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Timeline of the Chinese Civil War

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chronology of 1912–1949 civil war in China

TheChinese Civil War was fought between theKuomintang-ledgovernment of theRepublic of China and the forces of theChinese Communist Party (CCP), with armed conflict continuing intermittently from 1 August 1927 until 7 December 1949, resulting in a CCP victory and control of mainland China in theChinese Communist Revolution.^[1]^[2]

The following is a chronological timeline of the history of theChinese Civil War (1912–1949):^[a]

Background (pre 1927)

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Date	Event	Key Figures	Notes
1924–1927	First United Front	Sun Yat-sen (1923–1925) Chiang Kai-shek (1926–1927)	Formed in 1924 as an alliance of theKuomintang (KMT) and theChinese Communist Party (CCP) to endwarlordism in China. Together they formed theNational Revolutionary Army and set out in 1926 on theNorthern Expedition.

First phase: Communist insurgency (1927–1937)

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Main article:Chinese Civil War § Communist insurgency (1927–1937)

Interlude: Second Sino-Japanese War period (1937–1945)

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Main articles:Second Sino-Japanese War andChinese Civil War § Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)

From 1937 to 1945, hostilities were mostly put on hold as theSecond United Front fought theJapanese invasion of China with eventual help from theAllies of World War II, although co-operation between the KMT and CCP during this time was minimal and armed clashes between the groups were common. Events below are related to the Chinese Civil War during theSecond Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).

Date	Event	Key Figures	Notes
January 1941	New Fourth Army incident

Second phase: resumption of civil war (1945–1949)

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Main article:Chinese Civil War § Resumption of civil war (1945–1949)

The CCP gained control of mainland China andproclaimed thePeople's Republic of China in 1949, forcing the leadership of theRepublic of China toretreat to the island of Taiwan.^[3]

Date	Event	Notes
14 August 1945	Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance	Atreaty signed by theNational Government of the Republic of China and theGovernment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on 14 August 1945.

References

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Bibliography

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Bernstein, R. (2015). China 1945: Mao's revolution and America's fateful choice. Vintage.
Fairbank, J. K., & Goldman, M. (2006). China: A new history (2nd ed.). Harvard University Press.
Fenby, J. (2009). Modern China: The fall and rise of a great power, 1850 to the present. Harper Perennial.
Fenby, J. (2014). Chiang Kai Shek: China's generalissimo and the nation he lost. Carroll & Graf.
Gillin, D. (2011). The Last Imperial War: Warlords, Revolutionaries, and the Making of Modern China, 1927–1950. Bloomsbury Academic.
Griffith, S. G. (2013). Chinese Civil War and the Korean War: Military Strategy and Tactics. Taylor & Francis.
Hsiung, J. C., & Levine, S. I. (Eds.). (1992). China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945. M.E. Sharpe.
Lawrance, A. (2017). The Chinese Civil War 1945–49. Bloomsbury Academic.
Lynch, M. (2010). The Chinese Civil War, 1945–49. Osprey Publishing.
Mao, Z., & Schram, S. (1966). Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung. Little Red Book.
Meisner, M. (1999). Mao's China and after: A history of the People's Republic. Free Press.
Mitter, R. (2013). China's war with Japan, 1937-1945: The struggle for survival. Harvard University Press.
Schaller, M. (1989). The US Crusade in China, 1938–1945. Columbia University Press.
Schram, S. R. (1966). Mao Tse-tung. Simon and Schuster.
Spence, J. D. (1991). The search for modern China. W.W. Norton & Company.
Tuchman, B. W. (2014). Stilwell and the American experience in China, 1911–45. Random House.
Van de Ven, H. (2017). The Chinese Civil War: A military history. Cambridge University Press.
Van de Ven, H. (2003). War and nationalism in China, 1925–1945. Routledge.
Westad, O. A. (2003). The Chinese Civil War: 1945–1949. Basic Books.
Zarrow, P. (2005). China in war and revolution, 1895–1949. Routledge.

Notes

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^SeeTimeline of Chinese history for a full timelines of the history of China.
^The Second United Front was dissolved 7 April 1947. After the end of theSecond Sino-Japanese War,Chiang Kai-shek andMao Zedong attempted to engage in peace talks. This effort failed and by 1946 the KMT and the Chinese Communist Party were engaged in all-out civil war.

Citations

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^Li, Xiaobing (2012).China at War: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 295.ISBN 9781598844153.Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved27 June 2015.
^Lew, Christopher R.; Leung, Pak-Wah, eds. (2013).Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 3.ISBN 978-0810878730.Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved26 June 2017.
^Lew, Christopher R.; Leung, Pak-Wah, eds. (2013).Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 3.ISBN 978-0810878730.Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved26 June 2017.

v t e Years inChina (1880–present)
Qing dynasty (1644–1912)	Pre-1880 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912
Beiyang government (1912–1928)	1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928
Nationalist government (1928–1949)	1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
People's Republic of China (1949–present)	1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Republic of China (Taiwan) (1949–present)	1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

v t e Timelines of Chinese history
Ancient	Warring States and Qin dynasty (5th century–207 BC) Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC) Han dynasty (202 BC–AD 9, AD 25–220)
Medieval	Three Kingdoms (220–280) Jin dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms (266–439) Northern and Southern dynasties (420–589) Sui dynasty (581–619) Tang dynasty (618–690, 705–907) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–979)
Early Modern	Song dynasty (960–1279) Jin–Song Wars (1125–1234) Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) Northern Yuan (1368–1635) Ming dynasty (1368–1644) Treasure voyages (1405–1433) Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
Modern	Qing dynasty (1636–1912) Republic of China (1912–) Chinese Civil War (1927-1949)
Locations	Fuzhou Guangzhou Hangzhou Hong Kong Nanjing Shanghai Taiwan Tibet Yunnan-Guizhou Xinjiang
Non-Han ethnicities	Vietnamese Uyghur Khitan Tangut Jurchen Mongol
Related	Xiongnu Göktürk Turgesh Karluk Tibetan Empire Fragmentation Mongol Empire Oirat
Neighboring countries	Korea Vietnam Early independent Lý Japan Mongolia Pakistan India Russia
Miscellaneous	Chinese texts

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Date	Event	Key Figures	Notes
12 April 1927	Shanghai massacre		The violent suppression ofChinese Communist Party (CCP) organizations and leftist elements inShanghai by forces supporting GeneralChiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in theKuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party or KMT).
24 December 1937–7 April 1947^[b]	Second United Front	Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong	An alliance between the rulingKuomintang (KMT) and theChinese Communist Party (CCP) to resist the Japanese invasion of China during theSecond Sino-Japanese War, which suspended theChinese Civil War from 1937 to 1945.

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Background (pre 1927)

First phase: Communist insurgency (1927–1937)

Interlude: Second Sino-Japanese War period (1937–1945)

Second phase: resumption of civil war (1945–1949)

See also

References

Bibliography

Notes

Citations