This is atimeline of ancient Greece from its emergence around 800 BC to its subjection to theRoman Empire in 146 BC.
For earlier times, seeGreek Dark Ages ,Aegean civilizations andMycenaean Greece . For later times seeRoman Greece ,Byzantine Empire andOttoman Greece .
For modernGreece after 1820, seeTimeline of modern Greek history .
[ edit ] 777 Cumae is founded byChalcis 776 Traditional date for the first historicOlympic games.757 TheFirst Messenian War starts. (Date disputed byJerome ,Pausanias andDiodorus ; this estimate is based on a reading of Diodorus' Spartan king lists and Pausanias' description of the war).756 Kyzikus is settled byIonians 754 Polydorus becomes king ofSparta .753 Athens: Office ofArchon reduced to 10 years. Members of the ruling family to possess the office starting with Charops. (Dating based on Pausanias). 743 Rhegion is founded byEuboeans 740 Zancle is founded by Euboeans738 Alternative date for the end of theFirst Messenian War .737 Rhegion and Zancle join in union under Zancle735 Perdiccas I of Macedon flees fromArgos toMacedonia and conquers the land.734 Polydorus sends colonists to Italy734 Syracuse is founded byKorinthians andTeneans 734Kerkyra is founded by Korinthians 733 Naxos (Sicily) is founded by Euboeans733Troliton is founded byMegarans 732 Euboea splits betweenChalcis andEretria due to disputes731 Sigeion is founded byMytilene 731Catania is founded by Chalcidians 730 Leontini is founded by Naxos and controlled by the tyrantEuarchus 730 Troliton is abandoned and settlers settled in Leontini 728 Troliton settlers are ostracized from Leontini and settleThapsos 727 –717 Hippomenes, archon of Athens, kills his daughter's adulterer by yoking him to his chariot and then locks his daughterLeimone in with a horse until she dies. (Pausanias andAristotle ).c. 725 Lelantine War betweenChalcis andEretria . Many Greek cities are allied with one or the other. Dates before this time uncertain.725 Thapsos abandoned andMegara Hyblaea is settled by the Thapsos settlers720s /710sDroughts onEuboea 720 Korinth removes theLiburnians from Kerkyra720:Sybaris is founded byAchaeans fromHelice 719 Polydorus , King of Sparta, is murdered by Polymarchus.716 Mylae is founded and annexed by Zancle716 According to legend: The reign of theHeraklids overLydia is ended whenCandaules , known asMyrsilus to the Greeks, is murdered by Gyges because of his wife's anger. 715 Lydia annexesColophon andMagnesia and siegesSmyrna 712 Lydia abandons the siege of Smyrna and annexes parts ofTroad andSipylus 712 Korinth annexesPerachora peninsula from Megara 710s Eretrian abandonment of Andros709 Kroton is founded by Achaeans707 Taras is founded by Dorians705 Hybla Minor is annexed by Megara Hyblaea704 Korinth givesSamos 4 ships700 The town ofPhaselis is founded by theRhodians 700Erythra is annexed byRhegion [citation needed 699 Metapontion is founded by Kroton and Sybaris698 Euarchus is overthrown by Leontini696 Lefkandi is occupied by Chalcis695 Polieum is founded by Ionians691 Antandrus is founded and annexed by Mytilene690 Pheidon becomes tyrant of Argos.689 Gela is founded byCretans and Rodians688 Arisba is annexed byMethymna and Mytilene declares war on Methymna687 Annual office ofArchon established in Athens. Any Atheniancitizen can be elected to the office if they have the qualifications.Creon elected first annual archon. (Dating based on Pausanias).686 Methymna is annexed by Mytilene686 Megara gains independence from Korinth 685 The secondMessenian war begins.685Chalcedon is founded by Megarans 680 Epizephyrian Lokros is founded byOpus 676 Pergamon is founded by Ionians674 Karystus is occupied by Korinth672 Abydos is settled byMiletus 671 Melia is destroyed by Samos andPriene , Samos buildsFort Carium to replace it and Samos and Priene split Melia670 Miletus is sieged by Lydia, Priene is annexed by Lydia, Samos annexes former Melian territory669 or 668Battle of Hysiae 668 Lydia abandons siege of Mietus667 Byzantium is founded by Korinthians665 The second Messenian war ends.664 Corcyran Revolt andFirst Sea Battle in ancient Greece between Corcyra and Korinthos664Akrai is founded and annexed by Syracuse 657 Cypselus subjectsCorinth to tyranny.657 Founding of Lekas by Corinth 655 Akanthus andStageira are founded byAndrosi 654 Abdera is founded byKlazomenaites 652 Ephesus and Priene are sacked byCimmerians 651 Levantine War ends, Chalcis wins and annexes Levantine Plain650 The Pontic Pentapolis:Apollonia ,Callatis ,Mesembria (Nessebar) ,Odessos (Varna) , andTomis (Constanța) , all on theEuxeinos Pontos .650 Andros,Kea andTenos gain independence from Eretria, Cypselus leaves Karystus 650 Syracuse annexesPantalica 648 Himera is founded by Zancleans645 –560Spartan wars withTegea all unsuccessful643 Kasmenai is founded and annexed by Syracuse637 –630 Drought onThera 633 Ambrakia founded by TyrantGorgus and Korinthians632 Cylon , Athenian noble, seizesAcropolis and tries unsuccessfully to make himself king631 Battus establishes a Greek colony inCyrene inLibya .630 Helorus is founded and annexed by Syracuse630Histria is established byMilesian settlers in order to facilitate trade with the nativeGetae . 630 Founding ofTripolis by Samos 630 Formalpederasty is introduced, first in Crete, as a means of population control and an educational modality. 628 Selinus is founded by Hyblaea Megarans627 Epidamos is founded by Kerkyreans627 Cypselus is succeeded byPeriander 625 Establishment ofNaucratis 621 Draco , Athenian lawgiver, issues code of laws, with many crimes punishable by death.621Epidaurus is annexed by Korinth 619 Herbessus is annexed by Syracuse616 Miletus is sieged by Lydia615 Leontini is overthrown by Panaetius612 Miletus is overthrown byThrasybulos 610 Panticapaeum (modern cityKerch ) is founded byMilesians 609 Panaetius is oust by Leontini606 Gorgus is succeeded byPeriander 604 Lydia abandons the Siege of Miletus603 Athenai annexes Sigeion601 Miletus and Korinth become allies600 Massalia founded byPhocaean Greeks (approximate date).[ 1] 600Segesta isHellenized by Ionians 598 Akrillai is founded and annexed by Syracuse598Kamarina is founded and annexed by Syracuse 597 Delphi gains independence fromKirrha 596 Paleopoli is founded by Samosi595 Salamis is annexed by Athens595 Start of theFirst Sacred War 594 Kirrha is sieged byAmphictyonic League 594Solon , Athenian statesman, becomesArchon pre-582 BC (cf. ML6 andPlutarch Sol. 14)—later, when member of theAreopagus is appointed to effect social reforms in order to preserve order inAthens , which include the abolition of the security of debts on a debtor's person (Aristotle Ath. Pol. 6), returning exiled Athenian slaves (Solon fr. 4 in Ath. Pol. 12), changing the value of weights and measures to the Korinthian standard, prohibiting the export of grain fromAttica and encouraging the planting of olives (Plut. Sol. 22–4), established the property classes (Ar. Ath. Pol. 7) and the council of 400 (Ar. Ath. Pol. 8). 592 Ephesus is sieged by Persia590 Siege ofEphesus is abandoned, Lydia annexes Smyrna andMedian -Lydian war starts590 Muorica (RenamedModica ) is annexed by Syracuse 590Sappho , Greek poet, flourishes on island ofLesbos . 589 Klazomenai is sieged by Lydia588 Poseidonia is founded by Sybaris587 Siege of Klazomenai is abandoned by Lydia586 Death ofLycophron tyrant of Corcyra586Plataea gains independence fromThebai 585 Kirrha is destroyed585 Lydian-Median border set atHalys River 585 The philosopherThales ofMiletus predicts a solar eclipse that occurs during theBattle of Halys . 585 Periander is overthrown byPsammetichus 585 End of the First Sacred War 583 Psammetichus is overthrown by Korinth582 Akragas is founded by Gelans582: First recordedPythian Games 581 Selinus attacksMotya 581 Korinth join thePeloponnesian League 580 Foundation ofParthenope 580 Selinus is defeated byCarthage and withdraws from Motya 580 Periander is overthrown by democrats in Ambrakia 580Elis joins the Peloponnesian League 580Lipari is founded byKnidosi 578 Thrasybulos dies575 Empúries , also known as Ampurias (Greek: Ἐμπόριον, Catalan: Empúries [əmˈpuɾiəs], Spanish: Ampurias [amˈpuɾjas]), a town on the Mediterranean coast of the Catalan comarca of Alt Empordà in Catalonia, Spain is founded by Greek colonists from Phocaea with the name of Ἐμπόριον (Emporion, meaning "trading place", cf. emporion).572 Pisa andOlympia are annexed by Elis570 Akragas is overthrown byPhalaris 570Phocaeans from Massalia (modern dayMarseille ) founded the colony ofMonoikos (Monaco) .[ 2] 569 Pythagoras is born.565 Peisistratos , Athenian general, organizesDiakrioi , party of poor people.561 Peisistratos takes power inAthens for first time.560 Ephesus is besieged by Lydia560 Phalaris annexes Himera 559 Ephesus is annexed by Lydia559-550 Lydia annexesAeolis and Ionia 559Achilleion is founded and annexed by Mytilene 557 Argos is overthrown byPerilaus 556 Phlius is overthrown byLeo 555 Helike (Elche ) is established by Greeks from the Achaian city of Helice555Peisistratos driven out by Lycurgus who is commander of nobles. 555Miltiades I unitesThracian Chernessos under his rule 554 Phalaris is overthrown by Akragas and Himera gains independence553 Kamarina declares independence from Syracuse552 Kamarina is annexed by Syracuse551 Telemachus overthrows Akragas550 Minoa is founded by Selinus550Odessa [ 3] Greek city ofHistria . 550Miltiades II is born 549 Peisistratos restored by help ofMegacles .549Boeotian League is founded 548 Lesbos sieges Sigeion547 Athens repulses the Lesbans and Sigeion (Now ruled by Hegesistratos) becomes an Athenian vassal546 Sparta annexesKynouria ,Thyrea andKythera fromArgos 546Croesus , rich king ofLydia , captured atSardis byPersians . 545 Miletus is overthrown by Molpagoras545Lygdamis becomes Tyrant ofNaxos 545 Theancient Greek colony ofHermonassa (Krasnodar Krai ,Russia ) is founded byIonians andCretans .[ 4] 544 Abdera starts its Golden Age543 Phanagoria , (Krasnodar Krai ,Russia ), is founded byTeian colonists who had to fleeAsia Minor in consequence of their conflict withCyrus the Great .542 Peisistratos expelled, makes fortune fromThracian mines.542 The colony ofGorgippia (Krasnodar Krai ,Russia ) was built byPontic Greeks . 541 Telemachus is overthrown byAlcamenes 540 Naxan vassalization ofParos 540 Selinus is overthrown byTheron 538 Sybaris conquers Siris538 Samos is overthrown byPolycrates 536 Samos annexes SouthMycale from Miletus535 Perilaus dies534 Athens starts extractingtribute fromIos 532Peisistratos restored byThessaly andLygdamis of Naxos . 531 Ikaria is annexed by Samos530 Emporion becomes a Carthaginian vassal530Maktorion is founded by exiled Gelans 530 Tegea joins the Peloponnesian League 529 Leo dies528 Maktorion is abandoned and the settlers move to Gela527 Peisistratos dies, succeeded by sonsHippias andHipparchus .527Rineia andDelos are annexed by Samos 525 Netum is annexed by Syracuse525 Theancient Greek city of Euesperides, (modern dayBenghazi ) is founded by people fromCyrene 525 PersianCambyses II , son ofCyrus the Great takes Egypt. 524 Samos annexesDonousa 524 Lgydamis of Naxos is overthrown 523 Chalcedon is annexed by Persian Empire522 Death of Polycrates of Samos and succession ofMaiandrios 521 Overthrow of Maiandros by Persian backedSyloson 520 Peithagoras overthrows Theron519 Plataea leaves the Boeotian League and is sieged by the latter519 Miltiades is overthrown by Stesagoras 519 Abydos declares independence from Stesagoras and is led by the Persian TyrantDaphnis 518 Athens repulses the Boeotians from Plataea517 Sybaris is overthrown byTelys 516 Miltiades II an Athenian Tyrant succeeds Stesagoras and reincorporates Abydos516 Cassaibile is annexed by Syracuse 515 Molpagoras is succeeded byHistiaeos 515Hippias becomes sole ruler after the death ofHipparchus . 514 Tenedos, Lesbos and Abydos is annexed by Persian Empire513 Miltiades II defects from Athens to Persia513Myrcinos is founded by Ionians 513 Persia annexesThrace (Region) 513Cinyps, Libya , a failed Greek attempt to build a city under the leadership ofDorieus .[ 5] 512 Antandrus is annexed by Persian Empire512 Persian vassalization of Naxos 511 Piraeus is founded and annexed by Athens511 Thracian Chernessos is annexed by Persian Empire 510 Kroton annexes Sybaris and overthrows Telys510Pythagoras establishes his own school. 510 Peithagoras is overthrown byEuryleon 510 Minoa is renamed Heraclea Minoa 510 Cinyps is annexed by Carthage 508 Andros and Naxos are annexed by Persian Empire508Hippias is forced to leave Athens. 507 Plataea is sieged by Boeotian League507Cleisthenes , Greek reformer, takes power, increases democracy. 506 Boeotian League is repulsed from Plataea by Athens506 Cumae is overthrown byAristodemus 506 Alcamenes is overthrown byAlcandros 506 TheLevantine Plain is conquered by Athens and becomes aCleurchy 505 Hegesistratos of Sigeion dies505Cleander overthrows Gela 504 Cleinias overthrows Croton[ 6] 504 Tarasdefeats theIapygians 503 Naxos declares independence from the Persian Empire502 Euryleon is overthrown by Selinus500 Pythagoras dies in Croton, Italy500 Heraclea Minoa is sacked by Carthage 500Morgantina andCenturipe are hellenized andLicodia is founded by Leontini 499 Miletus Siege of Naxos (Naxan Victory)499 Independence of Paros 499 Alcandros is overthrown by Akragas 499 Ionian Revolt starts 499 Éphesos, Klazomenai, Mílētos, Samos,Myus ,Chios , Samos, Mytilene,Mylasa ,Termera ,Kyme and Priene declare independence from Persian Empire 498 Cyprus (ExceptAmathos ),Caria ,Paesos , Abydos,Cios ,Percote ,Lampsakos , Myrcinos, Tenedos,Dardanos , andByzantium declare independence from Persian Empire498 Amathos is sieged by Cyprus 498Cleander is overthrown byHippocrates 498 Hippocrates vassalized Leontini and putsAenesidemus as tyrant 498 Licodia is annexed by Syracuse 497 Eion is sieged by Athens497 Dardanos, Myrcinos, Abydos, Kyme, Klazomenai, Percote, Lampsakos, Cyprus, Cios and Paesos are reannexed by Persian Empire 497 Catania is vassalized by Hippocrates and Deinmenes is put in charge as tyrant 497 Persian Empire occupies all Carian land north ofPedasos (Carian) 496 Byzantium is overthrown by Histiaeos496 Myrcinos is reannexed by the Persian Empire 496 Athenian Tyrant Miltiades II annexes Thracian Chernessos 496 Naxos is vassalized by Hippocrates 495 Cleinias dies494 Rhegium is overthrown byAnaxilas 494 Zancle is vassalized by Hippocrates andScythes put in charge 494 Priene, Samos and Miletus are annexed by Persian Empire 493 Byzantium sieges Thasus493 Ionian revolt crushed 493 Zancle is settled by Samian refugees and renamed Messene 493 Zancle is conquered by Rhegion 492 Kamarina (now rebuilt) andErgezio [it ] are vassalized by Hippocrates492 Abdera and Thracian Chernessos are annexed by the Persian Empire 491 Hippocrates is overthrown byGelon 491Fort Scyllaeum is founded by Rhegion 490 Aristodemus dies490 Persian conquest ofRhodes 490 Persian Siege of Naxos (Naxan Victory) 490 Persian conquest of Paros 490 Persian sacking ofEretria 490Themistocles andMiltiades , Athenians, defeatDarius atMarathon ,Phidippides runs with news. 490 Taras defeats the Iapygians in battle 488 Akragas is overthrown byTheron 486 Himera is overthrown byTerillus 485 Gelon annexes Syracuse (Except Kamarina and Licodia), Gela is given toHieron 484 Kamarina is destroyed by Gelon484Aeschylus , Athenian playwright wins his first victory at theCity Dionysia . 483 Megara Hyblaea and Licodia are destroyed by Gelon483 Theron puts his sonThrasydaeus in charge of Himera as his vassal 481 Andros,Aegina and Akanthus among many other GreekPoleis declare allegiance to Persia481 The Naxos,Milos , Sparta, Athens, Korinth,Kythnos and many other Greek Poleis form theHellenic League to fight against the Persian Empire [ edit ] 480 Aegina and Andros are impressed into the Hellenic League480Emporion ousts Carthaginian influences 480Leonidas ,Spartan , sacrifices 300 Spartan soldiers at theBattle of Thermopylae so main force can escape;Xerxes son of Darius is commanding the Persians. 480 Croton, Leucas and Corcyra joins the Hellenic League 480 Simultaneous with Thermopylae, the Greeks and Persians fight to a draw in the navalBattle of Artemisium . 480 Boeotia,Attica andPhocis are occupied by Persia 480Battle of Salamis :Themistocles , Athenian general, lures Persians into Bay ofSalamis , Xerxes loses and goes home, leaves behindMardonius . 480 Possibly simultaneous with the Battle of Salamis,Battle of Himera between Carthage and Akragas (Theron)-Syracuse (Gelon)-Himera (Thrasydaeus) 479 Pausanias , Greek general routsMardonius at theBattle of Plataea .479Battle of Mycale 479 Rhodes, Samos, Kos and many Greek cities in Persia begin to declare independence 479 Paros is vassalized by Athens 479 Athens annexesTenedos 479Sestos is besieged by Athens 479 Boeotian League is dissolved by Hellenic League 479Sicel Ducetius overthrowsMiniu 478 Byzantium is besieged by Athens478Delian League is founded by Athens and is soon joined by Ionia,Delos ,Kos , Euboea,Tilos , Rhodes,Karpathos , Athenai, Paros, Troezen,Sifnos , Doris, Aeolis, Andros,Aenea , Akanthos, Samos, Chalcis, Eretria, Chios, Methymna, Chalkidiki, Mutilḗnē, Sigeion, Éphesos and many others 478 Gelon dies and is succeeded by Hieron,Polyzelos is put in control of Gela 477 The Persian Empire abandonsEurope exceptDoriskus andEion 477 Chalcedon, Byzantium, Carystus,Ainos , Perinthos and others join the Delian League 477 Andros is turned into an Atheniancleurchy 476 Micythus becomes Tyrant of Rhegion after Anaxilas' death476 Catania is split between Hieron and Ducetius, Catania is renamedAetna , settled by Dorians and ruled by the TyrantDeinmenes II 476 Taras allies with Rhegion to protect themselves from the Iapygians, but later lose to them in battle 476 Himera is settled byDoric colonists 476 Sybaris declares independence from Kroton 476–462Cimon elected general each year 475 Sybaris is annexed by Kroton475 Abdera and Eion join the Delian League 475Skyros is annexed by Athens 474 Battle of Cumae 474 Naxos joins the Delian League 474 Hieron occupies theParthenopean Islands 474Pindar , Greek poet relocates toThebes (in Greece) from court atSyracuse . 473 Taras is defeated by the Iapygians472 Thrasydaeus annexes Akragas after death of Theron471 Naxos leaves the Delian League and is subsequently sieged by Athens471Themistocles ostracized . 470 Dénia ,Hēmeroskopeion (Ancient Greek :Ἡμεροσκοπεῖον ) is founded byMassaliot Greeks .[ 7] [ 8] [ 9] Ancient Greek :Ἀρτεμίσιον ) or Dianium[ 10] Ancient Greek :Διάνιον ), named from a temple of Ephesia Artemis built upon it (goddessArtemis was called Diana in Latin).470 Naxos is impressed into the Delian League 470 Ducetius annexes Ergezio 470 The new urban zone ofNeápolis (Νεάπολις Cumae on the plain ofParthenope after the victoriousBattle of Cumae 469 Illios is annexed by Mytilene469 Klazomenai, Phaselis, Aspendos, Doris and Priene join the Delian League 468 Thrasydaeus is overthrown by Akragas468Sophocles , Greek playwright, defeatsAeschylus for Athenian Prize for drama. 467 Micythus steps down toLeophron 466 Taras is defeated by the Iapygians466 Taras' monarchy is overthrown by democrats 466Thrasybulos succeeds Hieron 465 Thasus leaves the Delian League and is sieged by Athens465 Abydos and Troad join the Delian League 465 Thracian Chernessos is annexed by Athens 465 Deinmenes II, Aenesidemus, Thrasybulos and Polyzelos are overthrown by their respective cities 463 Thasus is impressed into the Delian League462 Megara leaves the Peloponnesian League461 Catania, Naxos and Catania declare independence from Syracuse, Dorian settlers are removed from Catania461 Kamarina is refounded under the Tyranny ofPsaumis 461Cimon ostracized. 461 Thera joins the Peloponnesian League 461 Messene and Rhegion separate and oust Leophron 460 Taras defeats the Iapygians460 Aetna is founded 460First Peloponnesian War Starts 459 Aegina is besieged by Athens459:Morgantina is annexed by Ducetius 459-455Siege of Memphis , destruction of the Athenian fleet byMegabyzus 458 Imbros is annexed by Athens457 Aegina is impressed into the Delian League457 Delphi is annexed by Phocis 457Pericles , Athenian statesman beginsGolden Age , he was taught byAnaxagoras , who believed in dualistic Universe and atoms. 457 Boeotia (Except Thebes), Phocis and Locris join the Delian League 456 Gythium is raided by Athens456Zakynthos joins the Delian League 456Castrugiuvanni (Enna) join Ducetius 456Aeschylus dies. 455 Nafpaktos is impressed into the Delian League and settled with MessenianHelots 454 Abacaenum is annexed by Ducetius454 Movement of Delian treasury to Athens and start of the First Athenian Empire 454 Athenian annexation of Delos 453 Palike is founded by Ducetius452 Akragas and Aetna are annexed by Ducetius, Ducetius sieges Motyon452Nea Sybaris is founded by Sybarites 451 Athens besiegesKition 451Motyon is occupied by Ducetius 450 Naxos becomes a cleurchy450 Akragas and Motyon are liberated from Ducetius starting a decades long conflict between Syracuse+friends and the Sicels 449 Delphi declares independence from Phocis449 Ducetius abandons theSicel Federation he created and is forced to go into exile at Korinth 449 Morgantina is annexed Syracuse 449Herodotus , Greek Historian, writesHistory of Greco-Persian War from 490 to 479. 448 Delphi is annexed by Phocis447 Ictinus andCallicrates , Greek architects, begin construction of theParthenon .447 Nea Sybaris is annexed by Kroton 447 Chalcis leaves the Delian League and is besieged by Athens 446 Phocis, Locris and Boeotia leave the Delian League, Boeotia unites into the Boeotian League and joins the Peloponnesian League446 Megara joins the Peloponnesian League446Kale Akte is founded by Ducetius 446Achaea andTrozen leave the Peloponnesian League and join the Delian League 446-445 Euboean Revolt 445 Euboea is impressed into the Delian League445Histiaea becomes an Athenian cleurchy 445 First Peloponnesian War Ends 445 Troezen is impressed into the Peloponnesian League 443 Thurii is founded by Sybarites and VariousHellenes 441 Euripides , Greek playwright, wins Athenian prize.441Sybaris on the Traeis is founded by Sybarites exiled from Thurii 440 Samos leaves the Delian League and is besieged by Athens440 Palike is destroyed, ending the Sicel Federation 440 Ducetius dies 439 Samos is impressed into the Delian League438 Founding of theBosporan Kingdom [ 11] 437 Newly foundedAmphipolis annexes Eion437 Athens allies withMessapia 436 Taulantii -Epidamos War435 Phidias , Greek sculptor, completes statue of Zeus at Elis, 1 of 7 wonders of the world.434 Epidamos becomes a democracy434 Epidamos is annexed by Korinth 434 Kerkyra allies with Taulantii and besiege Epidamos 434 Kerkyra seizes Outer Epidamos (City) 434Battle of Leukimme 434 Kerkyra raidsKyllene 434 Kerkyra joins Delian League 433 Battle of Sybota 433Anactorium is annexed by Korinth 432 Psaumis dies432 Potidaea leaves the Delian League and issieged by Athens 432Pydna is besieged by Athens 432 End of "Golden Age" of Athens 431 Sparta commanded by KingArchidamus II prepares to destroyAthens thus starting thePeloponnesian War .431 Plataea is besieged by Thebes 431Pagae andAtalanta is occupied by Athens 431 Aegina is annexed by Athens 431Empedocles , Greek doctor, believes body hasFour Temperaments . 430 Athens abandons the Siege of Pydna430Herakleion is impressed into the Delian League 430 Spartan Siege of Zakynthos (Local Victory) 430 Failed peace mission byAthens ,bubonic plague year,Sparta takes no prisoners. 430Leucippus , Greek philosopher, believes every natural event has natural cause. Athenian Plague begins in Athens. 429 Herakleion is annexed byMacedonia 429 Potidaea is impressed into the Delian League 429 All Chalkidiki cities (Except Mende, Acanthus, Scione, Stagirus and Aphytis) leave the Delian League 429 Athens Siege ofKydonia (Local Victory) 429Phormio , Athenian admiral, wins theBattle of Chalcis/Rhium . 429Pericles dies of Athenian Plague, possiblytyphus orbubonic plague . 429Hippocrates , Greek doctor, believes diseases have physical cause. 429 First Battle of Naupaktos (Athenian Victory) 428 Plato born.428 Mytilene andAntissa leave the Delian league and Mytilene is sieged by Athens, Antissa is sieged by Methymna 428 Illios joins the Delian League 427 Suppression of Mytilene, Antissa is annexed by Methymna, Mytilene becomes an Athenian Cleurchy, Mytilene Troad joins the Delian League as independent cities427Archidamus II dies,Alcidas , Greek admiral sent to helpLesbos , raidsIonia and flees after seeing Athenian might. Athenian Plague returns. 427 Plataea is impressed into the Boeotian League and by extension, the Peloponnesian League 427Aristophanes , Greek playwright, wins Athenian Prize. 427 Corcyran Civil War (Democratic Victory) 427First Athenian Intervention in Sicily begins 426 Megara occupies Pegae 426 Athens sieges Lecus 426 Pylos, Messene, Mylae,Aegitium andTichium are occupied by Athens, Pylos is founded by escapedHelots 426Battle of Tanagra 426 Amfissa joins the Peloponnesian League 426Ozolian Locris join the Delian League 426 Demosthenes , Athenian general, andCleon , Athenian demagogue, revitalizes Athenian forces, makes bold plans opposed byNicias , his first military campaign barely succeeds.426 Ambrakia occupiesOlpae andArgos 426Acarnanian League andAmphilochian League are founded and join the Delian League 425 Acarnania occupies Olpae and Argos 425 Athenian fleet bottles up Spartan navy atNavarino Bay ,Nicias resigns.425 Herakleion is impressed into the Delian League 425 Athens occupiesSphacteria 425 Morgantina is annexed by Kamarina 425 Ozolian Locris joins the Peloponnesian League 425 Athens withdraws from Lecas andAcarnania 425 Athens withdraws from Messene and Mylae is impressed into the Delian League 424 Herakleion is annexed by Makedonia 424 Eion, Akanthus and Amphipolis are besieged by Sparta 424 Stagira joins the Peloponnesian League 424 Nisaia, andSiphae are occupied by Athenai 424 Thyrea is occupied by Athens 424 First Athenian Intervention in Sicily ends424 Pagondas of Thebes (in Greece) crushes Athenian army at theBattle of Delium ,Brasidas a Spartan general, has a successful campaign in theChalcidice , Cleon exilesThucydides for 20 years for arriving late.423 Sparta occupied Amphipolis and Scione 423 Torone is occupied by Makedonia 423 Akanthus joins the Peloponnesian League 423 Truce of Laches supposed to stop Brasidas but does not, Nicias commands Athenian forces in retakingMende .423 Olynthus form theChalcidian League independent of the Delian League 422 Stagira is besieged by Athens 422 Neapolis is annexed by Rome 422 Torone and Scione are impressed into the Delian League 422 Cleon meets Brasidas outside of Amphipolis, both are killed (Battle of Amphipolis ).422 Syracuse annexes the now weak Leontini 421 Peace of Nicias brings temporary end to war, butAlcibiades , a nephew ofPericles , makes anti-Sparta alliance.421 Herakleion is impressed into the Delian League 421 Cumae is annexed byOscans 421 Athens abandons the Siege of Stagira 421 Delphi declares independence from Phocis 421 Argulus,Apollonia , Potidaea, Akanthus, Stageira and others join the Chalcidian League 420 Mantineia , Argos,Elis ,Sicyon and Achaea betray Sparta and switch to the Delian League419 Athens occupies Epidauros 419 KingAgis II of Sparta attacks Argos, makes treaty.418 Battle of Mantinea , greatest land battle of war, gives Sparta victory over Argos, which violated treaty, Alcibiades thrown out, alliance ended.418 Orchmenos is occupied by Argos 417 Orchmenos is given to Boeotia 417 Sicyon joins the Peloponnesian League 417 Epidauros is occupied by Sparta 416Melos is besieged by Athens 416 Alcibiades makes plans, is restored to power.416 Selinus annexes Segesta's frontier provinces 416 Massacre of the Melians .415 Hermai statues are mutilated in Athens, Alcibiades accused, asks for inquiry, told to set sail for battle (Sicilian Expedition ), is condemned to death in absentia, he defects toSparta .415 Many Syracusan cities rebel 415–413Siege of Syracuse 414-413 Metapontion allies with Athens 414 Lamachus , Athenian commander killed at Syracuse.413 Nicias and Demosthenes killed at Syracuse413 Leontini and Kamarina are vassalized by Syracuse 413 Herakleion is annexed by Makedonia 413 Miletus and Khios betray Athens and join the Peloponnesian League 412 Alcibiades is expelled from Sparta, conspires to come back to Athens.412 Methymna is occupied by Sparta 412 Klazomenai and Kyzikus betray Athens and join the Peloponnesian League 412 Chios is sieged by Athens 412Aygrion dies and is succeeded byAygris 411 Sparta allies with Persia 411 Aspendos is annexed by Persia 411 Kyzikus and Klazomenai are impressed into the Delian League 411Oropos is occupied by Boeotia 411 Illios is annexes byLampsacus 411 Athens abandons the Siege of Chios 411 Sparta leaves Methymna 411 Euboea, Byzantium, Abydos, Andros, Antandrus, Lampsacus, Chalcedon and Rodos betray Athens and join the Peloponnesian League 411 Abydos is overthrown by Dercylidas 411 Selinus attacks Segesta once again and aggravates Carthage 411 Athens is overthrown by theFour Hundred 410 After several successes, Athenian demagogue Cleophon rejects Spartan peace offers.410 Segesta is annexed by Carthage 410 Four Hundred are overthrown by Athens 409 Antandrus is annexed by Persia 409 Abydos is besieged by Athens 409 Sparta sieges Klazomenai 409 Selinus and Himera are sacked by Carthage 409 Byzantium recaptured by Alcibiades for Athens.408 The 3 poleis ofRodos unite and build a new capital called Rodos 408 Athens besieges Paleopoli 408 Athens abandons Siege of Abydos 408 Sparta abandons the Siege of Klazomenai 408 Alcibiades reenters Athens in triumph, Lysander, a Spartan commander, has fleet built at Ephesus.407 Thermae is founded by Carthage 407 Athens abandons the Siege of Paleopoli 407 Lysander begins destruction of Athenian fleet, Alcibiades stripped of power.406 Sparta sieges Methymna 406 Akragas is sacked by Carthage 406 Callicratides , Spartan naval commander, losesBattle of Arginusae over blockade of Mitylene harbor, Sparta sues for peace, rejected by Cleophon.405 Methymna is impressed into the Peloponnesian League 405 Syracuse is overthrown byDionysius the Elder 405 Melos is annexed by Sparta 405 Gela, Kamarina and Akrillai is sacked by Carthage 405 Carthage allow the people of the sacked cities to return as Carthaginian subjects and rebuild their cities 405 Leontini and Morgantina declare independence from Syracuse 405 Carthage annexesElymi , Sicel andSican territory 405 The navalBattle ofAegospotami in which Lysander captures the Athenian fleet, Spartan kingPausanias besieges Athens, Cleophon executed, Corinth and Thebes demand destruction of Athens.405 Klazomenai and Ephesus betray Athens and join the Peloponnesian League. All Carthaginian subjects (Except Ziz, their islands, Motya, Solus, Elymi, Segesta, and Entella) gain independence 404 Athens capitulates April 25.Theramenes secures terms, prevents total destruction of Athens, Theramenes and Alcibiades are killed.404 Delian League is dissolved 404 Korinth leaves the Peloponnesian League 404Entella is overthrown by mercenaries loyal to Carthage 404 Aygris becomes a Syracusan Subject 404 Nafpaktos is annexed by Ozolian Locris 404 Athens is overthrown by theThirty 404 Athens joins the Peloponnesian League 403 Aeimnestus, who is loyal to Dionysius, overthrows Castrugiuvanni 403 Aetna is overthrown by mercenaries loyal to Dionysius 403 Dionysius destroys Naxos and Catania and Sicels split Naxos with Syracuse, Catania is ruled by Campanian mercenaries loyal to Dionysius 403 Athens overthrows the Thirty 403 Athens leaves the Peloponnesian League and refounds the Delian League 402 Elis leaves the Peloponnesian League and is subsequently sieged by Sparta 401 Euboea joins the Delian League 401 Elis is sacked and impressed into the Peloponnesian League 401 Dionysius free Castrugiuvanni from Aeimnestus 401 Poseidonia is annexed byLucanians 401 Thucydides, Greek historian, leaves account of "Golden Age of Pericles " and Peloponnesian War at his death (History of the Peloponnesian War ).400Adranon is founded by Dionysius 400 Aygris annexes Centuripe 400 Democritus , Greek philosopher, developsAtomic theory , believes cause and necessity, nothing comes out of nothing399 Illios declares independence from Lampsacus 399 Sparta sways Persian Controlled Greek cities nearPergamon to their side and march onEgyptian Larissa and siege it 399 Socrates , Greek philosopher, condemned to death for corrupting youth.398 Ionia joins the Peloponnesian League 398 All Carthaginian subjects (ExceptZiz , their islands,Motya ,Solus , Elymi, Segesta, and Entella) gain independence from Carthage 398 Dionysius sieges Segesta and Entella 398 Mainland territory of Motya is occupied by Dionysius 397 Motya is destroyed by Dionysius and the Carthaginians buildLilybaion to replace it 397 Dionysius abandons the Sieges of Entella and Segesta 397 Eryx, Segesta, Lipari, Messene and Entella are annexed by Carthage 397 Carthage allies with the Sicel cities exceptAssorus 397Tauormenion is founded by Carthage to be a supply base, settled by Sicels 397 Carthaginian forces have to go the long way aroundMount Etna due to an eruption 397 Catania is occupied by Carthage 397Battle of Catania 397 Syracuse is besieged by Carthage 396 Carthage lifts theSiege of Syracuse and abandons Eastern Sicily except Messene and Lipari 396 Himera and Selinus are annexed by Carthage 396 Gela, Ergezio, Catania, Adranon, Kamarina and Leontini are annexed by Dionysius 396Tyndaris is founded by Dionysius to combat piracy and a base of operations 396 Persia annexes Rodos 396 Sparta campaigns inPhrygia 395 Sparta campaigns in Ionia,Caria and march up toSardis 395 Orchmenus leaves the Boeotian League 395Cephaloedium is annexed by Dionysius 395 Mylae is annexed by Rhegion 395 Argos, Korinthos and Boeotian League leave the Peloponnesian League 394 Sparta withdraws fromAnatolia 394 All Thracian and Anatolian Greek cities leave the Peloponnesian League (Except Sestos and Abydos) 394 Virtually all Greek Anatolian cities are annexed by Persia 394 Klazomenaites relocate to an island off shore 394 Mylae is annexed by Syracuse 393 Lipari is annexed by Syracuse 393Italiote League is formed by Sybaris on the Traeis, Croton,Caulonia , Thurii, Rhegium andVelia 393 Imbros, Lemnos and Skyros are annexed by Athens 393 Makedonia starts paying tribute to the newly formedKingdom of Dardania 393 Chalcidian League annexes some Makedonian land 392 Sparta occupiesLechaeum 392 Heraclea Minoa, Akragas and Sicani territory are annexed by Carthage 392 Sicel territory is annexed by Dionysius 392 Makedonia stops paying tribute to Dardania 392 Makedonia reannexes the land taken by the Chalcidian League 392Damastion is annexed by Dardania 391 Korinth occupiesPhlius 391 Tauromenion is overthrown by mercenaries loyal to Dionysius 391 Makedonia starts pays tribute to Dardania 390 TheAcarnanian League joins the Peloponnesian League 390 Dercylidas is succeeded byAnaxibios 390 Himera is merged into Thermae 390 Dionysius transfers control of Mylae to Messene 390 Kroton is annexed by Syracuse 390 Argos and Korinth unite intoArgos-Korinth 390 Castrugiuvani is annexed by Syracuse 389 Metapontion is annexed by Syracuse 389 Anaxibios is overthrown by Abydos 387 Rhegion is annexed by Syracuse and renamed it to Phoebea 387 Peace of Antalcidas concluded between the Greeks and the Persians that leads to virtually all Greek cities in Asia Minor being annexed by Persia387Ancona is founded byGreek settlers fromSyracuse , who gave it its name:Ancona stems from the Greek word Ἀγκών (Ankòn), meaning "elbow" 387 Argos and Korinth split 387 All cities gain independence and all league except the Peloponnesian League are disbanded 386 Phlius becomes a democracy 385 Dardania attacksMolossia 385 TheGreeks colonized the island of Pharos (Hvar, Croatia ).[ 12] 384 Dionysius occupies Pyrgi and Caere 384 Chalcidian League annexes Makedonia land includingPella 383 Gela gains independence from Syracuse 383 Dionysius leavesEturia 383Liburnia besieges Pharos 383 Potidaea leaves the Chalcidian League 382 Thebes is overthrown by Leontiades and Archias 382 Thebes is impressed into the Peloponnesian League 380 Sparta besieges Phlius 380 Makedonia recaptures their former territory 379 Kroton is annexed by Dionysius 379 Phlius is impressed into the Peloponnesian League 379 The Chalcidian League is disbanded and its former members are impressed into the Peloponnesian League and Potidaea and Korinth also join the league 379 Leontiades and Archias are overthrown and Thebes leaves the Peloponnesian League 379 Sparta occupiesThespiae 378Themison overthrows Eretria 377 The Boeotian League is refounded by Thebes 376 Abdera is sacked by theTriballi andMaroneia 376 Thespiae and the rest of Boeotia are liberated and join the Boeotian League 375 The Acarnanian League defects from the Peloponnesian League and joins the Delian League 375 Chalcidian League is reestablished by Olynthus and joins the Delian League 373 Kerkyra is besieged by Sparta 371 Sparta leaves Kerkyra 370 Gythium is occupied by Thebes 370Heraclea Sintica is founded by Makedonia 369 Korinth is overthrown byTimophanes 368Aetolian League is founded 367Daparria is annexed by Dardania 367 Kroton is annexed byBruttian League 366Opus declares independence from Athens with the help of Themison 365 Opus requests Thebes to protect them from Athens and sends a garrison. Opus is impressed into the Boeotian League 364 Timophanes is assassinated 364 Orchmenus leaves the Boeotian League and is subsequently sieged by Thebes 363 Orchmenus is impressed into the Boeotian League 363 Pydna is impressed into the Delian League 362 Themison dies and is succeeded byPlutarch 361 Potidaea and Torone are impressed into the Delian League and become Athenian Cluerchies 360 Tauromenion overthrows the mercenaries and falls under the tyranny of Andromache 360 Illios is overthrown byCharidemos 360 Abydos is overthrown byIphiades 359 Charidemos is overthrown by Illios 359 Dardania annexesLake Ohrid andUpper Macedonia 359Archelaus annexesMethone ,Aegae and Pydna 358 Archelaus is annexed by Makedonia 358 Macedonia reannexes Lake Ohrid,Lynkestis and Upper Macedonia from Dardania 358 Makedonia annexesPaeonia 357Social War Starts 357Kos , Khios, Rodos and Byzantium leave the Delian League 357 Makedonia annexes Pydna and Amphipolis 357 Dionysius II is overthrown byDion 356 Phocis annexes Delphi 356 Locris is annexed by Dionysius II 356 Lemnos, Samos and Imbros is occupied by Chios and leave the Delian League 356 Makedonia annexesCrenides , renames itPhilippi and settles it with Makedonians 356 Makedonian border set onNestus river 356 Potidaea andAnthemus are annexed by Chalcidian League 356 Makedonia besieges Methone 356 Lokros is overthrown by Dionysius II 355 Social War Ends 355Argolas is besieged by Phocis 355 Dion is overthrown byCallipus 354 Methone and Abdera are annexed by Makedonia 354 Phocis abandons the Siege of Argolas 354Thessaly is vassalized by Phocis 353 Catania is annexed by Callipus 353 Makedonia occupied Pagasae 353 Thessaly is vassalized by Makedonia 352 Callipus is overthrown byHipparinos (Callipus keeps Catania) 352 Nicodemus overthrows Centuripe 352 Orchmenus andChaeronea are occupied by Phocis 351 Rhegion is annexed by Callipus 350Akanthos is annexed by Makedonia 350Nice (Nicaea) is founded by theGreeks of Massalia (Marseille ), and was given the name ofNikaia (Νίκαια) in honour of a victory over the neighbouringLigurians ;Nike (Νίκη) was theGreek goddess of victory. 350 Hipparinos is overthrown by Aretaeus 350Mamercus ousts Callippus from Catania 349 Plutarch is expelled from Eretria 349 Aretaeus is overthrown byNysaios 348 Stagira is annexed by Makedonia 348 Callipus is overthrown byLeptines 347 Leontini is overthrown byHicetas 347 Plato , Greek philosopher, founder ofAcademy , dies.347 Methymna is overthrown byKleommis 346 Phocis withdraws from Boeotia 346 Dionysius II leaves Locris and overthrows Nysaios 346Lyttos is besieged byKnossos 346 Makedonia occupies Thermopylae andAntikyra , Nicaea is occupied by Thessaly 345 Makedonia withdraws from Thermopylae and Antikyra 345Grabaei becomes a vassal of Macedonia 345 Hicetas sieges Syracuse and seizes Syracuse's territory 345 The Pro-Makedonian TyrantHipparchus overthrows Eretria 345 MainlandSyracuse (City) is occupied by Hicetas leaving only the citadel in Dionysius' control 344 Macedonia occupies Illios and annexes Tenedos 344 Siege of Lyttos lifted by Knossos 344 Knossos besiegesKydonia 344 Hicetas is repulsed byTimoleon from Syracuse 344 Timoleon takes control of all Syracusan forces outside the citadel 343 Messene is rebuilt by Timoelon, Adranon is freed from mercenary control, Nicodemus is overthrown by Centuripe with help of Timoleon 343 Timoleon annexes the citadel 343 Siege of Kydonia is lifted by Knossos 342 Rhegion is freed by Timoleon 342 Aristotle ,Greek philosopher , begins teaching Alexander, son ofPhilip of Macedon .341 Hipparchus is overthrown by Athenian forces and impressed into the Delian league 341 Samothrace is annexed by Makedonia 340 Antipolis (modern dayAntibes ) is founded by Phocaean Greeks fromMassilia .[ 13] 340 Skyros is annexed by Makedonia 340 Entella is freed by Timoleon 339Elateia is occupied by Makedonia 339 Agyris and Aetna are freed by Timoleon 339 Nicaea is occupied by Boeotia 338 Amphissa is annexed by Delphi 338 Thyrea is annexed by Argos 338 Mamercus dies 338 Cumae is annexed byRome 338 Leontini is freed by Timoleon 338 Nafpaktos joins the Aetolian League 338 King Philip II of Macedon defeats Athens and Thebes atBattle of Chaeronea August 2 and establishesLeague of Corinth during winter of 338 BC/337 BC.337 Amfissa declares independence from Delphi 336 Timoleon dies 336Lesbos is annexed by Makedonia 336 Alexander succeeds father Philip II, who was assassinated byPausanias of Orestis .334 Andromache dies and his city is annexed by Syracuse 334 Battle of the Granicus 333Saminum is occupied byEpirus 333 Alexander defeats Persians atBattle of Issus , butDarius III escapes.332Epirus occupiesHeraclea ,Metapontium , SouthernLucania ,Daunia ,Paestum ,Terina andSipontum 332Siege of Tyre 332Siege of Gaza 332 Alexander conquersEgypt .332 Alexandria is founded byAlexander the Great 331Epirus occupies Cosentia 331Battle of Pandosia 331Gerasa (Jordan ) is founded by Makedonian veterans 331 atBattle of Gaugamela October 1, Alexander endsAchaemenid Dynasty and conquersPersian Empire .331Alexander the Great enters inBabylon 331 Tauromenion is freed by Carthage 331 Battle of the Uxian Defile (East ofSusa ,Iran )330 Sparta joins theLeague of Corinth 330Battle of the Persian Gate , destruction ofPersepolis (modernIran ) 330-325Pytheas makes the earliestGreek voyage toGreat Britain and theArctic Circle for which there is a record. 329 Siege of Cyropolis 329 Battle of Jaxartes 329 Alexander conquersSamarkand ,Uzbekistan 329Alexander the Great foundsAlexandria Eschate in modernTajikistan 329-160Dayuan Kingdom .[ 14] 328 Sybaris on the Traeis is annexed by Bruttian League 327 Oenidae is impressed into the Aetolian League 327 Under the command ofAlexander the Great the forces of theHellenic League captures the fortress of theSogdian Rock .Sogdiana and theKabul region came under Hellenic control327 Alexander invadesnorthern India , but his army is despondent and refuses to march further eastwards.326Battle of the Hydaspes 326 Samos joins the Delian League 326Alexandria Bucephalous (located on theHydaspes river,Pakistan ) is founded byAlexander the Great in memory of his beloved horseBucephalus 325Nearchus serving underAlexander the Great discoversTylos (the name used by the Greeks to refer toBahrain ).[ 15] 324 Kroton is overthrown byMenedemus 324Charax Spasinu , one ofAlexander's last cities before his death, is established at the head of thePersian Gulf (modernIran ) replacing a small Persian settlement, Durine.[ 16] [ edit ] 323 King Alexander dies, his generals vie for power inWars of the Diadochi 322 –320 First War of the Diadochi.320 Partition of Triparadisus 320 –311 Second War of the Diadochi 316 Menander , Greek playwright, wins Athenian prize.312 –63 Seleucid Empire 310 Zeno of Citium founds hisstoic school in Athens.310 Battle of White Tunis (near modernTunis ,Tunisia )307 Epicurus founds his philosophic school in Athens.305 –30 Ptolemaic Kingdom 305 Seleucia , also known asSeleucia-on-Tigris Seleucia on the Tigris Iraq ) is founded bySeleucus I Nicator 301 Battle of Ipsus 300 Antioch , is founded bySeleucus I Nicator in honor of his fatherAntiochus 300 Euclid , Greek mathematician, publishesElements ,Euclidean algorithm ).295 Athens falls toDemetrius ,Lachares killed.282 –133 Kingdom of Pergamon 281 Creation of theAchaean League 280 TheGreek colony of Aspálathos (Aσπάλαθος) is founded (modern daySplit ).280 –275 Pyrrhic War 279 Gallic invasion of the Balkans 274 –271 First Syrian War 267 –262 Chremonidean War 265 Archimedes , Greek mathematician, developsArchimedes' screw ,specific gravity ,center of gravity ; anticipates discoveries of integral calculus.260 –253 Second Syrian War 256 –125 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 246 –241 Third Syrian War 235 Tanais (Rostov-on-Don, Russia) is founded by merchant adventurers fromMiletus 220 Euthydemus I of the Greco-Bactrians led expeditions as far asKashgar andÜrümqi inXinjiang , leading to the first known contacts between China and the West.[ 17] 219 –217 Fourth Syrian War 214 –205 First Macedonian War 203 –200 Fifth Syrian War 200 –196 Second Macedonian War 192 –188 Roman–Syrian War 180 –10 AD Indo-Greek Kingdom 172 –167 Third Macedonian War 170 –168 Sixth Syrian War 155 BC Attack of the Indo-Greeks onPataliputra ,[ 18] Megasthenes ,[ 19] [ 20] 150 BC KingAttalus II ofPergamon founds the city ofAttaleia orAntalya in his honour.150 –148 Fourth Macedonian War 146 Battle of Corinth 30 Death of Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra^ Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952),Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World , New York: Columbia University Press, p. 1157,OL 6112221M ^ P. Christiaan Klieger (29 November 2012).The Microstates of Europe: Designer Nations in a Post-Modern World ISBN 978-0-7391-7427-2 ^ Kalinin, Igor."Одесские достопримечательности — раскопки греческого поселения" .odessaguide.net . ^ M.J. Traister and T.V. Shelov-Kovedyayev,“An inscribed conical clay object from Hermonassa” ^ "Wadi Caam: The Greeks in Tripolitania!" . Temehu. Retrieved10 May 2012 .^ Müller, Karl Otfried (1839)."The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race" . ^ Spann, P., R. Warner, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies (December 2021)."Places: 265880 (Dianium/Hemeroskopeion)" . Pleiades. RetrievedJuly 31, 2012 . {{cite web }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )^ Strabo, Geography, translated by H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A., Ed. (1903)Strab. 3.4.6 ^ Greek text: Strabo. ed. A. Meineke, Geographica. Leipzig: Teubner. (1877)Strab. 3.4.6 ^ Smith, William (1852).Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (Abacaenum – Hytanis) 773 . ^ Hind, John. "The Bosporan Kingdom". In Lewis, D.M.; Boardman, J.; Hornblower, S.; Ostwald, M. (eds.).The Cambridge Ancient History . Vol. VI – The 4th Century BC. Cambridge: CUP. pp. 476– 511. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0-631-19807-5 ^ Freely, John,The western shores of Turkey: discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts , p. 91 ^ It is mentioned in the accounts of the famous Chineseexplorer Zhang Qian in 130 BC and the numerous embassies that followed him into Central Asia. The country of Dayuan is generally accepted as city state relating to theFerghana Valley , and its Greek cityAlexandria Eschate (modernKhujand ,Tajikistan ) ^ Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society By Curtis E. Larsen p. 50 ^ Jona Lendering ,Charax at Livius.org^ The Greek historianStrabo too writes that: "they extended their empire even as far as theSeres (Chinese) and thePhryni ". (Strabo , XI.XI.I) ^ "The advance of the Greek to Pataliputra is recorded from the Indian side in the Yuga-purana", Tarn, p.145 ^ "The greatest city in India is that which is called Palimbothra, in the dominions of the Prasians... Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia, and that its breadth was fifteen stadia, and that a ditch encompassed it all round, which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth, and that the wall was crowned with 570 towers and had four-and-sixty gates." Arr. Ind. 10. "Of Pataliputra and the Manners of the Indians.", quoting MegasthenesText Archived December 10, 2008, at theWayback Machine ^ "The text of the Yuga Purana, as we have shown, gives an explicit clue to the period and nature of the invasion of Pataliputra in which the Indo-Greeks took part, for it says that the Pancalas and the Mathuras were the other powers who attacked Saketa and destroyed Pataliputra", Narain,The Indo-Greeks , p. 112.
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