, grandson ofRobert I, Duke of Burgundy.
  • In spring the Castilians besiege Zaragoza, but the siege is called off when the Almoravids land in the south. In June the Almoravids advance guard of 500 men take possession ofAlgeciras. The remaining 12–20,000 soon follow. Castilians under Alvar Fañez install al-Qadir as Emir of Valencia.
  • Almoravids, rampage through parts of Iberia, especially Granada andLucena. There are persecutions and massacres. The wealthier Jews flee to Christian-held Iberia.^{[citation needed]}
  • The Christian advance obliges the Muslim kings of Granada, Seville and Badajoz to call to their aid the Almoravids.
  • Battle of az-Zallaqah: AtSagrajas (Friday 23 October 1086) north-east of Badajoz, the Almoravids (12,000 or 20,000 men) under Yusuf ibn Tashfin and Andalusians (including Kings of Seville, Granada,Málaga, and Badajoz) defeat a predominantly Leonese-Castilian army (possibly 50–60,000 men including Jews, Aragonese, Italian and French) under Alfonso VI of León and Castile. The Andalusians encamp separately from the Almoravids. The Christian vanguard (Alvar Fañez) surprise the Andalusian camp before dawn; the men of Seville (Al-Mutamid) hold firm but the remaining Andalusians are chased off by the Aragonese cavalry. The Christian main body then attacks the Almoravids, but are held by the Lamtuma, and then withdraw to their own camp in response to an outflanking move by ibn Tashufin. The Aragonese return to the field, do not like what they see, and start a withdraw which turns to a rout. The Andalusians rally, and the Muslims drive Alfonso to a small hill. Alfonso and 500 knights escape in the night to Toledo. Al-Mutamid proposes that the Christians are pursued and crushed, but Ibn Tashufin retires back to his African domains leaving only 3,000 troops to defend the east of Al-Andalus. Al-Mutamid and the Almoravid generalsSir ibn Abi Bakr and Dawud ibn Aisha are reported to have fought well during the battle.
• 1087 – Alfonso VI of León and Castile takes the fortress ofAledo in the territory of Murcia, blocking the route from Seville and Granada to the eastern provinces.
  • After his crushing defeat atZallaqa, Alfonso VI of León and Castile swallows his pride and recalls El Cid from exile.
• 1088 – Yusuf ibn Tashfin arrives back inAlgeciras (May–June) and is joined by al-Mutamid of Seville and Abd Allah of Granada, plus support fromAlmería and Murcia (but not the Emirs). The combined army besiegesAledo for 4 months, but Yusuf ibn Tashfin returns to Africa unsuccessful.
• 1090 – Yusuf ibn Tashfin returns to the Peninsula for the third time, takes over the kingdoms of Granada andMálaga in September and is back in Africa by the end of the year. However, this time his nephew Sir ibn Abi Bakr is left to continue the conquest. Between 30 April 1090 and 8 May 1090, Christian troops enter Santarém, Lisbon andSintra. These were recently ceded by the Al-Mutawwakil of Badajoz in return for protection from the Almoravids.
  • July 1090: Yusufbesieges Toledo without success.
  • Yusuf ibn Tashfin, King of the Almoravids, captures Granada.
• 1091 – The Almoravids led by Muhammad ibn al-Hajj take Córdoba and theGuadalquivir valley early in the year, and then defeat a Castilian force underÁlvar Fáñez who were attempting to aid Al-Mutamid of Seville. In September Seville surrenders without much of a fight to Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Subsequently, other Almoravids armies take Aledo and Almería. Ronda also falls and the Almoravid commander Garur executes al-Radi (the son al-Mutamid of Seville).
  • The Taifa ofMértola falls to the Almoravids.
• 1092 – With El Cid away in Zaragoza, the Valencians under the qadi Ibn Jahhaf and supported by a small Almoravid force, drive the Castilian garrison out and execute their Emir al-Qadir. Ibn Jahhaf promptly sets himself up at Emir and starts negotiating with both El Cid and the Almoravids.
• 1093 – An Almoravid army (Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahiim) approaches Valencia but then retreats without striking a blow.
  • Almoravid Sir ibn Abi Bakr takes Badajoz and Lisbon. Fall of the Taifa of Badajoz.
  • El Cid captures Valencia from the Moors, carving out his own kingdom along the Mediterranean that is only nominally subservient to Alfonso VI of León and Castile. Valencia would be both Christian and Muslim, with adherents of both religions serving in his army.
  • The Almoravids fromMorocco land nearQuart de Poblet and lay siege to Valencia with 50,000 men. El Cid, however, breaks the siege andforces the Almoravids to flee – the first Christian victory against the hard-fighting Africans.

• 1094 – By 1094, Yusuf had annexed most of the major taifas, with the exception of the one at Zaragoza. The Almoravids were victorious at the Battle of Consuegra, during which the son of El Cid, Diego Rodríguez, perished. Alfonso, with some Leónese, retreated into the castle of Consuegra, which was besieged for eight days until the Almoravids withdrew to the south.
• 1095 – The Almoravids take Santarém.
• 1097 – El Cid defeats Almoravid (Ali ibn al-Hajj) at theBattle of Bairén south of Valencia.
  • Almoravid (Muhammad ibn al-Hajj) defeat Castilians (Alfonso VI) at Consuegra. El Cid's son, Diego, is one of the dead.
  • Almoravid (Muhammad ibn Aisha) defeat Castilians (Alva Fañez) atCuenca before ravaging the lands of Valencia.
  • Yusuf ibn Tashfin assumes the title ofAmir al Muslimin (Prince of the Muslims).
• 1099 – The Almoravids besiege El Cid's Valencia, where he dies on 10 July 1099.
• 1100 – Molina falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
• Beginning of 12th century – According to estimates, the Muslim population in Iberia may have reached 5.5 million, including Arabs, Berber and indigenous converts.^[5]
• 1102 – The followers of El Cid leave Valencia and the Muslims occupy the Peninsula as far as Zaragoza;Battle of Mollerussa near Lleida on 14 September.
  • Main Muslim mosque in Toledo converted to a church, Muslim population is sparse.
  • Christians evacuate Valencia in April–May. Almoravid (Mazdali, presumably ibn Tilankan; Muhammad ibn Fatima) occupy the city. Of the Taifa states only Zaragoza,Majorca, andAlbarracin remain independent.
• 1103 – Ali, the brother of the Almoravid governor of Granada, Muhammad ibn al-Hajj, is killed in battle with the Castilians nearTalavera.
• 1105 – TheAlmohads, founded byIbn Tumart, began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities. Most specifically, the Almohads were opposed toanthropomorphisms which had slipped into Iberian Islam. Ibn Tumart's successor,Abd al-Mu'min, turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the zealous Almohads initiate riots and persecutions of both Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians are given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
• 1106 – Yusuf ibn Tashfin dies and his son, Ali, takes over the Almoravid empire.
• 1108 – The Almoravids under Tamim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin, the brother of the ruler; another general is Muhammad ibn Fatima, the grandson of Sir ibn Abi Bakr, take the small town ofUclés to the east of Toledo, but a ridge top fortress holds out. Alfonso VI of León and Castile sends a relieving army under Alvar Fañez. The Almoravids decisively beat the Castilians and many leaders are killed, including Sancho, Alfonso's only son (by Zaïda, a Muslim princess) and heir. Subsequently, the Almoravids pretend to withdraw then launch a successful surprise attack on the castle. As a result, the Christians abandonCuenca andHuete.
  • Almoravid (Tamim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin) stormTalavera on theTagus to the west of Toledo. The country to the north and south of Toledo is ravaged and the city unsuccessfully besieged for a month. Alvar Fañez leads the defence. Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin joined this year'sJihad but does not mention him in the actions.
• 1009-1013 – Berbersbesiege Cordoba held byUmayyadCaliphHisham II and destroy the surrounding land, including the sacking ofMedina Azahara.
• 1110 – Al-Mustain of Zaragoza leads an expedition against the Christians, but is killed atValtierra. His son, Imad al-Din, fails to establish his rule and the Almoravid (ibn al-Hajj) marches in (30 May 1110).
• 1111 – Almoravids led by Sir ibn Abi Bakr occupy Lisbon and Santarém in the west. These cities were occupied by the Almoravids in 1094-95 this suggests a fluctuating border in Portugal.
  • Henry, Count of Portugal grants city rights and privileges to Coimbra and captures Santarém to the Moors.
• 1112 – By this time the Aragonese have takenHuesca. Almoravid (ibn al-Hajj) raids into Aragonese territory and reaches the foothills of the Pyrenees.
• 1114 – A major Almoravid expedition (ibn al-Hajj from Zaragoza and Ibn Aisha of Valencia)raids into Catalonia. The army ravages Christian territory but is ambushed on its return and both Almoravid generals are killed. The Catalans under Count Ramon Berengar III take over the Balearic Islands upon the death of Emir Mubashir ibn Sulayman of Majorca.
  • The Taifa ofBeja and Évora becomes independent.
• 1115 – The new Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim ibn Tifilwit, lays siege to Barcelona for 20 days. The Almoravids withdraw when Count Ramon Berengar III returns from Majorca. The Almoravid fleet takes the Balearic Islands. The Almoravid general and governor of Granada Mazdali ibn Tilankan dies in battle this year. He led expeditions against the Christians from 1111, so he might have led an expedition separate from those of Abu Bakr and the fleet. His son, Muhammad, governor ofCórdoba, also dies in battle this year (against the Castilians), so it may have been the same expedition.
• 1117 – Almoravids under EmirAli ibn Yusuf himselfsiege Coimbra, but abandon the city after failing to capture it.
• 1118 – Alfonso I of Aragon takesSaragossa from the Muslims. Settlers in the reconquered no-man's lands of Castile are granted fueros, special rights.
  • The Aragonese led Alfonso–I the Battler seize Zaragoza and most of the central lands of theEbro. The siege of Zaragoza lasts from 22 May 1118 to 18 December 1118. The garrison has 20 mangonels and is supported by a determined militia. As a result of a plea for help of 3 December the Almoravid governor of Valencia sends a relief force, but this is too small to help.Lleida only remains in Muslim hands because it is tributary to Barcelona.
  • Zaragoza falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
• 1120 – Alfonso I of Aragon decisively defeats an Almoravid army including many Andalusian volunteers at theBattle of Cutanda in summer. The Aragonesetake Calatayud.
• 1121 – TheCórdobans rebel against the Almoravids, and drive the governor and his troops from the city. The Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin leads an army from Africa to suppress the rebellion. The Almoravids besiege the city, and persuade the Córdobans to lay down their arms.
• 1122 – Aragonese takeDaroca.
• 1125 – In September, Alfonso I of Aragon sets out south with an army of 4,000 knights. He travels down the east coast, bypasses the cities and ravages the countryside. He reachesGuadix unopposed in December.
• 1126 – The Almoravids deport Christians toMorocco.
  • Alfonso I of Aragon defeats the Almoravids at Arinzul nearLucena. After symbolically fishing atMotril on the south coast, Alfonso returns home undefeated.
• 1129 – Alfonso I of Aragon defeats an Almoravid army led by Ali ibn Majjuz, the governor of Seville deep inside Valencian territory. This is probably atCullera orAlcalá nearAlzira.

• 1130 – Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf (the son of the Almoravid Emir) takes the castle ofAceca in Toledo. The Almoravid (Governor of Valencia) defeat invading Aragonese and killGaston IV of Béarn of theFirst Crusade.
• 1133 – The Christian militia of Toledo reach the gates of Seville and kill the Almoravid governor (Abu Hafs Umar ibn Ali ibn al-Hajj). Further damage is averted by the intervention of Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf.
• 1134 – Almoravid (Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf) raids in theCaceres area.
  • AragoneseAlfonso I of Aragon besiege the small town ofFraga. An Almoravid relief army (Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya) defeats the overconfident Aragonese, and asally of thegarrison destroys the besiegers' camp.Alfonso I of Aragon is ambushed while raidingLleida and is severely wounded and dies soon after.
• 1135 – Birth of Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon (called "Rambam" or MosesMaimonides).
• 1136 – Almoravid (Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya; Sa'd ibn Mardanish) retakesMequinenza on the lowerEbro.
• 1137 – Almoravid (Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf) defeat the Castilians nearAlcázar de San Juan and sack the castle atEscalona north of theTagus.
  • PrinceAfonso I of Portugal tries and fails to take Lisbon from the Moors.
• 1139 – Battle of Ourique between the Portuguese, led by Afonso I of Portugal, and the Almoravids, led byAli ibn Yusuf.
• 1140 – Poema del Mio Cid written.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to take Lisbon from the Moors.
• 1144 – TheMuridun ("Disciples") underAbul-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Qasi rebel in theAlgarve.Ibn al-Mundhir takesSilves in his name, and the governor ofBeja,Sidray ibn Wazir, also supports him. Ibn al-Mundhir and Sidray ibn Wazir kill the garrison ofMonchique castle, and 70 men takeMértola by surprise (12 Aug). Soon after, the Andalusian governor of Niebla,Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Bitruji declares for the Muridun. The AlmoravidYahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya drives the Muridun back from Seville, and afterwards Sidray ibn Wazir splits off from the other Muridun.
  • The Taifa ofMértola and ofSilves again become independent.
• 1145 – TheCórdobans evict the Almoravid governor at the beginning of the year and raise up Hamdin ibn Huhammad ibn Hamdin as Emir. A Zaragozan adventurer in Castilian employ (Sayf al-Dawla ibn Hud al-Mustansir) briefly seizes power from ibn Hamdin in March but flees to theLevante due to popular hostility. Ibn Hamdin returns to power but is soon dispossessed by the Almoravid (Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya). In March the AndalusianJund in Valencia raise up the qadi Marwan ibn Abd al-Aziz as Emir. When he cannot pay them they replace him with their own leader Ibn Iyad.
  • Portugal retakesLeiria from the Moors.
  • The Taifa of Badajoz again becomes independent and takes the Taifa ofMértola.
• 1146 – Al-Mustansir accepts the crowns of Valencia and Murcia from the hands of Ibn Iyad. The Christians defeat the Valencians (Al-Mustansir) nearAlbacete killing Al-Mustansir in the process. Ibn Iyad reassumes the title of Emir. Ibn Iyad dies in an obscure conflict andMuhammad ibn Sa'd ibn Mardanish becomes ruler.
  • Siege of Córdoba (1146):Alfonso VII of León and Castile defeats theAlmoravids and forcesYahya ibn Ghaniya, the Almoravid governor ofAl-Andalus, to become a vassal of Alfonso.
  • The Taifa ofMértola gains independence from Badajoz.
• 1147
  • Alfonso VII of Castile takesCalatrava.
  • March – King Afonso I of Portugal takes the Taifa of Santarém in a surprise attack.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal capturesSantarém and the city will remain in Christian hands thereafter
  • An international Christian coalition attacks Almería by land and sea. Alfonso VII of Castile and Sancho Ramirez of Navarre march overland takingAndújar andBaeza en route.Ramon Berengar IV of Aragon-Catalonia and aGenoese naval contingent join them at Almería. There is no opposition from the Almoravid fleet. Almería falls on 17 Oct and is given to the Genoese.
  • ACrusaders' fleet arrives at the Portuguese city ofPorto, and are convinced to join King Afonso I of Portugal in theSiege of Lisbon, which falls after several months. Lisbon falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter Some Muslims are killed, and the city was thoroughly plundered by the Crusaders.
  • The towns ofAlmada andPalmela, just south of Lisbon, are taken from the Moors by the Portuguese.
• 1148 – Almohads take Seville.Aragonese take Tortosa.
• 1149 – Aragonesetake Lleida andFraga.
  • A new Berber dynasty, the Almohads, led by EmirAbd al-Mu'min al-Kumi, takes North Africa from the Almoravids and soon invades the Iberian Peninsula.
• 1150 – The Taifas ofBadajoz and ofBeja and Évora are taken by the Almohads.
• 1151 – The Almohads, another more conservative African Muslim dynasty who have displaced the Almoravids, retake Almería. Jews and Mozárabes (Christians in Muslim lands) flee to the northern Christian kingdoms of Spain, or to Africa and the East, includingRambam.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to takeAlcácer do Sal from the Moors.
  • The Taifa ofMértola is taken by the Almohads.
• 1155 – Almohads take Granada from Almoravids.
  • The Taifa ofSilves is taken by the Almohads.
• 1157 – Almohads take Almería from Genoese.
• 1158 – King Afonso I of Portugal takesAlcácer do Sal from the Moors.
• 1159 – Évora andBeja, in the southern province ofAlentejo, are taken from the Moors by the Portuguese.
• 1160 – Maimonides and his family took refuge inFez inMorocco, which had been spared by the Almohads.
• 1161 – Évora, Beja andAlcácer do Sal are retaken by the Moors.
• 1162 – King Afonso I of Portugal retakes Beja from the Moors.
• 1163 – The Almohad CaliphAbd al-Mu'min al-Kumi dies and is succeeded byAbu Ya'qub Yusuf I.
• 1165 – Fakedconversions become widespread with the accession of thesultan Abu Yakub. His son, Yakub Al-Mansur (1184–1199) imposes several restrictions upon the new converts. They could marry only among themselves and were forbidden to engage in large-scale trading, Doubting the sincerity of their conversion, in 1198, he also ordered them to wear a special degrading garb: a blue tunic one cubit long with ridiculously long wide sleeves. The converts were compelled to wear a blue skullcap which fell below their ears in the shape of a donkey's packsaddle, instead of the usual turbans.
• 1165 – Maimonides and his family leaveFez.
  • The Portuguese armies, led byGeraldo the Fearless, retake Évora from the Moors.
• 1166 – The Portuguese takeÉvora,Serpa andMoura (inAlentejo) from the Moors.
• 1168 – Portuguese frontiersmanGeraldo the Fearless goes into the territory of Badajoz.
• 1169 – King Afonso I of Portugal grants theKnights Templar one third of all they take from the Moors inAlentejo.
  • Geraldo the Fearless seizes Badajoz from the Almohads.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal is wounded by a fall from his horse in Badajoz, and is captured by the competing forces of KingFerdinand II of León. As ransom King Afonso I was obliged to surrender almost all the conquests he had made inGalicia in the previous years, as well as Badajoz, that the Leonese gave back to the Almohads as a vassal territory.
• 1170 – The Almohads transfer their capital to Seville.
• 1171 – Almohad Muslims begin building theAlcázar, their palace.
• 1172 – Almohads capture Murcia. Almohads take over Valencia when ibn Mardanish dies.
• 1179 – Castile and Aragon agree on future partition of Al-Andalus.
• 1184 – The Portuguese defeat the Almohads at Santarém.
  • Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph, dies and is succeeded byAbu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur.
• 1189 – King Sancho I of Portugalcaptures Silves.
• 1190
  • Maimonides writes theMoreh Nebukhim, orGuide to the Perplexed, using rationalism to reconcileJudaism with Aristotle's laws of nature, andShloshah-Asar Ikkarim, theThirteen Articles of Faith.
  • First majorAlmohadcampaign against Portugal.
  • Gualdim Pais successfully defends Tomar from the Almohads.
• 1191
  • Second majorAlmohadcampaign against Portugal.Alcácer do Sal,Palmela, Coina,Almada,Beja,Silves, fall to the Muslims.
• 1195 – The Almohads defeat the Castilians atAlarcos.
• 1199 – The Almohad Caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur dies and is succeeded byMuhammad an-Nasir.
• 1200 – Ibn Tumart's successor, Abd al-Mumin, turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the zealous Almohads initiated riots and persecutions of Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians were given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
• 1203 – The Almohads takeMajorca from the Almoravid.
• 1205 – Death ofMaimonides inEgypt.
• 1212 – Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa:Alfonso VIII of Castile,Sancho VII of Navarre andPedro II of Aragon, defeat Almohad (CaliphMuhammad an-Nasir) at theBattle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The Christians had 60-100,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry, and had troops fromWestern Europe, Castile,Navarre, Aragon, León and Portugal,Military Orders (Knights Templar,Knights Hospitaller,Santiago,Cavatrava), and urbanmilitias. After the defeat the Almohad empire goes into a serious decline in Spain and in North Africa.
• 1213 – Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II becomes Almohad Caliph.
• 1217 – The Portuguesetake the town of Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
• 1217 – Ferdinand III becomes king of Castile (1217–1252) and later of León (1230–1252). He will conquerCórdoba,Murcia,Jaén andSeville;Granada will remain as the sole independent Muslim kingdom.
• 1225 – Siege of Jaén by the combined allied forces of theKingdom of Castile and theTaifa of Baeza, commanded byFerdinand III of Castile andAbd Allah Ibn Muhammad Al-Bayyasi of Baeza against the defendingTaifa of Jayyān commanded by the notable Christian knightÁlvaro Pérez de Castro.
• 1227 – Denia falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
  • The Muslim governor of Murcia,Ibn Hud, becomes the leader of rebellions against the Almohad rulers.
• 1228 – Badajoz falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
  • Ibn Hud establishes himself emir of Murcia.
• 1229 – James I of Aragon, the Conqueror, retakesMajorca,Jerica andMurviedro-Sagunto which will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1230 – Alfonso IX of Leon advances along the RiverGuadiana, takesMérida and Badajoz, and opens up the way for the conquest of Seville.
• 1230 – UnsuccessfulSiege of Jaén by Castilian forces underFerdinand III of Castile against theTaifa of Jayyān: the Castilian forces withdraw upon hearing news of the death ofAlfonso IX of León.
• 1232 – Ibiza falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
  • Mohammed ibn Alhamar proclaims himself sultan ofArjona and founds theNasrid dynasty.
• 1233 – Castile defeats Granada at theBattle of Jerez.
• 1234
  • Paio Peres Correia capturesAljustrel for Portugal.
  • KingSancho II of Portugal capturesBeja.
• 1236
  • Castile forces underFerdinand III of Castilerecapture Córdoba which will remain in Christian hands thereafter.Ibn Hud is forced to sign a truce.
  • Castilian forces include urbanmilitia.
  • The Nasrid ruler, Mohammed ibn Alhamar, approachesFerdinand III of Castile to propose that in return for cooperating in the conquest of Muslim Seville, Granada would be granted independence as a subject of Castile. Fernando agrees and takes Seville.
• 1237 – Mohammed ibn Alhamar enters Granada, soon to become the new capital of his dominion. On returning to Granada, the embarrassed ibn-Alhamar announces "there is no victor but Allah", which was to become the motto of the Nasrid dynasty and to be inscribed all over theAlhambra palace.
• 1238
  • Aragon captures Valencia. Aragonese forces include urbanmilitia.
  • TheEmirate of Granada is officially founded.
  • James I retakes Valencia,Albarracin,Alpuente,Tortosa from the Muslims, all of which would remain in Christian hands thereafter. He also gains control of the prized paper manufacturing centre atXàtiva.
  • Paio Peres Correia of theOrder of Santiago capturesMértola for Portugal.
  • KingSancho II of Portugal capturesAyamonte.
  • Paio Peres Correia capturesEstômbar andAlvor for Portugal.
  • Paio Peres Correia relinquishesEstômbar andAlvor in exchange forCacela Velha.

• 1243 – James I of Aragon retakes Murcia from the Moors and it will remain in Christian control thereafter.
• 1244 – Arjona andBaeza fall to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
  • James I captures theXativa Castle and city from Abu Bakr who signs theTreaty of Xàtiva effectively becoming a vassal to the Christian Kingdom.
• 1245 – Muslim troubles start in Valencia.
  • Muslim commanderAl-Azraq surrenders toJames I of Aragon and signs theAl-Azraq Treaty of 1245.Cartagena was captured by Aragon and will remain in Christian control thereafter.
  • Siege of Jaén (1245–1246)
• 1246 – Carmona falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
  • Jaén ishanded over byMohammed ibn Alhamar toFerdinand III of Castile. They sign theTreaty of Jaén [es], which establishes the Emirate of Granada asvassal state of Castile.
• 1247 – Having had time to secretly regroup his forces,Al-Azraq breaks thetreaty that he had signed in 1245 and leads a revolt in Valencia.
  • The Muslim rebels in Valencia retreat into the territory controlled by theMudéjar lordAl-Azraq who holds 8 castles in theAlcalá valley. They seize more castles and continue a successfulguerrilla war.
  • Siege of Seville (July 1247 – November 1248) by forces ofFerdinand III of Castile, who eventually gain control of the town.
• 1248 – Christian armies underFerdinand III of Castile take Seville after 16 months of siege, despite Muslimcatapults,Greek fire, andbowmen who piercearmor. Castilian forces include urban militia.
  • 4 December,Alfonso X the Wise reconquestAlicante to Castile.
• 1249 – KingAfonso III of Portugal takesFaro,Porches,Albufeira andAljezur in theAlgarve, thus completing the Portuguese Reconquista.
  • The Muslims fend off a major Christian offensive under KingJames I of Aragon.
  • Orihuela falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1250 – Tejada,Constantina,Huelva andJerez fall to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1252–1284 – Alfonso X the Wise continues the Christian reconquest of the peninsula and is obliged to face theMudéjar revolts of Andalusia and Murcia. He seeks election as emperor of theHoly Roman Empire in 1257. He drafts theFuero de las Leyes, the forerunner of theSiete Partidas.
• 1256 – Fighting flares up between the Valencia rebels and theAragonese.
• 1257 – Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon atNiebla.
• 1258 – KingJames I of Aragon takesal-Azraq's main citadel and suppresses the Valencian rebellion.
• 1262 – Niebla andCádiz fall to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1264 – Muslim revolt in Andalusia.
• 1266 – Lorca, Murcia,Purchena andSegura are retaken from the Muslims and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1275 – FourMarinid expeditions to Iberia.
  • Muslims defeat Christians at theBattle of Ecija.
• 1276 – Muslim revolt in Valencia.
• 1280 – Muslim Granadian forces under the command ofMuhammad II defeat invading Christian forces under the command ofGonzalo Ruiz Girón at theBattle of Moclín.
• 1280 – Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at Córdoba^{[citation needed]} while the Spaniards use some gunpowder-fuelled early cannon.^[6]
• 1287 – Menorca falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1292 – CastilecapturesTarifa fromMarinids.
• 1306 – Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon atGibraltar^{[citation needed]} while the Spaniards use (again) some gunpowder-fuelled early cannon.^[6]
• 1309 – Ferdinand IV of Castile takes Gibraltar.
  • Algeciras falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
• 1310 – Castile captures Gibraltar.
• 1312–1350 – War betweenAlfonso XI and Granada
• 1319 – Granada defeats Castilian invasion.
• 1324 – First recorded use of fire arms in the Iberian peninsula with the employ ofcannons by the Nasrid troops in the siege ofHuescar.^[7]
• 1325 – Alfonso XI decides to avenge the defeat against his army in 1319. His armies re-attack Granada. This time, they are victorious and manage to defeatMuhammad IV.
• 1331 – Granada uses iron balls propelled by fire or containing fire againstAlicante andOrihuela.
• 1333 – Granada retakes Gibraltar from the Castilians.
• 1340 – The combined armies of KingAfonso IV of Portugal and King Alfonso XI of Castille defeat a Muslim army at theBattle of Rio Salado.
• 1343 – Granada uses cannons in the (unsuccessful) defence ofAlgeciras.
• 1410 – An attack against Granada is led byFerdinand, regent of Castile and future king of Aragon. He does not take Granada, but he takes the city ofAntequera. This is considered the most important victory against the Muslims since the reign of Alfonso XI.
• 1415 – Portugal takes the city ofCeuta in North Africa.
• 1462 – Castile takes Gibraltar again.

• 26 December 1481 – The Granadines (EmirAbu l-Hasan Ali) surprise the Castilian garrison ofZahara on a stormy night. The population is enslaved.
• 1482 – Forces of Castile–Aragon (2500 cavalry and 3000 infantry) underRodrigo Ponce de León, Marquis of Cadiz gather atMarchena (25 Feb), march toAntequera, cross theSierra Alzerifa, and then seize GranadineAlhama on a stormy night before dawn (28 February 1482). Abu l-Hasan attempts to retakeAlhama by siege (5–19 March) but withdraws unsuccessfully to Granada. Muslim troops fromRonda raid theArcos area to try to tempt the Marquis out ofAlhama. In support of his men at Alhama, King Ferdinand marches toLucena, sends reinforcements to Alhama (30 April 1482), withdraws to Córdoba to organise a major force, and then formally takes over Alhama (14 May 1482).
  • Siege ofLoja. KingFerdinand II of Aragon attacks the Granadine city of Loja (1 July 1482). The city is defended by one Ibrahim Ali al-Attar,octogenarian father-in-law ofMuhammad XII. Ferdinand II of Aragon returns to Córdoba. Abu l-Hasan marches onLoja and sweeps theRio Frio in mid July.
• 1483 – Battle of Lucena. A fast moving Castilian force raids very close ofLucena. EmirMuhammad XII of Granada becomes the first King of Granada to be captured by the Christians.
• 1484 – The Castilian-Aragónese army led by King Ferdinand II of Aragon assembles at Antequera in Spring, marches toÁlora, raidsCoín,Casarabonela,Almjia,Cártama,Pupiana,Alhendín, and the fertile valley ofMálaga before returning to Antequera. They capture Álora andSenetil and raid into the fertile valley of Granada.
• 1485 – Al-Zagal drivesMuhammad XII from Almería. Muhammad XII flees to King Ferdinand II of Aragon, at Córdoba. Ferdinand besieges Coín andCártama. Al-Zagal then attempts to relieve the sieges, but first Coín falls (27 April 1485) then Cártama (28 April 1485). The garrison ofRonda raidsMedina Sidonia but returns to find its city besieged by Ferdinand in early May. Abu Hasan of Granada dies and Al-Zagal assumes title of Emir in late May; Al-Zagal defeats a Christian foraging party from Alhama on his way to Granada. Three groups of Castilian–Aragonese march towardMoclin (late Aug). Al-Zagal ambushes and defeats the first group, although it is rescued by the second group of Christians in early September. Al-Zagal entersMoclin. The third Castilian-Aragonese group (Ferdinand) joins the other two and they take the castles ofCambil andAlbahar (23 September 1485). The Castilian-Aragonese ofAlhama also take the castle ofZalea in September.
• 1487 – Málaga falls to the Reconquista after theSiege of Málaga (1487).
• 1489 – Spain capturesBaza. Al-Zagal surrenders to Spain.
  • Almería falls to the Reconquista.
• 1491 – Granada surrenders to the Castilian-Aragonese forces.Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad XII, Emir of Granada, relinquishes the last Muslim-controlled city in the Iberian Peninsula to the expanding Crown of Castile, and signs theTreaty of Granada.

• 2 January 1492 – TheCatholic Monarchs, QueenIsabella I of Castile and KingFerdinand II of Aragon, take over Granada.
• 1492–1507 – The remaining Muslims in the Crown of Castile were ordered to becomeCatholic. King Ferdinand ordered to convert mosques to Christian churches. The king then appeals to the reigning PopeJulius II (nephew ofSixtus IV) to grant the aspirations of these new Christians. This new Christian population, forcibly converted, will come to be known as theMoriscos. Jews who were forcefully converted are known asmarranos. Hundreds of thousands of Jews who did not accept conversion were expelled from Spain. They fled with nothing more than the clothes on their backs for the Ottoman Empire, Italy, Egypt and other areas.
• 1496 – All Muslims (and Jews) in Portugal wereexpelled from Portugal.
• 1499-1501 – A Muslim rebellion in Granada, following forced conversion of Muslims, contrary to terms of surrender; The rebellion was defeated in 1501.
• 1501-1502 All Muslims in the Crown of Castile (including the former Emirate of Granada) were forced to convert to Christianity.^[8]
• 1504 – TheOran fatwa was issued, following the forced conversion of 1501–1502, providing the basis of the secret practice of Islam in Spain.^[9]
• 1516 – KingCharles I, the grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, rises to the throne of both Castile and Aragon. With the conquest of Granada andIberian Navarre, the modern state of Spain is formed. Muslims in the kingdom of Navarre are forced to convert.
• 1519–1522 – Revolt of the Brotherhoods in the Kingdom of Valencia. A middle-class rebellion simultaneously targeting the noble landed class and Muslim peasantry, resulting in the killing and forced conversions of many of the latter, known asMudéjars.
• 1525 – Muslims in the Crown of Aragon areforced to convert to Christianity as a concession to the old-Christian guilds or Germanías which had revolted a few years earlier.^{[citation needed]}
• 1526 – After convening a council to examine the problem, King Charles I declares that the forced conversions of the Muslims of Valencia and Aragon were valid, because they could have chosen death rather than convert.
• 1568 – Rebellion of the Alpujarras. After KingPhilip II introduces laws prohibiting Moorish culture, the people who had forcefully converted to Christianity in order to remain in Spain, then known as Moriscos, revolt under the leadership ofAben Humeya in Granada. The rebellion is suppressed in 1571 byJohn of Austria, Philip II's half-brother, and rebels are deported to different parts of the northern half of the Iberian peninsula.
• 1570 – Around 80,000 Moriscos are deported from the Kingdom of Granada resettled in towns and villages throughout Andalusia and Castile.
• 1609 – Expulsion of the Moriscos – KingPhilip III issues the Act of Expulsion for all remaining Moriscos, claiming that they appealed to theOttoman Empire for military intervention in Spain.^[10] They are viewed by some as afifth column trying to rebuild the Muslim state in the Peninsula.
• 1614 – The process of expulsion ends.

• Timeline of Córdoba, Andalusia^[11]
• Timeline of Seville^[11]
• Early muslims in the Americas

• Harvey, L. P. (2005).Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614. University of Chicago Press.ISBN 978-0-226-31963-6.
• God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570–1215 (2008) byDavid Levering Lewis, W.W. Norton, 473 pp.

• History of al-Andalus
• Spanish history timelines
• Portuguese history timelines
• Timelines of Muslim history
• Berber history
• Reconquista
• Warfare in the medieval Islamic world
• Islam in Portugal
• Islam in Spain
• Moroccan timelines

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