This is adynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byediting the page to add missing items, with references toreliable sources.
800 AD: John Trimingham lists states on the Senegal:"800 States on the Senegal: Sanghana (Serer), Takrur, Silla, and Galam (Soninke)."[2]
Many of the Serer village and town names they have founded still survives today.
850 AD: A state centered aroundTakrur may have developed at this time, either as an influx ofFulani from the east settled in the Senegal valley.[3][4] or according toJohn Donnelly Fage formed through the interaction of Berbers from the Sahara and "Negro agricultural peoples" who were "essentially Serer".[5]
"Today, the Serer retain much of their old culture, customs and traditions. In fact, it's not uncommon to hear how Serer culture has survived through the centuries in spite of all the forces which tried to destroy it."
1030:War Jabi usurped the throne ofTakrur following a revolution and made himself King of Takrur.
1035: Around this time,War Jabi the revolutionist converted to Islam and introducedforced conversion of his subjects as well asSharia law with the guidance of hisAlmoravid allies,Abdallah ibn Yasin in particular. Much of hisreligious persecution was directed at theSerer people who refused to submit toIslam as well as the SererLamanic class, the guardians ofSerer religion and holders of economic and political power (seePersecution of the Serers). From this point to 1042, the Serers of Takrur became the subject of persecution and jihads by the African converts to Islam such as theFula andToucouleurs with their Almoravid allies.[7] The Serers defeated the Muslim coalition army forcing them to seek refuge in Mauritania, but were later finally subdued and defeated by the powerful Muslim coalition army.[citation needed]
This era marks the exodus of the Serers of Takrur. Those who survived the wars and refused to convert migrated southwards to what later became known as the Serer Kingdoms ofSine,Saloum and previouslyBaol, rather than convert to Islam. In the south, they were granted asylum by their distant Serer relatives, endorsed bythe Great Council of Lamanes, the highestcourt in Serer country. Trimingham notes that, Takrur was the first in the region to adopt Islam but lost completely its Serer identity.[8] War Jabi died in 1040 and was succeeded by his son Leb (or Labi), also a major ally of the Almoravids.[9] Leb is reported to have been fighting for the Almoravids in 1056[10] probably as a result of the subjugation of Takrur by the Almoravids in 1042 and a well enforced Sharia law.[11] Economically, the Kingdom of Takrur benefit with the introduction of Islam. It also created political ties with theNorth. Many Fulanis/Toucouleurs were part of the Almoravid army that conquered parts of Europe.[citation needed]
c. 1235 :Mansa Jolofing (the Serer king ofJolof) ransacked the caravan of gold sent bySundiata Keita for the purchase of horses in Jolof. After this,Mansa Sundiata sent his general and cousinTiramakhan Traore to Jolof to assassinate the Mansa Jolofing.
c. 1285/7: Lamane Jaw on the throne ofJolof.[12] During his reign,Mansa Sakoura (theMansa ofImperial Mali) launched an expedition inSenegal (c. 1285), conquered Jolof and reduced Lamane Jaw to a mere provincial chief.
1350–1400: TheKingdom of Sine renamed. The Guelowar period starts from 1350.Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh elected first Guelowar king to ever rule in one of the Serer countries (Kingdom of Sine). Nominated and elected by the Serers of Sine and the Great Council of Lamanes whose Council he served as legal adviser for 15 years and gave his sisters and nieces to in marriage. Maysa Wali ruled in 1350–1370. The marriages between the descendants of the ancient Serer Lamanic class and the Guelowar women created the Serer paternal dynasties and the Guelowar maternal dynasty which lasted for over 600 years. Some members of the Serer nobility were opposed to the nomination and election of Maysa Wali, in particularLamane Pangha Yaya Sarr (many variations: Penga Yaye Sarr, etc.), because Maysa Wali did not have a Serer father nor a Serer mother in spite of his assimilation into Serer culture, long service to the Great Council and coming from royalty himself. None ofMaad a Sinig Maysa Wali's descendants ruled in any of the Serer kingdoms after him. The children and descendants of the Serer men and Guelowar women became Serers with loyalty toSerer religion, theSerer people, the Serer countries, culture and language, and all ties with Kaabu were severed. In this period, the old Serer paternal dynasties survived but the oldWagadou maternal dynasty collapsed in Sine and later Saloum, except in Baol and other places. The Guelowar period is the last of Sererdynasticperiodization[14]
1360 : Oral tradition reports that Ndiadiane Ndiaye (also called Bourba Jolof Njajaan Njie) founded theJolof Empire, an empire founded by a voluntaryconfederation of states.[15][16]John Donnelly Fage suggests although dates in the early 13th century (and others say 12th century) are usually ascribed to this king and the founding of the empire, a more likely scenario is "that the rise of the empire was associated with the growth of Wolof power at the expense of the ancient Sudanese state of Takrur, and that this was essentially a fourteenth-century development."[17] Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali was said to be instrumental in the founding of this empire, nominating Njajaan Njie to lead the Jolof Empire and called for the other states join this confederacy under Njajaan which they did according to the epics of Njajaan and Maysa Wali. TheMaad a Sinig thus took theKingdom of Sine to this confederacy. Though the establishment of this empire was voluntary, its disestablishment was not, resulting in theBattle of Danki in 1549. This era marks the deterioration of theMali Empire as it began to loose some of its former vassal states. Although it did not collapse completely, Imperial Mali was not as powerful as it once was.[18]
1455: theVenetian slave trader and chroniclerAlvise Cadamosto having boughtWolof slaves inCayor, decided to stop his ship at the Serer community living on the border of Wolof Cayor. Alvise wrote how these Serer community looked menacing and unwelcoming. He then went on to say that, after seeing their ship approaching, this Serer community stood guard at the beach. The captain of the ship gave the order for no one to come off the ship and the ship was parked further away from the beach. Alvise Cadamosto sent his Wolof interpreter to go and negotiate slave terms with this Serer community whilst he (Alvise) and his Portuguese party remained in the ship. The Wolof interpreter was killed on the spot by these Serers for bringing slave traders into their territory. None of Alvise's party came off, instead, the ship departed and headed towards theGambia. Alvise also corrupted the Kingdom of Sine by calling it the Kingdom ofBarbaçim and the Serer people of Sine asBarbacins among other names which many Europeans of this era referred to the Serer people as in their old maps (See:Kingdom of Sine).[21][22]
1549: TheBattle of Danki, Amary Ngoneh Sobel Faal assisted by his first cousin PrinceManguinak Joof (var : Manguinak Diouf, a member of the old Joof dynasty of Baol), both nephews ofTeigne Njuko Njie (the last member of the Serer paternal dynasty to ruleBaol), defeated the King ofJolof Lele Fuuli Faak Njie and disestablished the Jolof Empire. Lele Fuuli was killed at Danki. Amari Ngoneh united the old Baol andCayor temporarily,[24] Manguinak Joof was honoured with the titleBer Jak of Cayor (equivalent ofPrime Minister). With the disestablishment of the Jolof Empire, member States of the confederacy such as theKingdom of Sine,Kingdom of Saloum,Waalo, Baol, etc., returned to independent States.[25][26] The Faal family are not Serers.[27] TheNjie (orNdiaye)[28] andJoof family are.
1567:Maad Saloum Malawtan Joof, the longest reigning King of Saloum (45 years on the throne) succeeded to the throne.[23]
1678: The Serers ofSine andBaol refused to welcome the French merchants who have settled on thePetite Côte and thus lodge a complaint to their respective kings (theMaad a Sinig (king of Sine) and theTeigne (king of Baol). That year, the king of Sine and Baol with their armies sacked the French post. The following year,Admiral du Casse launched a revenge attack and defeated them.[29]
The Battle of Nandjigui (1859): The King of Saloum –Maad Saloum Kumba Ndama Mbodj (var: Coumba Ndama) killed by theMuslimMarabout forces in ajihadic expedition inSaloum. The jihad led by Maba Diakhou Bâ.[32]
1861: The great Jogomay Tine ofGorom[33] was displeased whenDamel Majojo Faal[34] (the French-backed puppet king ofCayor[35]) conceded his province to the French governor –Louis Faidherbe.Damel-TeigneLat Jorr Ngoneh Latir Jobe who had now form good relations with the French was invited by the French to occupy the region including Jogomay Tine's province. Majojo was declared too incompetent by the French.[35] Jogomay Tine refused to submit to neither Lat Jorr nor the French, and refused to authorise the Serer population of his province to part take in the 1863census. In April 1863, governorÉmile Pinet-Laprade of France authorized the French forces to enter his province. He was killed by the gun shot.[29]
Disgruntled members of the Muslimjihadic movement (theMarabouts) such as Sambou Oumanneh Touray, assisted by Cheikhou Jobe and Manjie Khoreja led a jihad in Sabakh and Sanjal and killed the last Farank Sabakh and Farank Sanjal.[36] Sambou annexed both States and called it Sabakh-Sanjal. After the Muslims' victory in these two States, they launched jihad in Ngaye (c.1861) and inKaymor [fr] (c. 1863) and killed theBuumi Ngaye, Biriama Jogop who refused to submit to Islam. Waly Nyang, the griot and advisor to the Buumi, beat histam-tam and called formartyrdom in accordance with theSerer principle of Jom rather than succumbing to Islam.Jom in Serer means "honour". The Serer religion permits suicide only if it satisfies the Jom principle (see:Serer religion).[37][38]Maba Diakhou Bâ, leader of the Muslim marabouts was not involved in the attack of Kaymor. The attack on Kaymor was done by the disgruntled three without his authority.[37] but was involved in the attack at Ngaye.[38]
1862: The Battle of Tchicat,Maba Diakhou Bâ launchedjihad in the SererKingdom of Saloum at Tchicat against Maad Saloum Samba Laobe Latsouka Sira Jogop Faal.[32][39] That same year, he launched jihad against the kingdom ofBaol.
6 October 1862: At the Battle of Gouye Ndiouli, the King of Saloum – Samba Laobe Latsouka Sira Jogop Faal (son of Princess Latsouka Sira Jogop Mbodj of Saloum) – had to battle his own father Ma Kodu Joof Faal[40] the King of Cayor, who previously rejected the throne of Saloum in favour ofCayor until he was defeated and driven out of Cayor by the French. When he tried to reclaim the throne of Saloum after his defeat, the GreatJaraff[41] and his Noble Council refused to crown him king of Saloum. The young king of Saloum (Samba Laobe) defeated his father, paternal uncle and their armies, and drove them out of Saloum.[32]
July 1863: The Serers massacred the French soldiers at the garrison ofPout. The French sergeant barely escaped with his life. Pinet Laprade (the French governor inSenegal) within few days exercised reprisals for the massacres and built the firstfort inThiès.[29]
1881–1914 (World War I): TheScramble for Africa. the Europeanimperial powers divideAfrica. The Serer countries affected and the old open borders ceased to exist.
July 1890: The sacred stone ofMpal (also known as"the Stone of Mame Kantar") was built and worshipped by the localSerer population as well as theLebou people for many generation, destroyed by Limamou and his Muslim disciples.[44]
1939–1945: World War II, the French recruited manySenegalese and the Britishconscripted manyGambians. Many Serers and Africans fought and died in this war to defeat theNazis.
1940: Whilst fighting for France in the2nd World War, the future president of Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor was captured by theNazis and imprisoned for two years when theyinvaded France.
1946: Alliance betweenLamine Guèye and Léopold Sédar Senghor.
October 1947 – March 1948: Strike of railway workers inThiès
1 April 2000: PresidentAbdou Diouf, like his predecessor Léopold Sédar Senghor, peacefully anddemocratically handed over power after he was defeated in Senegal's 2000 General Elections.
2 February 2009:Pap Saine arrested by Gambian police for suspicion of"publishing and spreading false information", followed by a series of further arrests and false charges.
^Creevey, Lucy (August 1996). "Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal".Journal of Religion in Africa.26 (3):268–307.doi:10.1163/157006696x00299.JSTOR1581646.
^Abdur Rahman I. Doi, "Islam in Nigeria", Gaskiya Corp., 1984, p 9
^Nnoli, Okwudiba, "Ethnic conflicts in Africa", p 241. CODESRIA, 1998.ISBN2-86978-070-2
^"La famille Juuf" [in] « L'épopée de Sanmoon Fay », in Éthiopiques, no 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre 1991
^For the old Serer paternal dynasties such as theJoof family orDiouf and the Wagadou maternal dynasty, see:(in English) Phillips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical dictionary of Senegal", Scarecrow Press, 1981, pp 52–71ISBN0-8108-1369-6;(in English) Clark, Andrew F. & Philips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical Dictionary of Senegal", Second Edition (1994); &(in French) Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 38. IFAN, 1976. pp 557–504. For theGuelowars, see:(in French)Sarr, Alioune,"Histoire duSine-Saloum", Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986-1987, p 239 (p 21) – *
^Diouf, Niokhobaye,"Chronique du royaume du Sine" par suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, 1972. p 706
^Charles, Eunice A., "PrecolonialSenegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890", African Studies Center,Boston University, 1977. pp 1–3
^Fage, John Donnelly (1997)."Upper and Lower Guinea". In Roland Oliver (ed.).The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 484.ISBN978-0521209816.
^Hair, Paul Edward Hedley,"The Use of African Languages in Afro-European contacts in Guinea: 1440-1560", [in]"Sierra Leone Language Review", no. 5, 1966, p. 13[2]
^Hair, Paul Edward Hedley,"Africa encountered: European contacts and evidence, 1450-1700", Variorum, 1997, pp 213-15 & 248,ISBN0-86078-626-9
^It was a corruption by Alvise, see: Boulègue, Jean, "Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle)", (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16
^Alvise Cadamosto, the 15th century explorer in modern day Senegambia had never set foot in Serer country. His ship proceeded to the Gambia after one of his Wolof interpreters sent to negotiate slave terms with the local Serer community living in the Cayor border was killed on the spot by this Serer community. Neither Alvise nor any of his party left the ship. The ship proceeded to the Gambia. Since Alvise had never entered Serer country, most of his opinions about the Serers were coming from his Wolof interpreters. The Wolofs of Cayor were in constant war with Serer community living on their border and were fearful of these Serers as narrated by Alvise himself. In Kerr, Alvise refer to the Serers as without kings. However, these Serers were those living on the Wolof Cayor border and refused to submit to the kings of Cayor. Alvise did not know that the Kingdom of Sine was actually a Serer kingdom, where the Barbacini – (a corruption of the Wolof "Bur Ba Sine" which means "king of Sine") took residence. See:(in French) Boulègue, Jean, "Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle)", (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16. Also:(in English) Kerr, Robert, "A general history of voyages and travels to the end of the 18th century", pp 238–240, J. Ballantyne & Co. 1811;(in French) Verrier, Frédérique, "Introduction. Voyages en Afrique noire d'Alvise Ca'da Mosto (1455 & 1456)", p 136, Chandeigne, Paris, 1994;(in English) Russell, Peter E., "Prince Henry 'the Navigator":a life, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2000, pp 299–300
^abBa, Abdou Bouri. Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip. Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Publié dans le Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire. pp 10–27
^A mission which had eluded the Faal (var: Fall) dynasty from the 16th to the 19th centuries. See Fall.
^Fall, Tanor Latsoukabé,Recueil sur la Vie des Damel, Introduit et commenté par Charles Becker et Victor. Martin, BIFAN, Tome 36, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1974
^They are notWolofs either. They were originally Black Moors (Naari Kajoor meaningMoors ofCayor), however, they became Wolofized and adopted Wolof culture.
^Diop, Cheikh Anta, Modum, Egbuna P., "Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development", 1946–1960, p 28
^abcd(in French) Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou,"Diversité et unicité Sérères: L'exemple de laRégion de Thiès", Ethiopiques, n°54, revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine, Nouvelle série volume 7, 2e semestre 1991[3]
^Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp 722–733
^ab(in French) Diouf, Mahawa, "L’INFORMATION HISTORIQUE : L’EXEMPLE DU SIIN", Ethiopiques n°54. Revue semestrielle de culture négro-Africaine. Nouvelle série volume 7. 2e semestre 1991[4]
^Head of the noble council of electors responsible for electing the kings from the royal family. He was equivalent to a Prime Minister in Serer country.
^SeeAlhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof. Abstract printed onThe Point newspaper: "Message to the Founding Fathers of the OAU at their First Conference at Addis Ababa, 1st May 1963", (2006).
^Meredith, "The Fate of Africa", p 367, Public Affaires (2005)
Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer – Pangool", vol.2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal, 1990,ISBN2-7236-1055-1
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Gravrand, Henry, "L’HERITAGE SPIRITUEL SEREER : VALEUR TRADITIONNELLE D’HIER, D’AUJOURD’HUI ET DE DEMAIN" [in]Ethiopiques, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine, 3e trimestre 1982
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Descamps, Cyr, "Quelques réflexions sur le Néolithique du Sénégal", vol. 1, pp 145–151,West African Journal of Archaeology (1981)
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UNESCO,General history of Africa, vol.1, Methodology and African Prehistory, (UNESCO International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa), Heinemann Publishers, University of California Press, UNESCO, 1981,ISBN0-435-94807-5 (cased)
Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji Madiya,Canadian Museum of Civilization,"Tracing memory: a glossary of graphic signs and symbols in African art and culture", Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition (Louvain, Belgium).ISBN0-660-15965-1. pp 27, 115
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Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire duSine-Saloum", Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987
Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine" par suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin.Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, 1972
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Foltz, William J.,From French West Africa to the Mali Federation, vol. 12 of Yale studies in political science", p 136, Yale University Press, (1965)
Chavane, Bruno A.,Villages de l’ancien Tekrour, Vol.2. Hommes et sociétés. Archéologies africaines, KARTHALA Editions, 1985,ISBN2865371433
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Monteil, Charles, "La légende officielle de Soundiata, fondateur de l'empire manding", Bulletin du Comité d 'Etudes historiques et scientifiques de l 'AOF, tome VIII, n° 2, 1924;
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Clark, Andrew F. & Philips, Lucie Colvin,Historical Dictionary of Senegal, Second Edition (1994)
Trimingham, John Spencer,A history of Islam in West Africa, Oxford University Press, USA, 1970
Gamble, David P., & Salmon, Linda K. (with Alhaji Hassan Njie),Gambian Studies No. 17. "People of The Gambia. I. The Wolof.with notes on the Serer and the Lebou", San Francisco 1985
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Ba, Abdou Bouri, "Essai sur l’histoire duSaloum et duRip". Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Publié dans leBulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire, pp 10–27
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Cyr Descamps, Guy Thilmans et Y. ThommeretLes tumulus coquilliers des îles du Saloum (Sénégal), Bulletin ASEQUA, Dakar,Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, 1979, n° 54
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