Alexander Holevo's paper[c] is published.[18] TheHolevo bound describes a limit of the quantity of classical information which is possible to quanta encode.[19]
R. P. Poplavskii publishes "Thermodynamical models of information processing" (in Russian)[21] which shows the computational infeasibility of simulating quantum systems on classical computers, due to thesuperposition principle.
Roman Stanisław Ingarden, a Polish mathematical physicist, submits the paper "Quantum Information Theory" inReports on Mathematical Physics, vol. 10, pp. 43–72, published 1976. It is one of the first attempts at creating aquantum information theory, showing thatShannon information theory cannot directly be generalized to thequantum case, but rather that it is possible to construct a quantum information theory, which is a generalization of Shannon's theory, within the formalism of a generalized quantum mechanics of open systems and a generalized concept of observables (the so-called semi-observables).
Paul Benioff describes the first quantum mechanical model of a computer. In this work, Benioff showed that a computer could operate under the laws ofquantum mechanics by describing aSchrödinger equation description ofTuring machines, laying a foundation for further work in quantum computing. The paper[22] was submitted in June 1979 and published in April 1980.
Yuri Manin briefly motivates the idea of quantum computing.[23]
At the first Conference on the Physics of Computation, held at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in May,[25] Paul Benioff andRichard Feynman give talks on quantum computing. Benioff's talk built on his earlier 1980 work showing that a computer can operate under the laws of quantum mechanics. The talk was titled "Quantum mechanical Hamiltonian models of discrete processes that erase their own histories: application to Turing machines".[26] In Feynman's talk, he observed that it appeared to be impossible to efficiently simulate the evolution of a quantum nature system on a classical computer, and he proposed a basic model for a quantum computer.[27] Feynman's conjecture on a quantum simulating computer, published 1982,[d] understood as – the reality ofquantum mechanics expressed as an effective quantum system necessitates quantum computers,[28] is conventionally accepted as a beginning of quantum computing.[29][30]
Yoshihisa Yamamoto and K. Igeta propose the first physical realization of a quantum computer, including Feynman'sCNOT gate.[37] Their approach uses atoms and photons and is the progenitor of modern quantum computing and networking protocols using photons to transmit qubits and atoms to perform two-qubit operations.
Bikas Chakrabarti & collaborators fromSaha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India, propose that quantum fluctuations could help explore rugged energy landscapes by escaping from local minima of glassy systems having tall but thin barriers by tunneling (instead of climbing over using thermal excitations), suggesting the effectiveness ofquantum annealing over classicalsimulated annealing.[39][40]
David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa propose a computational problem that can be solved efficiently with the deterministicDeutsch–Jozsa algorithm on a quantum computer, but for which no deterministic classical algorithm is possible. This was perhaps the earliest result in thecomputational complexity of quantum computers, proving that they were capable of performingsome well-defined computation more efficiently than any classical computer.
Ethan Bernstein andUmesh Vazirani propose theBernstein–Vazirani algorithm. It is a restricted version of the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm where instead of distinguishing between two different classes of functions, it tries to learn a string encoded in a function. The Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm was designed to prove an oracle separation between complexity classesBQP andBPP.
Peter Shor, at AT&T'sBell Labs inNew Jersey, publishesShor's algorithm. It would allow a quantum computer to factor large integers quickly. It solves both thefactoring problem and thediscrete log problem. The algorithm can theoretically break many of thecryptosystems in use today. Its invention sparked tremendous interest in quantum computers.
Isaac Chuang andYoshihisa Yamamoto propose a quantum-optical realization of a quantum computer to implement Deutsch's algorithm.[45] Their work introduced dual-rail encoding for photonic qubits.
Lov Grover, at Bell Labs, invents thequantum database search algorithm. Thequadratic speedup is not as dramatic as the speedup for factoring, discrete logs, or physics simulations. However, the algorithm can be applied to a much wider variety of problems. Any problem that can be solved by random, brute-force search, may take advantage of this quadratic speedup in the number of search queries.
The United States Government, particularly in a joint partnership of the Army Research Office (now part of theArmy Research Laboratory) and theNational Security Agency, issues the first public call for research proposals in quantum information processing.
The first experimental demonstration of a quantum algorithm is reported. A working 2-qubitNMR quantum computer was used to solve Deutsch's problem byJonathan A. Jones andMichele Mosca at Oxford University and shortly after by Isaac L. Chuang atIBM'sAlmaden Research Center, in California, and Mark Kubinec and the University of California, Berkeley together with coworkers atStanford University in California andMIT in Massachusetts.[56]
The first working 3-qubit NMR computer is reported.
Bruce Kane proposes a silicon-basednuclear spin quantum computer, using nuclear spins of individual phosphorus atoms in silicon as the qubits and donor electrons to mediate the coupling between qubits.[57]
Daniel Gottesman and Emanuel Knill independently prove that a certain subclass of quantum computations can be efficiently emulated with classical resources (Gottesman–Knill theorem).[60]
Samuel L. Braunstein and collaborators show that none of the bulk NMR experiments performed to date contain any entanglement; the quantum states being too strongly mixed. This is seen as evidence that NMR computers would likely not yield a benefit over classical computers. It remains an open question, however, whether entanglement is necessary for quantum computational speedup.[61]
Gabriel Aeppli,Thomas Rosenbaum and colleagues demonstrate experimentally the basic concepts of quantum annealing in a condensed matter system.
Arun K. Pati and Samuel L. Braunstein prove thequantum no-deleting theorem. This is dual to the no-cloning theorem which shows that one cannot delete a copy of an unknown qubit. Together with the stronger no-cloning theorem, the no-deleting theorem has the implication that quantum information can neither be created nor be destroyed.
The first execution of Shor's algorithm at IBM's Almaden Research Center and Stanford University is demonstrated. The number 15 was factored using 1018 identical molecules, each containing seven active nuclear spins.
Noah Linden andSandu Popescu prove that the presence of entanglement is a necessary condition for a large class of quantum protocols. This, coupled with Braunstein's result (see 1999 above), called the validity of NMR quantum computation into question.[63]
Emanuel Knill,Raymond Laflamme, and Gerard Milburn show thatoptical quantum computing is possible with single-photon sources, linear optical elements, and single-photon detectors, establishing the field of linear optical quantum computing.
The Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmapping Project, involving some of the main participants in the field, lays out the Quantum computation roadmap.
A group led by Gerhard Birkl (now at TU Darmstadt) demonstrates the first 2D array of optical tweezers with trapped atoms for quantum computation with atomic qubits.[66]
The first implementation of a CNOT quantum gate, according to the Cirac–Zoller proposal, is reported by a team at the University of Innsbruck led byRainer Blatt.[70]
The United States governmentDARPAQuantum Network becomes fully operational on October 23, 2003.
Physicists at the University of Innsbruck show deterministic quantum-state teleportation between a pair of trapped calcium ions.[71]
The first five-photon entanglement is demonstrated byPan Jianwei's team at the University of Science and Technology of China; the minimal number of qubits required for universal quantum error correction.[72]
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign scientists demonstrate quantum entanglement of multiple characteristics, potentially allowing multiple qubits per particle.
Two teams of physicists measure the capacitance of aJosephson junction for the first time. The methods could be used to measure the state of quantum bits in a quantum computer without disturbing the state.[73]
The Materials Science Department of Oxford University, England cage a qubit in a "buckyball" (a molecule ofbuckminsterfullerene) and demonstrated quantum "bang-bang" error correction.[75]
Vlatko Vedral of the University of Leeds, England and colleagues at the universities of Porto and Vienna find that the photons in ordinary laser light can be quantum mechanically entangled with the vibrations of a macroscopic mirror.[77]
Samuel L. Braunstein at theUniversity of York, North Yorkshire, England, along with the University of Tokyo and the Japan Science and Technology Agency give the first experimental demonstration of quantum telecloning.[78]
Professors at theUniversity of Sheffield, England, develop a means to efficiently produce and manipulate individual photons at high efficiency at room temperature.[79]
A new error checking method is theorized for Josephson junction computers.[80]
A two-dimensional ion trap is developed for quantum computing.[82]
Seven atoms are placed in a stable line, a step on the way to constructing a quantum gate, at the University of Bonn, Germany.[83]
A team atDelft University of Technology in the Netherlands creates a device that can manipulate the "up" or "down" spin-states of electrons on quantum dots.[84]
Tai-Chang Chiang, at Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, finds that quantum coherence can be maintained in mixed-material systems.[89]
Cristophe Boehme, University of Utah, demonstrates the feasibility of reading data using thenuclear spin on a silicon-phosphorusKane quantum computer.[90]
Chip constructed by D-Wave Systems Inc. designed to operate as a 128-qubit superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization processor, mounted in a sample holder (2009)
NIST demonstrates multiple computing operations on qubits.[164]
The first large-scale topological cluster state quantum architecture is developed for atom-optics.[165]
A combination of all of the fundamental elements required to perform scalable quantum computing through the use of qubits stored in the internal states of trapped atomic ions is shown.[166]
Researchers at University of Bristol, U.K., demonstrate Shor's algorithm on a silicon photonic chip.[167]
Quantum Computing with an Electron Spin Ensemble is reported.[168]
A so-called photon machine gun is developed for quantum computing.[169]
The first universal programmable quantum computer is unveiled.[170]
Scientists electrically control quantum states of electrons.[171]
Google collaborates with D-Wave Systems on image search technology using quantum computing.[172]
A method for synchronizing the properties of multiple coupled CJJ rf-SQUID flux qubits with a small spread of device parameters due to fabrication variations is demonstrated.[173]
Universal Ion Trap Quantum Computation with decoherence free qubits is realized.[174]
The first chip-scale quantum computer is reported.[175]
D-Wave claims to have developed quantum annealing and introduces their product called D-Wave One. The company claims this is the first commercially available quantum computer.[200]
Repetitive error correction is demonstrated in a quantum processor.[201]
Diamond quantum computer memory is demonstrated.[202]
Coherence time of 39 minutes at room temperature (and 3 hours at cryogenic temperatures) is demonstrated for an ensemble of impurity-spin qubits in isotopically purified silicon.[224]
Extension of time for a qubit maintained in superimposed state for ten times longer than what has ever been achieved before is reported.[225]
The first resource analysis of a large-scale quantum algorithm using explicit fault-tolerant, error-correction protocols is developed for factoring.[226]
Researchers in Japan and Austria publish the first large-scale quantum computing architecture for a diamond-based system.[231]
Scientists at the University of Innsbruck perform quantum computations on a topologically encoded qubit which is encoded in entangled states distributed over seven trapped-ion qubits.[232]
Scientists transfer data byquantum teleportation over a distance of 10 feet (3.0 meters) with zero percent error rate; a vital step towards a quantum Internet.[233][234]
Physicists led by Rainer Blatt join forces with scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), led by Isaac Chuang, to efficiently implement Shor's algorithm in an ion-trap-based quantum computer.[240]
IBM releases the Quantum Experience, an online interface to their superconducting systems with 5 qubits. The system is immediately used to publish new protocols in quantum information processing.[241][242]
Google, using an array of 9 superconducting qubits developed by theMartinis group andUCSB, simulates ahydrogen molecule.[243]
Scientists in Japan and Australia invent a quantum version of aSneakernet communications system.[244]
D-Wave Systems Incorporated announce general commercial availability of the D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealer, which it claims has 2000 qubits.[245]
A blueprint for a microwave trapped ion quantum computer is published.[246]
IBM unveils a 17-qubit quantum computer—and a better way of benchmarking it.[247]
Scientists build a microchip that generates two entangledqudits each with 10 states, for 100 dimensions total.[248]
Microsoft revealedQ#, a quantum programming language integrated with itsVisual Studio development environment. Programs can be executed locally on a 32-qubit simulator, or a 40-qubit simulator onAzure.[249]
IBM reveals a working 50-qubit quantum computer that maintains its quantum state for 90 microseconds.[250]
The firstteleportation using a satellite, connecting ground stations over a distance of 1400 km apart is announced.[251] Previous experiments were atEarth, at shorter distances.
MIT scientists report the discovery of a new triple-photon form oflight.[253][254]
Oxford researchers successfully use a trapped-ion technique, where they place two charged atoms in a state of quantum entanglement to speed up logic gates by a factor of 20 to 60 times, as compared with the previous best gates, translated to 1.6 microseconds long, with 99.8% precision.[255]
QuTech successfully tests a silicon-based 2-spin-qubit processor.[256][257]
Google announces the creation of a 72-qubit quantum chip, called "Bristlecone",[258] achieving a new record.
Intel announces the fabrication and testing of silicon-based spin-qubit processors manufactured in the company's D1D fab in Oregon.[259][260]
Intel confirms development of a 49-qubit superconducting test chip, called "Tangle Lake".[261]
Japanese researchers demonstrate universal holonomic quantum gates.[262]
An integrated photonic platform for quantum information with continuous variables is documented.[263]
On December 17, 2018, the company IonQ introduces the first commercial trapped-ion quantum computer, with a program length of over 60 two-qubit gates, 11 fully connected qubits, 55 addressable pairs, one-qubit gate error of <0.03% and two-qubit gate error of <1.0%.[264][265]
IBM Q System One (2019), the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer
IBM unveils its first commercial quantum computer, theIBM Q System One,[269] designed by UK-basedMap Project Office and Universal Design Studio and manufactured by Goppion.[270]
Austrian physicists demonstrate self-verifying, hybrid, variational quantum simulation of lattice models in condensed matter and high-energy physics using a feedback loop between a classical computer and a quantum co-processor.[271]
Griffith University, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia, and UTS, in partnership with seven universities in the United States, develop noise cancelling for quantum bits via machine learning, taking quantum noise in a quantum chip down to 0%.[272][273]
Google reveals itsSycamore processor, consisting of 53 qubits. A paper by Google's quantum computer research team is briefly available in late September 2019, claiming the project had reachedquantum supremacy.[276][277][278] Google also develops a cryogenic chip for controlling qubits from within a dilution refrigerator.[279]
20 April – UNSW Sydney develops a way of producing 'hot qubits' – quantum devices that operate at 1.5 kelvin.[281]
11 March – UNSW perform electric nuclear resonance to control single atoms in electronic devices.[282]
23 April – University of Tokyo and Australian scientists create and successfully test a solution to the quantum wiring problem, creating a 2D structure for qubits. Such structure can be built using existing integrated circuit technology and has considerably lower cross-talk.[283]
11 February – Quantum engineers report that they createdartificial atoms insilicon quantum dots forquantum computing and that artificial atoms with a higher number of electrons can be more stable qubits than previously thought possible. Enablingsilicon-based quantum computers may make it possible to reuse the manufacturing technology of "classical" modern-day computer chips among other advantages.[286][287]
14 February – Quantum physicists develop a novelsingle-photon source which may allow bridging of semiconductor-based quantum-computers that use photons by converting the state of an electronspin to thepolarisation of a photon. They showed that they can generate a single photon in a controlled way without the need forrandomly formedquantum dots or structural defects in diamonds.[288][289]
25 February – Scientists visualize aquantum measurement: by taking snapshots of ion states at different times of measurement via coupling of a trapped ionqutrit to the photon environment, they showed that the changes of the degrees ofsuperpositions, and therefore ofprobabilities of states after measurement, happens gradually under the measurement influence.[290][291]
Working IQM Quantum Computer installed in Espoo, Finland in 20202 March – Scientists report achieving repeatedquantum nondemolition measurements of an electron's spin in a silicon quantum dot: measurements that do not change the electron's spin in the process.[292][293]
11 March – Quantum engineers report to have controlled the nucleus of a single atom using only electric fields. This was first suggested to be possible in 1961 and may be used for siliconquantum computers that use single-atom spins without needing oscillating magnetic fields. This may be especially useful fornanodevices, for precise sensors of electric and magnetic fields, as well as for fundamental inquiries intoquantum nature.[294][295]
19 March – A US Army laboratory announces that its scientists analysed aRydberg sensor's sensitivity to oscillating electric fields over an enormous range of frequencies—from0 to 10^12Hz (the spectrum to 0.3 mm wavelength). The Rydberg sensor may potentially be used to detect communications signals as it could reliably detect signals over the entire spectrum and compare favourably with other established electric field sensor technologies, such as electro-optic crystals and dipole antenna-coupled passive electronics.[296][297]
23 March – Researchers report that they corrected forsignal loss in a prototype quantumnode that can catch, store and entangle bits of quantum information. Their concepts could be used for key components ofquantum repeaters in quantum networks and extend their longest possible range.[298][299]
15 April – Researchers demonstrate a proof-of-concept silicon quantum processor unit cell which works at 1.5 kelvin – many times warmer than common quantum processors that are being developed. The finding may enable the integration of classical control electronics with a qubit array and substantially reduce costs. The cooling requirements necessary for quantum computing have been called one of the toughest roadblocks in the field.[300][301][302][303]
16 April – Scientists prove the existence of theRashba effect in bulkperovskites. Previously researchers have hypothesized that the materials' extraordinary electronic, magnetic and optical properties – which make it a commonly used materialfor solar cells andquantum electronics – are related to this effect which to date had not been proven to be present in the material.[304][305]
8 May – Researchers report to have developed a proof-of-concept of aquantum radar using quantum entanglement andmicrowaves which may potentially be useful for the development of improved radar systems, security scanners and medical imaging systems.[306][307][308]
15 June – Scientists report the development of the smallestsynthetic molecular motor, consisting of 12 atoms and a rotor of 4 atoms, shown to be capable of being powered by an electric current using an electron scanning microscope and moving with very low amounts of energy due toquantum tunneling.[317][318][319]
17 June – Quantum scientists report the development of a system that entangled two photonquantum communication nodes through a microwave cable that can send information in between without the photons being sent through, or occupying, the cable. On 12 June it was reported that they also, for the first time, entangled twophonons as well as erase information from their measurement after the measurement had been completed usingdelayed-choice quantum erasure.[320][321][322][323]
18 June – Honeywell announces a quantum computer with a quantum volume of 64, the highest at the time.[324]
13 August – Universal coherence protection is reported to have been achieved in a solid-state spin qubit, a modification that allows quantum systems to stay operational (or "coherent") for 10,000 times longer than before.[325][326]
26 August – Scientists report that ionizing radiation from environmental radioactive materials andcosmic rays may substantially limit thecoherence times of qubits if they are not adequatelyshielded.[327][328][329]
Google Sycamore quantum computer processor in 201928 August – Quantum engineers working for Google report the largest chemical simulation on aquantum computer – aHartree–Fock approximation with aSycamore computer paired with a classical computer that analyzed results to provide new parameters for a 12-qubit system.[330][331][332]
2 September – Researchers present an eight-user city-scalequantum communication network, located inBristol, England, using already deployed fibres without active switching or trusted nodes.[333][334]
9 September –Xanadu offers a cloud quantum computing service, using a photonic quantum computer.[335]
3 December – Chinese researchers claim to have achievedquantum supremacy, using aphotonic peak 76-qubit system (43 average) known asJiuzhang, which performed calculations at 100 trillion times the speed of classical supercomputers.[338][339][340]
29 October – Honeywell introduces a subscription for a quantum computing service, known as quantum computing as a service, with an ion trap quantum computer.[341]
12 December – At the IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), IMEC shows an RF multiplexer chip that operates at temperatures as low as a few millikelvins, designed for quantum computers. Researchers from the Chalmers University of Technology report the development of a cryogenic low-noise amplifier (LNA) for amplifying signals from qubits, made of indium phosphide (InP) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs).[342]
21 December – Publication of research of "counterfactual quantum communication" – whose first achievement was reported in 2017 – by which information can be exchanged without any physical particle traveling between observers and without quantum teleportation.[343] The research suggests that this is based on some form of relation between the properties of modular angular momentum.[344][345][346]
6 January – Chinese researchers report that they have built the world's largest integrated quantum communication network, combining over 700 optical fibers with twoQKD-ground-to-satellite links for a total distance between nodes of the network of up to ~4,600 km.[347][348]
15 January – Researchers in China report the successful transmission of entangled photons betweendrones, used as nodes for the development of mobile quantum networks or flexible network extensions, marking the first work in which entangled particles were sent between two moving devices.[351][352]
27 January –BMW announces the use of a quantum computer for the optimization of supply chains.[353]
28 January – Swiss and German researchers report the development of a highly efficient single-photon source for quantum information technology with a system of gated quantum dots in a tunable microcavity which captures photons released from excited "artificial atoms".[354][355]
3 February – Microsoft starts offering a cloud quantum computing service, calledAzure Quantum.[356]
11 March – Honeywell announces a quantum computer with a quantum volume of 512.[359]
13 April – In apreprint, an astronomer describes for the first time how one could search for quantum communicationtransmissions sent byextraterrestrial intelligence using existing telescope and receiver technology. He also provides arguments for why future searches ofSETI should also target interstellar quantum communications.[360][361]
Simplified scale mode of a quantum computing demonstrator housed in two 19-inch racks with major components labeled
17 June – Austrian, German and Swiss researchers present a quantum computing demonstrator fitting into two standard 19-inchracks, the world's first quality standards-meeting compact quantum computer.[368][369]
25 October – Chinese researchers report that they have developed the world's fastest programmable quantum computers. The photon-basedJiuzhang 2 is claimed to calculate a task in one millisecond, that otherwise would have taken a conventional computer 30 trillion years to complete. Additionally,Zuchongzhi 2 is a 66-qubit programmable superconducting quantum computer that was claimed to be the world's fastest quantum computer that can run a calculation task one million times more complex than Google'sSycamore, as well as being 10 million times faster.[375][376]
16 November – IBM claims that it has created a 127-quantum bit processor, 'IBM Eagle', which according to a report is the most powerful quantum processor known. According to the report, the company had not yet published an academic paper describing its metrics, performance or abilities.[379][380]
29 March – Researchers at Intel andDelft University of Technology publish data on the first qubits fabricated on 300 mm wafers in a semiconductor manufacturing facility using all-optical lithography and fully industrial processing.[384]
14 April – TheQuantinuum System Model H1-2 doubles its performance claiming to be the first commercial quantum computer to passquantum volume 4096.[385]
26 May – A universal set of computational operations on fault-tolerant quantum bits is demonstrated by a team of experimental physicists in Innsbruck, Austria.[386]
21 July – A universalqudit quantum processor is demonstrated with trapped ions.[391]
15 August –Nature Materials publishes the first work showing optical initialization and coherent control of nuclear spin qubits in 2D materials (an ultrathin hexagonalboron nitride).[392]
24 August –Nature publishes the first research related to a set of 14 photons entangled with high efficiency and in a defined way.[393]
26 August – Created photon pairs at several different frequencies using optical ultra-thin resonantmetasurfaces made up of arrays ofnanoresonators is reported.[394]
2 September – Researchers from The University of Tokyo and other Japanese institutions develop a systematic method that applies optimal control theory (GRAPE algorithm) to identify the theoretically optimal sequence from among all conceivable quantum operation sequences. It is necessary to complete the operations within the time that the coherent quantum state is maintained.[396]
30 September – Researchers at University of New South Wales, Australia, achieve a coherence time of two milliseconds, 100 times higher than the previous benchmark in the same quantum processor.[397]
9 November – IBM presents its 433-qubit 'Osprey' quantum processor, the successor to its Eagle system.[398][399]
1 December – The world's first portable quantum computer enters into commerce inJapan. With three variants, topping out at 3 qubits, they are meant for education. They are based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), "NMR has extremely limited scaling capabilities" anddimethylphosphite.[400][401][402]
17 February – Fusion-based quantum computation is proposed.[405]
27 March – India's first quantum computing-based telecom network link is inaugurated.[406]
14 June – IBM computer scientists report that a quantum computer produced better results for aphysics problem than a conventionalsupercomputer.[407][408]
21 June –Microsoft declares that it is working on atopological quantum computer based onMajorana fermions, with the aim of arriving within 10 years at a computer capable of carrying out at least one million operations per second with an error rate of one operation every 1,000 billion (corresponding to 11 uninterrupted days of calculation).[409]
13 October – Researchers atTU Darmstadt publish the first experimental demonstration of a qubit array with more than 1,000 qubits:[410][411] A 3,000-site atomic array based on a 2D configuration of optical tweezers[66] holds up to 1,305 atomic qubits.
24 October –Atom Computing announces that it has "created a 1,225-site atomic array, currently populated with 1,180 qubits",[412] based onRydberg atoms.[413]
4 December – IBM presents its 1121-qubit 'Condor' quantum processor, the successor to itsOsprey andEagle systems.[414][415] The Condor system was the culmination of IBM's multi-year 'Roadmap to Quantum Advantage' seeking to break the 1,000 qubit threshold.[416]
6 December – A group led by Misha Lukin at Harvard University realises a programmable quantum processor based on logical qubits using reconfigurable neutral atom arrays.[417]
21 February –UCL researchers achieved 97% precision in placing singlearsenic atoms in silicon lattices usingscanning tunneling microscopy, enabling scalable, low-error qubit arrays for quantum computing.[421]
25 February – Researchers at theCalifornia Institute of Technology demonstrated multiplexed entanglement generation in quantum network nodes, entangling remote quantum memories using multiple distinct emitters. By embeddingytterbium atoms inyttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) crystals and coupling them to optical cavities, they enabled parallel transmission of entangled photons, scaling the entanglement rate with the number of qubits.[422]
12 March – Physicists atEPFL directly observed dissipative phase transitions (DPTs) in a superconductingKerr resonator. Their experiment confirmed both first- and second-order DPTs, revealing critical slowing down and metastability effects, which could lead to more stable quantum computing and ultra-sensitive quantum sensors.[423]
1 May – Researchers at Intel show data using a cryogenic 300-mm wafer prober to collect high-volume data on hundreds of industry-manufactured spin qubit devices at 1.6 K. Devices were characterized in the single electrons across full wafers with high yield.[424]
6 May –Alice & Bob's Boson 4 chip demonstrated a bit-flip time of 120 seconds and the world's longest bit-flip lifetime of more than 7 minutes.[425][426][427]
8 May – Researchers deterministically fuse small quantum states into states with up to eight qubits.[428]
10 May – Researchers from Google and thePaul Scherrer Institute developed a new hybrid digital-analog quantum simulator, combining the strengths of both techniques. This innovation enhanced the precision and flexibility of quantum computing while enabling more accurate modeling of complex quantum processes.[429][e]
30 May – Researchers at Photonic and Microsoft perform a teleported CNOT gate between qubits physically separated by 40 meters, confirming remote quantum entanglement between T-centers.[430]
30 June – Researchers fromOxford University successfully linked two quantum processors via an optical fiber network, enabling distributed quantum computing by demonstrating quantum entanglement between distant qubits, paving the way for scalable modular quantum computers and the development of a quantum internet.[431]
5 August – Research fromBrown University discovered fractionalexcitons in bilayergraphene under the fractional quantumHall effect, expanding excitonic understanding and quantum computing potential.[432]
26 August – Researchers atNorthwestern University successfully teleported a quantum state of light over 30 kilometres (19 mi) of fiber optic cable carrying conventional internet traffic, demonstrating the feasibility of integrating quantum communication into existing networks.[433]
29 August – Researchers atEmpa successfully constructed a one-dimensional alternatingHeisenberg model using synthetic nanographenes, confirming century-old quantum physics predictions. Their work marked a significant step toward real-world quantum technologies such as ultra-fast computing and unbreakable encryption.[434]
2 December – Physicists observed quantum entanglement within individualprotons, demonstrating that entanglement, a key concept in quantum computing, extended to the subatomic level, revealing the complex interdependence ofquarks andgluons within protons.[435]
9 December – Google Quantum AI announcedWillow, the first quantum processor where error-corrected qubits get exponentially better as they get bigger. Willow performed a standard benchmark computation in under five minutes that would take today's fastest supercomputers 10 septillion years.[436][437]
15 December – Researchers atOak Ridge National Laboratory in collaboration withEPB and theUniversity of Tennessee achieved transmission of entangled quantum signals with 100% uptime through a commercial fiber-optic network for over 30 hours using automatic polarization compensation to prevent disruptions from environmental factors.[438][439][f]
25 December – Researchers at Intel demonstrate a test chip with 12 spin-qubits fabricated using immersion and extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV), along with other standard high-volume manufacturing (HVM) processes.[440] This doubles the number of spin qubits published in September 2022.[441]
7 January – Researchers atOsaka Metropolitan University derived a simplified formula for quantum entanglement entropy, allowing for easier analysis of entanglement in strongly correlated electron systems. Their study identified unexpected quantum behaviors in nanoscale artificial magnetic materials and highlighted the role of quantum relative entropy in theKondo effect.[442]
14 February – Researchers (Björkmanet al.) usedtransmon qubits to demonstrate avirtual-state process of theLandau-Zener-Stückelberg-Majorana (LZSM) transition.[443][444][445][446] Their experiment significantly suppressed the ACStark shift, improving control over quantum state transitions.[443][447]
27 February –Amazon announced[449] a quantum computing processor prototype, nicknamed "Ocelot", that uses concatenation of encoded bosoniccat qubits for bosonic quantum error correction.[450]
^Published January 1, 1983.[2][3] 1968 is the year Wiesner developed a new coding in the Columbia University timeline[4] and of the relevant publication inCharles H. Bennett (2021) citing Bennett CH, Bessette F,Brassard G, Salvail L,Smolin J (1992) "Experimental quantum cryptography."J Cryptol 5(1): 3–28. In Bennett, Bessetteet al. (1992) the year of "manuscript written" by Wiesner is "circa 1970".[5]
^Some sources state that: an idea in Park's paper was used as[9] information for what was later undertood by proof as theno-cloning theorem circa 1982.[8][9] An alternative position is: the no-cloning theorem was discovered in 1982 without mentioning 1969/1970.[10][11] Sources state Park proved mathematically no-cloning explicitly as a reality[12][13] though his paper makes no mention explicitly of the term as it is now known.[7][14] An alternative position: simply, Park 1970 was the origin of the no-cloning theorem without mentioning 1982.[15] One further position states Park was first to show the existence of no-cloning - this quantum mechanical reality was rediscovered in 1982 and 2013.[16]
^Michael Cuffaro, Amit Hagar."Quantum Computing". In Edward N. Zalta, Uri Nodelman (ed.).The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2024 Edition). The Metaphysics Research Lab, Department of Philosophy,Stanford University. Sec. 1.3 Milestones.ISSN1095-5054. RetrievedMarch 26, 2025.
^Benioff, Paul (1980). "The computer as a physical system: A microscopic quantum mechanical Hamiltonian model of computers as represented by Turing machines".Journal of Statistical Physics.22 (5):563–591.Bibcode:1980JSP....22..563B.doi:10.1007/bf01011339.S2CID122949592.
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