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| Programming language lists |
|---|
This is a record of notableprogramming languages, by decade.
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1790[1] | Jacquard loom (concept)[1] | Joseph Marie Jacquard |
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1801[2] | Jacquard machine (implementation)[2] | Joseph Marie Jacquard | none (unique language) |
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1837[3] | BAB L1[3] | Charles Babbage | Jacquard[4] |
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1843[4][5] | Note G[6][4] | Ada Lovelace | none (unique language) |
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1879 | Begriffsschrift[7] | Gottlob Frege | none (unique language) |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1943–45/46[8] | Plankalkül | Konrad Zuse | none (unique language) |
| 1943–46 | ENIAC coding system | John von Neumann,John Mauchly,J. Presper Eckert, andHerman Goldstine afterAlan Turing | none (unique language) |
| 1946 | ENIAC Short Code | Richard Clippinger and John von Neumann after Alan Turing | none (unique language) |
| 1947–52 | ARC/Birkbeck Assembler | Kathleen Booth | ENIAC Short Code[9] |
| 1948 | Plankalkül (year of publication) | Konrad Zuse | |
| 1949 | EDSAC Initial Orders | David Wheeler | ENIAC coding system |
| Short Code (originally known as Brief Code) | John Mauchly and William F. Schmitt | ENIAC Short Code | |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | Short Code (for UNIVAC I) | William F. Schmitt | Short Code |
| 1951 | Superplan | Heinz Rutishauser | Plankalkül |
| ALGAE | Edward A. Voorhees, Karl Balke | none (unique language) | |
| Intermediate Programming Language | Arthur Burks | Short Code | |
| Boehm unnamed coding system | Corrado Böhm | CPC Coding scheme | |
| Klammerausdrücke | Konrad Zuse | Plankalkül | |
| Stanislaus (Notation) | Fritz Bauer | none (unique language) | |
| Sort Merge Generator | Betty Holberton | none (unique language) | |
| 1952 | Short Code (for UNIVAC II) | Albert B. Tonik,[10] J. R. Logan | Short Code (for UNIVAC I) |
| A-0 | Grace Hopper | Short Code | |
| Glennie Autocode | Alick Glennie | CPC Coding scheme | |
| Operator programming | Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov with the participationKateryna Yushchenko | MESM | |
| Editing Generator | Milly Koss | SORT/MERGE | |
| COMPOOL | RAND/SDC | none (unique language) | |
| 1953 | Speedcoding | John W. Backus | none (unique language |
| READ/PRINT | Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman | none (unique language) | |
| 1954 | Laning and Zierler system | J. Halcombe Laning, Niel Zierler, Adams atMITProject Whirlwind | none (unique language |
| Mark I Autocode | Tony Brooker | Glennie Autocode | |
| ARITH-MATIC | Team led byGrace Hopper at UNIVAC | A-0 | |
| MATH-MATIC | Team led byCharles Katz | ||
| MATRIX MATH | H G Kahrimanian | none (unique language) | |
| IPL I (concept) | Allen Newell,Cliff Shaw,Herbert A. Simon | none (unique language) | |
| 1954–55 | FORTRAN (concept) | Team led byJohn W. Backus atIBM | Speedcoding |
| 1955 | Address programming language | Kateryna Yushchenko | Operator programming |
| FLOW-MATIC | Team led byGrace Hopper at UNIVAC | A-0 | |
| BACAIC | M. Grems, R. Porter | ||
| PACT I | SHARE | FORTRAN, A-2 | |
| Freiburger Code[11][12] | University of Freiburg | none (unique language) | |
| IBM | |||
| 1955–56 | Sequentielle Formelübersetzung | Fritz Bauer, Karl Samelson | Boehm |
| IT | Team led byAlan Perlis | Laning and Zierler | |
| 1956–58 | LISP (concept) | John McCarthy | IPL |
| 1957 | COMTRAN | Bob Bemer | FLOW-MATIC |
| GEORGE | Charles Leonard Hamblin | none (unique language) | |
| FORTRAN I (implementation) | John W. Backus atIBM | FORTRAN | |
| COMIT (concept) | Victor Yngve | none (unique language) | |
| 1957–58 | UNICODE | Remington Rand UNIVAC | MATH-MATIC |
| 1958 | FORTRAN II | Team led byJohn W. Backus atIBM | FORTRAN I |
| ALGOL 58 (IAL) | ACM/GAMM | FORTRAN, IT, Sequentielle Formelübersetzung | |
| IPL II (implementation) | Allen Newell,Cliff Shaw,Herbert A. Simon | IPL I | |
| IPL V | Allen Newell,Cliff Shaw,Herbert A. Simon | IPL II | |
| 1959 | APT | Douglas T. Ross | |
| FACT | Fletcher R. Jones,Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick | none (unique language) | |
| COBOL (concept) | TheCODASYL Committee | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT | |
| JOVIAL | Jules Schwartz atSDC | ALGOL 58 | |
| LISP (implementation) | Steve Russell | IPL | |
| MAD – Michigan Algorithm Decoder | Bruce Arden,Bernard Galler,Robert M. Graham | ALGOL 58 | |
| TRAC (concept) | Calvin Mooers | ||
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | ALGOL 60 | ALGOL 58 | |
| 1960 | COBOL 61 (implementation) | TheCODASYL Committee | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN |
| 1960 | SAKO | Leon Łukaszewicz,et al.,Polish Academy of Sciences[13] | none (unique language) |
| 1961 | COMIT (implementation) | Victor Yngve | none (unique language) |
| 1961 | GPSS | Geoffrey Gordon,IBM | none (unique language) |
| 1962 | FORTRAN IV | IBM | FORTRAN II |
| 1962 | APL (concept) | Kenneth E. Iverson | none (unique language) |
| 1962 | Simula (concept) | Ole-Johan Dahl (mostly) | ALGOL 60 |
| 1962 | SNOBOL | Ralph Griswold,et al. | FORTRAN II, COMIT |
| 1963 | Combined Programming Language (CPL) (concept) | Barron,Christopher Strachey,et al. | ALGOL 60 |
| 1963 | SNOBOL3 | Griswold,et al. | SNOBOL |
| 1963 | ALGOL 68 (concept) | Adriaan van Wijngaarden,et al. | ALGOL 60 |
| 1963 | JOSS I | Cliff Shaw,RAND | ALGOL 58 |
| 1964 | MIMIC | H. E. Petersen,et al. | MIDAS |
| 1964 | COWSEL | Rod Burstall,Robin Popplestone | CPL, LISP |
| 1964 | PL/I (concept) | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN |
| 1964 | Basic Assembly Language | IBM | Assembly language |
| 1964 | BASIC | John George Kemeny,Thomas Eugene Kurtz atDartmouth College | FORTRAN II, JOSS |
| 1964 | IBM RPG | IBM | FARGO |
| 1964 | Mark-IV | Informatics | |
| 1964 | Speakeasy-2 | Stanley Cohen atArgonne National Laboratory | Speakeasy |
| 1964 | TRAC (implementation) | Calvin Mooers | |
| 1964 | P′′ | Corrado Böhm | none (unique language) |
| 1964? | IITRAN | ||
| 1965 | RPG II | IBM | FARGO,RPG |
| 1965 | MAD/I (concept) | University of Michigan | MAD,ALGOL 60,PL/I |
| 1965 | TELCOMP | BBN | JOSS |
| 1965 | Atlas Autocode | Tony Brooker, Derrick Morris atManchester University | ALGOL 60,Autocode |
| 1965 | PL360 (concept) | Niklaus Wirth | ALGOL 60,ESPOL |
| 1966 | JOSS II | Chuck Baker,RAND | JOSS I |
| 1966 | ALGOL W | Niklaus Wirth,C. A. R. Hoare | ALGOL 60 |
| 1966 | FORTRAN 66 | John Backus and his team | FORTRAN IV |
| 1966 | ISWIM (concept) | Peter J. Landin | LISP |
| 1966 | CORAL 66 | I. F. Currie, M. Griffiths | ALGOL 60 |
| 1966 | APL (implementation)[14] | Kenneth E. Iverson | none (unique language) |
| 1967 | BCPL | Martin Richards | CPL |
| 1967 | MUMPS | Massachusetts General Hospital | FORTRAN, TELCOMP |
| 1967 | Simula 67 (implementation) | Ole-Johan Dahl, Bjørn Myhrhaug,Kristen Nygaard atNorsk Regnesentral | ALGOL 60 |
| 1967 | Interlisp | D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy | Lisp |
| 1967 | EXAPT | Herwart Opitz, Wilhelm Simon, Günter Spur, and Gottfried Stute atRWTH Aachen University andTU Berlin | APT |
| 1967 | SNOBOL4 | Ralph Griswold,et al. | SNOBOL3 |
| 1967 | XPL | William M. McKeeman,et al. atUniversity of California, Santa Cruz J. J. Horning,et al. atStanford University | PL/I |
| 1968 | ALGOL 68 (UNESCO/IFIP standard) | Adriaan van Wijngaarden,Barry J. Mailloux,John E. L. Peck andCornelis H. A. Koster,et al. | ALGOL 60 |
| 1968 | POP-1 | Rod Burstall,Robin Popplestone | COWSEL |
| 1968 | DIBOL-8 | DEC | DIBOL |
| 1968 | Forth (concept) | Moore | |
| 1968 | Logo | Wally Feurzeig,Seymour Papert,Cynthia Solomon | LISP |
| 1968 | MAPPER | Unisys | CRT RPS |
| 1968 | REFAL (implementation) | Valentin Turchin | none (unique language) |
| 1968 | TTM (implementation) | Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon,California Institute of Technology | GAP, GPM |
| 1968 | PILOT | John Amsden Starkweather,University of California, San Francisco | Computest |
| 1968 | PL360 (implementation) | Niklaus Wirth | ALGOL 60,ESPOL |
| 1968 | PL/S (as Basic Systems Language) | IBM | Assembly language |
| 1969 | PL/I (implementation) | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN |
| 1969 | B | Ken Thompson, with contributions fromDennis Ritchie | BCPL,Fortran[15] |
| 1969 | Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL) | Thomas A. Standish atHarvard University | |
| 1969 | SETL | Jack Schwartz atCourant Institute of Mathematical Sciences | ALGOL 60 |
| 1969 | TUTOR | Paul Tenczar &University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | |
| 1969 | Edinburgh IMP | Edinburgh University | ALGOL 60,Autocode,Atlas Autocode |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Sather | Steve Omohundro | Eiffel |
| 1990 | AMOS BASIC | François Lionet andConstantin Sotiropoulos | STOS BASIC |
| 1990 | AMPL | Robert Fourer, David Gay andBrian Kernighan atBell Laboratories | |
| 1990 | Object Oberon | H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer | Oberon |
| 1990 | J | Kenneth E. Iverson,Roger Hui at Iverson Software | APL,FP |
| 1990 | Haskell | Miranda,Clean | |
| 1990 | EuLisp | Common Lisp,Scheme | |
| 1990 | Z shell (zsh) | Paul Falstad atPrinceton University | ksh |
| 1990 | SKILL | T. J. Barnes atCadence Design Systems | Franz Lisp |
| 1991 | GNU E | David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey | C++ |
| 1991 | Oberon-2 | Hanspeter Mössenböck,Niklaus Wirth | Object Oberon |
| 1991 | Oz | Gert Smolka and his students | Prolog |
| 1991 | Q | Albert Gräf | |
| 1991 | Python | Guido van Rossum | Perl,ABC,C |
| 1991 | Visual Basic | Alan Cooper, sold toMicrosoft | QuickBASIC |
| 1992 | Borland Pascal | Turbo Pascal OOP | |
| 1992 | Dylan | Many people atApple Computer | Common Lisp, Scheme |
| 1992 | S-Lang | John E. Davis | PostScript |
| 1993? | Self (implementation) | Sun Microsystems | Smalltalk |
| 1993 | Amiga E | Wouter van Oortmerssen | DEX,C, Modula-2 |
| 1993 | Brainfuck | Urban Müller | P'′ |
| 1993 | LiveCode Transcript | HyperTalk | |
| 1993 | AppleScript | Apple Computer | HyperTalk |
| 1993 | K | Arthur Whitney | APL, Lisp |
| 1993 | Lua | Roberto Ierusalimschyet al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio | Scheme, SNOBOL, Modula, CLU,C++ |
| 1993 | R | Robert Gentleman andRoss Ihaka | S |
| 1993 | ZPL | Chamberlainet al. atUniversity of Washington | C |
| 1993 | NewtonScript | Walter Smith | Self, Dylan |
| 1993 | Euphoria | Robert Craig | SNOBOL, AWK, ABC, Icon, Python |
| 1994 | Claire | Yves Caseau | Smalltalk, SETL, OPS5, Lisp, ML,C, LORE, LAURE |
| 1994 | ANSICommon Lisp | Common Lisp | |
| 1994 | RAPID | ABB | ARLA |
| 1994 | Pike | Fredrik Hübinette et al. atLinköping University | LPC,C, μLPC |
| 1994 | ANS Forth | Elizabeth Rather, et al. | Forth |
| 1995 | Ada 95 | S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics | Ada 83 |
| 1995 | BorlandDelphi | Anders Hejlsberg atBorland | Borland Pascal |
| 1995 | ColdFusion (CFML) | Allaire | |
| 1995 | Java | James Gosling atSun Microsystems | C, Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C, Mesa |
| 1995 | LiveScript | Brendan Eich atNetscape | Self,C, Scheme |
| 1995 | Mercury | Zoltan Somogyi atUniversity of Melbourne | Prolog, Hope, Haskell |
| 1995 | PHP | Rasmus Lerdorf | Perl |
| 1995 | Ruby | Yukihiro Matsumoto | Smalltalk, Perl |
| 1995 | JavaScript | Brendan Eich atNetscape | LiveScript |
| 1995 | Racket | Matthew Flatt atRice University | Scheme,Lisp |
| 1996 | CSS | Håkon Wium Lie andBert Bos | SGML |
| 1996 | Curl | David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman atMIT | Lisp,C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML |
| 1996 | Lasso | Blue World Communications | |
| 1996 | NetRexx | Mike Cowlishaw | REXX |
| 1996 | OCaml | INRIA | Caml Light, Standard ML |
| 1996 | Perl Data Language (PDL) | Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller | APL, Perl |
| 1996 | Pure Data | Miller Puckette | Max |
| 1996 | VBScript | Microsoft | Visual Basic |
| 1997 | Component Pascal | Oberon Microsystems | Oberon-2 |
| 1997 | E | Mark S. Miller | Joule, Original-E |
| 1997 | Pico | Free University of Brussels | Scheme |
| 1997 | Squeak | Alan Kay,et al. atApple Computer | Smalltalk-80, Self |
| 1997 | ECMAScript | ECMA TC39-TG1 | JavaScript |
| 1997 | F-Script | Philippe Mougin | Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C |
| 1997 | ISLISP | ISO Standard ISLISP | Common Lisp |
| 1997 | Tea | Jorge Nunes | Java,Scheme,Tcl |
| 1997 | REBOL | Carl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies | Self,Forth,Lisp,Logo |
| 1998 | Logtalk | Paulo Moura (then atUniversity of Coimbra) | Prolog |
| 1998 | ActionScript | Gary Grossman | ECMAScript |
| 1998 | Standard C++ | ANSI/ISO Standard C++ | C++, Standard C, C |
| 1998 | PureBasic | Frederic Laboureur, Fantaisie Software | |
| 1998 | UnrealScript | Tim Sweeney atEpic Games | C++,Java |
| 1998 | XSLT (+XPath) | W3C,James Clark | DSSSL |
| 1998 | Xojo (REALbasic at the time) | Xojo, Andrew Barry | Visual Basic |
| 1999 | C99 | C99 ISO/IEC 9899:1999 | C90 |
| 1999 | Gambas | Benoît Minisini | Visual Basic,Java |
| 1999 | Game Maker Language (GML) | Mark Overmars | Game Maker |
| 1999 | Harbour | Antonio Linares | dBase,Clipper |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Join Java | G Stewart von Itzstein | Java |
| 2000 | DarkBASIC | The Game Creators | |
| 2000 | C# | Anders Hejlsberg,Microsoft (ECMA) | C,C++,Java,Delphi,Modula-2 |
| 2001 | Joy | Manfred von Thun | FP,Forth |
| 2001 | AspectJ | Gregor Kiczales,Xerox PARC | Java,Common Lisp |
| 2001 | D | Walter Bright, Digital Mars | C,C++,C#,Java |
| 2001 | Processing | Casey Reas andBenjamin Fry | Java,C,C++[18] |
| 2001 | Visual Basic .NET | Microsoft | Visual Basic |
| 2001 | GDScript (GDS) | Juan Linietsky, Ariel Manzur (OKAM Studio) | Godot |
| 2001 | Shakespeare Programming Language | Jon Åslund, Karl Hasselström | |
| 2002 | Io | Steve Dekorte | Self,NewtonScript,Lua |
| 2002 | Gosu | Guidewire Software | GScript |
| 2002 | Scratch | Mitchel Resnick, John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Tammy Stern, Amon Millner, Jay Silver, and Brian Silverman | Logo,Smalltalk,Squeak,E-Toys,HyperCard,AgentSheets,StarLogo, Tweak |
| 2003 | Nix | Eelco Dolstra | Miranda/SASL, Haskell |
| 2003 | Nemerle | University ofWrocław | C#,ML, MetaHaskell |
| 2003 | Factor | Slava Pestov | Joy, Forth, Lisp |
| 2003 | Scala | Martin Odersky | Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml |
| 2003 | C++03 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2003 | C++, Standard C,C |
| 2003 | Squirrel | Alberto Demichelis | Lua |
| 2003 | Boo | Rodrigo B. de Oliveira | Python,C# |
| 2004 | Subtext | Jonathan Edwards | none (unique language) |
| 2004 | Alma-0 | Krzysztof Apt,Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica | none (unique language) |
| 2004 | FreeBASIC | Andre Victor | QBasic |
| 2004 | Groovy | James Strachan | Java |
| 2004 | Little b | Aneil Mallavarapu,Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology | Lisp |
| 2005 | Fantom | Brian Frank, Andy Frank | C#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang |
| 2005 | F# | Don Syme,Microsoft Research | OCaml,C#,Haskell |
| 2005 | Haxe | Nicolas Cannasse | ActionScript,OCaml,Java |
| 2005 | Oxygene | RemObjects Software | Object Pascal,C# |
| 2005 | PWCT | Mahmoud Samir Fayed | none (unique language) |
| 2005 | Seed7 | Thomas Mertes | none (unique language) |
| 2005 | fish | Thomas Mertes | none (unique language) |
| 2005 | HolyC | Terry A. Davis | C,C++ |
| 2006 | Cobra | Chuck Esterbrook | Python,C#, Eiffel, Objective-C |
| 2006 | Windows PowerShell | Microsoft | C#, ksh, Perl,CL,DCL, SQL |
| 2006 | OptimJ | Ateji | Java |
| 2006 | Fortress | Guy L. Steele Jr. | Scala,ML,Haskell |
| 2006 | Vala | GNOME | C# |
| 2007 | Ada 2005 | Ada Rapporteur Group | Ada 95 |
| 2007 | Agda | Ulf Norell | Rocq,Epigram,Haskell |
| 2007 | QB64 | Galleon, QB64Team | QBasic |
| 2007 | Clojure | Rich Hickey | Lisp,ML,Haskell,Erlang |
| 2007 | LOLCODE | Adam Lindsay | none (unique language) |
| 2007 | Oberon-07 | Niklaus Wirth | Oberon |
| 2007 | Swift (parallel scripting language) | University of Chicago,Argonne National Laboratory | |
| 2008 | Nim | Andreas Rumpf | Python,Lisp,Object Pascal |
| 2008 | Genie | Jamie McCracken | Python,Boo,D,Object Pascal |
| 2008 | Pure | Albert Gräf | Q |
| 2009 | Chapel | Brad Chamberlain,Cray Inc. | HPF,ZPL |
| 2009 | Go | C,Oberon,Limbo,Smalltalk | |
| 2009 | CoffeeScript | Jeremy Ashkenas | JavaScript,Ruby,Python,Haskell |
| 2009 | Idris | Edwin Brady | Haskell,Agda,Rocq |
| 2009 | Parasail | S. Tucker Taft,AdaCore | Modula,Ada,Pascal,ML |
| 2009 | Whiley | David J. Pearce | Java,C,Python |
| 2009 | Dafny | K. Rustan M. Leino | Java,Spec# |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | C++20 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2020 | C++17, Standard C,C |
| 2021 | Microsoft Power Fx | Vijay Mital, Robin Abraham, Shon Katzenberger, Darryl Rubin,Microsoft | Excel formulas |
| 2022 | Carbon | C++,Rust,Swift,Zig,Kotlin,Haskell | |
| 2023 | Mojo | Modular | Python,Rust,Cython,C,C++,CUDA, Swift, Zig |
| 2023 | Ada 2023 | ISO/IEC 8652:2023 | Ada 2012 / ISO/IEC 8652:2012 |
| 2023 | Fortran 2023 | ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 2023 | Fortran 2018 |
| 2024 | Gleam | Louis Pilfold, Fly.io | Erlang,Elixir,Elm,Rust,Go,OCaml,JavaScript |
| 2024 | C++23 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2024 | C++20, Standard C,C |
| 2024 | C23 | ISO/IEC 9899:2024 | C17 |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
Jacquard, of Lyon, is reported to have conceived the idea in 1790, and in 1801 he received from theNational Exposition a bronze medal for his invention of a machine for figure-weaving, which he patented
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)In Lyon, France, Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) demonstrated in 1801 a loom that enabled unskilled workers to weave complex patterns in silk.
At an industrial exhibition in Paris in 1801, Jacquard demonstrated
En 1801, cet ingénieur de Lyon équipe le métier à tisser d'un mécanisme en fonte qui sélectionne les fils de chaîne grâce à un programme inscrit sur une carte perforée.
Until the invention of the Jacquard attachment to the loom in the year 1801, embroidered silk goods were called brocades.
logic that enabled the invention of the digital-binary computer by Alan Turing" - "began with Gottlob Frege'sBegriffsschrift
The work on thePlankalkül was completed in the years 1945/46 and I had no opportunity whatsoever to publish.
Daniel Wirtz (@dcodeIO) - Author of AssemblyScript
