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Timeline of the Göktürks

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Turkic Khaganate

This is a timeline of theGöktürks from the origins of theTurkic Khaganate to the end of theSecond Turkic Khaganate.

5th century

[edit]
YearDateEvent
439500 families ofXiongnu tribes known as theAshina residing around modernTurpan are subjugated by theRouran Khaganate, who resettle them in theAltai Mountains[1]

6th century

[edit]
YearDateEvent
534Bumin of theAshina becomes chieftain of the Turks, who migrate further east to theYellow River[1]
545The Turks establish an alliance with theWestern Wei[1]
546Bumin of the Turks quells aTiele revolt for theRouran Khaganate and asks for a Rouran princess for his service but is denied, after which he declares independence[2]
551Bumin declares himself Khagan and supreme ruler of the Turks[1]
Bumin Qaghan marries Princess Changle of theWestern Wei[2]
552Bumin Qaghan defeatsYujiulü Anagui of theRouran Khaganate and Anagui commits suicide; Bumin declares himself Illig Khagan of theFirst Turkic Khaganate after conqueringÖtüken; Bumin dies soon after and his sonIssik Qaghan succeeds him[2][3]
553Issik Qaghan continues attacking theRouran Khaganate and dies; his brotherMuqan Qaghan succeeds him[2]
554Muqan Qaghan defeats theRouran Khaganate[2]
557Battle of Gol-Zarriun:Istämi (brother ofBumin) of theWestern Turkic Khaganate makes an alliance with theSasanian Empire; they attack theHephthalites[4]
563Istämi of theWestern Turkic Khaganate defeats theHephthalite Empire in battle[1]
568Envoys reach theByzantine Empire asking for them to hand over theAvars, slaves of the Turkic Khaganate[5]
572Muqan Qaghan dies and is succeeded by his brotherTaspar Qaghan[6]
580Taspar Qaghan marries Princess Qianjin of theNorthern Zhou[6]
581Göktürk civil war:Taspar Qaghan dies and his designated heirApa Qaghan, son ofMuqan Qaghan, goes to war withIshbara Qaghan, son ofIssik Qaghan;Amrak, son ofTaspar Qaghan, renounces his claim to the throne[7]
582Ishbara Qaghan conducts raids onChina[8]
583Göktürk civil war:Apa Qaghan is defeated byIshbara Qaghan and flees toTardu, son ofIstämi, of theWestern Turkic Khaganate[7]
584Göktürk civil war:Tardu of theWestern Turkic Khaganate defeatsIshbara Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate[9]
585Ishbara Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate is defeated by theSui dynasty[10]
587Ishbara Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate dies and is succeeded by his brotherBagha Qaghan, who capturesApa Qaghan[7][11]
588Perso-Turkic war of 588–589:Bagha Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate invadesHerat but is defeated and dies from a stray arrow; he is succeeded byTulan Qaghan, son ofIshbara Qaghan[12][1]
597Tulan Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate attacksYami Qaghan, son ofBagha Qaghan, and forces him to flee to theSui dynasty[13]
599Tulan Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate is killed by his subordinates and is succeeded byYami Qaghan, son ofBagha Qaghan, whileTardu of theWestern Turkic Khaganate declares himself ruler of all Turks[14]
Tardu of theWestern Turkic Khaganate attacks theSui dynasty[15]

7th century

[edit]
YearDateEvent
600Tardu of theWestern Turkic Khaganate attacks theSui dynasty[15]
602Tardu of theWestern Turkic Khaganate attacksYami Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate in Ordos[13]
603Tardu of theWestern Turkic Khaganate is ousted and flees to theTuyuhun;[16] he is succeeded byHeshana Qaghan, great-grandson ofTardu[17]
605Yami Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate attacks theKhitans on behalf of theSui dynasty[18]
Heshana Qaghan of theWestern Turkic Khaganate is forced to flee to theSui dynasty due to a rebellion[19]
610Heshana Qaghan of theWestern Turkic Khaganate is defeated byShikui Khagan, grandson ofTardu, who succeeds him[17]
611Yami Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate is succeeded by his sonShibi Qaghan[20]
Heshana Qaghan flees to theSui dynasty[17]
615Shibi Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate attacks theSui dynasty.[20]
617Shibi Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate aidsEmperor Gaozu of Tang in his rebellion against theSui dynasty[21]
Shikui Khagan of theWestern Turkic Khaganate is succeeded by his brotherTong Yabghu Qaghan[22]
618Heshana Qaghan is killed by envoys from theEastern Turkic Khaganate[17]
619Shibi Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate is succeeded by his brotherAshina Xichun[17]
620Ashina Xichun of theEastern Turkic Khaganate is succeeded by his brotherIllig Qaghan[17]
622Illig Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate attacks theTang dynasty[23]
624Illig Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate and his nephew Tölis Qaghan invade theTang dynasty butLi Shimin contacts Tölis and persuades him not to attack, forcing the invasion to a halt[24]
625Illig Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate conducts raids on theTang dynasty but is repulsed[25]
626Illig Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate invades theTang dynasty and the newly crownedEmperor Taizong of Tang agrees to payments of tribute[25]
627Perso-Turkic war of 627–629:Tong Yabghu Qaghan of theWestern Turkic Khaganate attacks theSasanian Empire and capturesDerbent andTbilisi[1]
TheKarluks revolt against theWestern Turkic Khaganate[26]
Tang andUyghur forces engage in battle with theTurks andTibetans.[27][28]
628TheXueyantuo andKumo Xi revolt against theEastern Turkic Khaganate[29]
630Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks:Illig Qaghan of theEastern Turkic Khaganate is defeated byLi Jing of theTang dynasty and captured byLi Shiji but released; the Eastern Turkic Khaganate becomes a vassal of Tang[30]
Xuanzang visits the court ofTong Yabghu Qaghan of theWestern Turkic Khaganate[31]
Tong Yabghu Qaghan of theWestern Turkic Khaganate is murdered by his uncleKülüg Sibir[22]
Külüg Sibir of theWestern Turkic Khaganate is killed bySy Yabghu Qaghan, son ofTong Yabghu Qaghan[32]
TheWestern Turkic Khaganate disintegrates into two loose tribal confederations, the westernNushibi and easternDuolu, collectively known as the On Oq (Ten Arrows)[26]
632Sy Yabghu Qaghan of theWestern Turkic Khaganate is ousted; he is succeeded byDuolu Qaghan, son ofBagha Shad, a close kinsman ofTong Yabghu Qaghan[33]
634Duolu Qaghan of theWestern Turkic Khaganate abdicates and is succeeded by his brotherIshbara Tolis[34]
638Ishbara Tolis of theWestern Turkic Khaganate is ousted in favor ofYukuk Shad, son ofIllig Qaghan[35]
639Ashina Jiesheshuai attempts to assassinateEmperor Taizong of Tang but fails[36]
642Yukuk Shad of theWestern Turkic Khaganate flees west and is replaced byIrbis Seguy, grandson ofIshbara Tolis[35]
649Irbis Seguy of theWestern Turkic Khaganate flees west, and is replaced byAshina Helu, a descendant ofIstämi[10]
651Ashina Helu of theWestern Turkic Khaganate raidsTingzhou[37]
653Zhenzhu Yabgu attacksAshina Helu of theWestern Turkic Khaganate[38]
656Karluk andTürgesh forces of theWestern Turkic Khaganate are defeated byCheng Yaojin[39]
657Battle of Irtysh River:Ashina Helu of theWestern Turkic Khaganate is defeated bySu Dingfang of theTang dynasty[39]
658Conquest of the Western Turks:Ashina Helu of theWestern Turkic Khaganate is defeated bySu Dingfang of theTang dynasty and lives out the rest of his days inChang'an; the Western Turkic Khaganate is annexed by Tang[40]
660Remnants of theWestern Turkic Khaganate join theTibetan Empire in attacking Shule (Kashgar)[41]
665Remnants of theWestern Turkic Khaganate join theTibetan Empire in attacking Yutian (Hotan)[42]
677Remnants of theWestern Turkic Khaganate join theTibetan Empire in capturing Qiuci (Kucha)[41]
679Ashide Wenfu andAshide Fengzhi of the Chanyu Protectorate makeAshina Nishufu a Khagan and revolt against Tang dynasty.[43]
680Pei Xingjian defeatsAshina Nishufu and Ashina Nishufu is killed by his men.[43]
Ashide Wenfu makesAshina Funian a khagan and revolts against theTang dynasty.[43]
681Ashide Wenfu andAshina Funian surrender toPei Xingjian.[43]
Ilterish Qaghan revolts with the remnants ofAshina Funian's men.[44]
682Ilterish Qaghan declares theSecond Turkic Khaganate[44]
Ilterish Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate attacks theTang dynasty[45]
683Ilterish Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate attacks theTang dynasty[45]
684Ilterish Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate attacks theTang dynasty[45]
685Ilterish Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate attacks theTang dynasty[45]
687Ilterish Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate attacks theTang dynasty[45]
692Ilterish Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate dies and is succeeded by his brotherQapaghan Qaghan[44]
693Qapaghan Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against theTang dynasty[46]
694Qapaghan Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against theTang dynasty[47]
696Qapaghan Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate defeats theKhitans to the east and raids theTang dynasty[46]
697Qapaghan Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against theTang dynasty[47]
698Qapaghan Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against theTang dynasty[46]

8th century

[edit]
YearDateEvent
702Qapaghan Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against theTang dynasty[46]
706Qapaghan Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against theTang dynasty[46]
707Qapaghan Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against theTang dynasty[48]
711Battle of Bolchu:Qapaghan Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate defeats theTurgesh[49]
713Qapaghan Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate sends an army to aidSoghd against theUmayyad Caliphate but is defeated and retreats the following year[50]
71622 JulyQapaghan Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate is killed in an ambush andBilge Qaghan, son ofIlterish Qaghan, succeeds him.[44]
Tonyukuk memorial erected nearOrkhon river.[51]
720Bilge Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate invades theTang dynasty and extracts tribute[44]
73127 FebruaryDeath ofKul Tigin.[52]
73425 NovemberBilge Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate is assassinated and his sonYollıg Khagan succeeds him only to die in the same year; he is replaced by his brotherTengri Qaghan under the care of his motherQutluğ Säbäg Qatun[44]
741Tengri Qaghan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate is murdered by Pan Kültiğin, one of hisshads (governors), who is then defeated by theBasmyl, andKutluk Yabgu Khagan, son ofIlterish Qaghan succeeds him[53]
742TheBasmyl,Uyghurs, andKarluks revolt against theSecond Turkic Khaganate andKutluk Yabgu Khagan is killed;Özmiş Khagan, son of Pan Kültiğin, succeeds him[54]
744TheUyghurs dismantle theSecond Turkic Khaganate, establishing theUyghur Khaganate;Özmiş Khagan is killed[53]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefgBregel 2003, p. 14.
  2. ^abcdeBarfield 1989, p. 132.
  3. ^Xiong 2008, p. ciii.
  4. ^Golden 1992, p. 127.
  5. ^Golden 1992, p. 128.
  6. ^abXiong 2008, p. 516.
  7. ^abcXiong 2008, p. 37.
  8. ^Barfield 1989, p. 136.
  9. ^Barfield 1989, p. 137.
  10. ^abXiong 2008, p. 433.
  11. ^Xiong 2008, p. 365.
  12. ^Xiong 2008, p. 138.
  13. ^abBarfield 1989, p. 138.
  14. ^Xiong 2008, p. 407.
  15. ^abSkaff 2012, p. 302.
  16. ^Xiong 2008, p. 69.
  17. ^abcdefXiong 2008, p. 95.
  18. ^Barfield 1989, p. 139.
  19. ^Sinor 1990, p. 307.
  20. ^abXiong 2008, p. 452.
  21. ^Xiong 2008, p. 453.
  22. ^abXiong 2008, p. 507.
  23. ^Skaff 2012, p. 303.
  24. ^Barfield 1989, p. 144.
  25. ^abXiong 2008, p. cviii.
  26. ^abGolden 1992, p. 135.
  27. ^Latourette 1964, p. 144.
  28. ^Haywood 1998, p. 3.2.
  29. ^Graff 2002, p. 186.
  30. ^Xiong 2008, p. 579.
  31. ^Golden 1992, p. 40.
  32. ^Xiong 2008, p. 464.
  33. ^Xiong 2008, p. 139.
  34. ^Xiong 2008, p. 122.
  35. ^abXiong 2008, p. 629.
  36. ^Kamola 2023, p. 16.
  37. ^Wang 2013, p. 42.
  38. ^Wang 2013, p. 43.
  39. ^abXiong 2008, p. cix.
  40. ^Xiong 2008, p. 434.
  41. ^abBregel 2003, p. 17.
  42. ^Bregel 2003, p. 16.
  43. ^abcdSima Guang,Zizhi Tongjian,Vol. 202
  44. ^abcdefBarfield 1989, p. 149.
  45. ^abcdeSkaff 2012, p. 308.
  46. ^abcdeBarfield 1989, p. 147.
  47. ^abSkaff 2012, p. 309.
  48. ^Skaff 2012, p. 311.
  49. ^Bregel 2003, p. 18.
  50. ^Bregel 2003, p. 19.
  51. ^Rona-tas, 1999, p. 232
  52. ^Györffy, 1997, p. 232
  53. ^abBarfield 1989, p. 150.
  54. ^Ahmet Taşağıl:Göktürkler, AKDTYK yayınları,ISBN 978-975-16-2460-4, p. 358-9

Bibliography

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First Turkic Khaganate
(552–581)
Eastern Turkic Khaganate
(581–630)
Western Turkic Khaganate
(581–657)
Second Turkic Khaganate
(682–744)
Western Turks
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1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
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