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Timeline of Russian history

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Part ofa series on the

History ofRussia

Periods

Prehistory • Antiquity • Early Slavs

Rus' people	pre-9th century
Rus' Khaganate
Arthania
Garðaríki

879–1240:Ancient Rus'

Rurik •Baptism of Rus' •Russkaya Pravda

Novgorod Land	882–1136
Principality of Polotsk	987–1397
Principality of Chernigov	988–1402
Rostov-Suzdal	1093–1157
full list...

1240–1480:Feudal Rus'

Council of Liubech •Council of Uvetichi •Mongol conquest •Battle of Kulikovo

Novgorod Republic	1136–1478
Vladimir-Suzdal	1157–1331
Principality of Moscow	1263–1547
full list...

1480–1917:Tsarist Russia

Great Stand on the Ugra River •Time of
Troubles •Zemsky Sobor •Treaty of Nystad •Petrovian reforms •1812 Patriotic War •Decembrist Revolt •Emancipation reform •Russo-Japanese War •1905 Revolution •October Manifesto •Second Patriotic War

Tsardom of Russia	1547–1721
Time of Troubles (Smuta)	1598–1613
Polish occupation	1610–1612
Russian Empire	1721–1917
Russian America	1799–1867
Grand Duchy of Finland	1809–1917
French invasion of Russia	1812
Congress Poland	1867–1915
Russian Manchuria	1900–1905
Uryankhay Krai	1914–1921

1917–1923:Russian Revolution

February Revolution •Provisional Government •Dvoyevlastiye •July Days •Kornilov affair •Directorate •Constituent Assembly (election) •Bolshevik Coup •Civil War •White Guard •Red Army •Soviet-Polish War •Priamurye
Govt. •War Communism •USSR •Emigrants

Russian Republic	1917–1918
General Secretariat of Ukraine	1917–1918
Russian SFSR	1917–1922
Ukrainian SSR	1919–1922
Byelorussian SSR	1920–1922
Transcaucasian SFSR	1922–1922
Russian State	1918–1920
Provisional Priamurye Govt.	1921–1923
full list...

1923–1991:Soviet Era

NEP •Cultural revolution •Korenization •Stalinism •Collectivization •Industrialization •GULAG •Great Purge •Great Patriotic War •Cold War •Warsaw Pact •Comecon •Crimea
transfer •Era of Stagnation •Afghan War •Perestroika •Chernobyl disaster •Karabakh
War •Parade of sovereignties (War of Laws)

Soviet Union	1922–1991
Russian SFSR	1922–1991
Karelo-Finnish SSR	1940–1956
full list...
Tannu Tuva	1921–1944

since 1991:Modern Russia

August Coup •Belavezha Accords •Alma-Ata
Protocol •USSR dissolution •CIS • "Near
abroad" •Constitutional crisis •Privatization •CSTO •Chechen wars (1st •2nd) •Oligarchy •Putinism •Five-Days War •Presidential terms
amendments •Eurasian Economic Union •Annexation of Crimea •War in Donbas •2020 amendments •Invasion of Ukraine (Prelude •Mass emigration •Debt default •Sanctions •Mobilization •2022 annexation)

Russian Federation	1991–present
Republic of Tatarstan	1994–present
Chechen Republic	2000–present
Republic of Crimea^A	2014–present
Donetsk People's Republic^A^B	2022–present
Luhansk People's Republic^A^B	2022–present
Kherson Oblast^A^B	2022–present
Zaporizhzhia Oblast^A^B	2022–present
full list... ^A Not internationally recognized. ^B Not fully controlled.

Timeline

860–1721 •1721–1796 •1796–1855
1855–1894 •1894–1917 •1917–1927
1927–1953 •1953–1964 •1964–1982
1982–1991 •1991–present

Russia portal

This is atimeline of Russian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events inRussia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, seehistory of Russia. See alsolist of Russian monarchs andlist of heads of state of Russia.

Dates before 31 January 1918, when theBolshevik government adopted theGregorian calendar, are given in theOld Style Julian calendar.

This is adynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byediting the page to add missing items, with references toreliable sources.

Centuries:9th · 10th · 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th · 21st · See also · Further reading

Year	Date	Event
862		Rurik came to rule inNovgorod, establishing theRurikid Dynasty.
882		Oleg the Wise conqueredKiev and moved the capital there.

Year	Date	Event
907		Rus'–Byzantine War (907):Oleg led an army to the walls ofConstantinople.
907		Rus'-Byzantine War (907): ARus'-Byzantine Treaty allowedRus' merchants to enter the city under guard.
912		Oleg died and was succeeded byIgor, who wasRurik's son.
941	May	Rus'–Byzantine War (941): ARus' army landed atBithynia.
941	September	Rus'–Byzantine War (941): TheByzantines destroyed theRus' fleet.
945		Rus'-Byzantine War (941): AnotherRus'-Byzantine Treaty was signed.Rus' renounced someByzantine territories.
945		Igor died; his wifeOlga became regent ofKievan Rus' for their son,Sviatoslav I.
957^[1] or 962^[2]		Olga's regency ended.
965		Sviatoslav conqueredKhazaria.
968		Siege of Kiev (968): ThePechenegs besiegedKiev. ARus' created the illusion of a much larger army, and frightened them away.
969	8 July	Sviatoslav moved the capital fromKiev toPereyaslavets inBulgaria.
971		TheByzantine Empire capturedPereyaslavets. The capital moved back toKiev.
972		Sviatoslav was killed by thePechenegs during an expedition on their territory.^[3] His sonYaropolk I succeeded him.
978		Yaropolk was betrayed and murdered by his brotherVladimir the Great, who succeeded him as Prince ofKiev.^[4]
981		Vladimir conqueredRed Ruthenia from thePoles.
988		Christianization of Kievan Rus':Vladimir destroyed the pagan idols ofKiev and urged the city's inhabitants to baptize themselves in theDnieper River.

Year	Date	Event
1015	15 July	Vladimir died. He was succeeded bySviatopolk I, who may have been his biological son by the rape ofYaropolk's wife. Sviatopolk ordered the murder of three of Vladimir's younger sons.
1016		Yaroslav I, another ofSviatopolk's brothers, led an army against him and defeated him, forcing him to flee toPoland.
1017		Yaroslav issued the first Russian code of law, theRusskaya Pravda.
1018		Polish Expedition to Kiev:Sviatopolk led thePolish army intoRus'.Red Ruthenia returned to Polish possession.
1018	14 August	Polish Expedition to Kiev: ThePolish army capturedKiev;Yaroslav fled toNovgorod.
1019		Yaroslav defeatedSviatopolk and returned to the princedom ofKiev. He granted autonomy toNovgorod as a reward for her prior loyalty. Sviatopolk died.
1030		Yaroslav reconqueredRed Ruthenia from thePoles.
1043	30 February	Rus'–Byzantine War (1043):Yaroslav led an unsuccessful naval raid onConstantinople. According to the peace settlement, Yaroslav's sonVsevolod I married a daughter of theByzantine emperorConstantine IX Monomachos.
1054		Yaroslav died. He was succeeded by his oldest son,Iziaslav I.
1068		Iziaslav was overthrown in a popular uprising and forced to flee toPoland.
1069		Iziaslav led thePolish army back intoKiev and reestablished himself on the throne.
1073		Two ofIziaslav's brothers,Sviatoslav II andVsevolod I, overthrew him; the former became prince ofKiev.
1076	27 December	Sviatoslav died.Vsevolod I succeeded him, but traded the princedom ofKiev toIziaslav in exchange for Chernigov.
1078	3 October	Iziaslav died.^[5] The throne ofKiev went toVsevolod.
1093	13 April	Vsevolod died.Kiev and Chernigov went toIziaslav's illegitimate son,Sviatopolk II.
1093	26 May	Battle of the Stugna River: Rus' forces attacked theCumans at theStugna River and were defeated.

Year	Date	Event
1113	16 April	Sviatopolk died. He was succeeded byVsevolod's son, his cousin,Vladimir II Monomakh.
1125	19 May	Vladimir died. His oldest son,Mstislav I, succeeded him.
1132	14 April	Mstislav died. His brotherYaropolk II followed him as prince ofKiev.
1136		Novgorod expelled the prince appointed for them byKiev and vastly circumscribed the authority of the office.
1139	18 February	Yaropolk died. His younger brotherViacheslav followed him, but in March Viacheslav was overthrown by his cousin, prince ofChernigov,Vsevolod.
1146	1 August	Vsevolod died. His brotherIgor followed him as a ruler ofKiev. Citizens of Kiev required him to depose oldboyars of Vsevolod. Igor swore to fulfill their request, but then reconsidered to do it. Citizens of Kiev considered that oath-breaker is not a legitimate ruler anymore and chose to summon princeIziaslav of Pereyaslavl to be a new prince of Kiev.
1146	13 August	Iziaslav overthrowIgor. A brother of Igor,Sviatoslav, prince ofNovgorod-Seversk asked prince ofRostov-Suzdal Yuri Dolgorukiy for help in realisingIgor from captivity.
1147		The first reference to Moscow whenYuri Dolgorukiy called uponSviatoslav of Novgorod-Seversk to "come to me, brother, to Moscow".
1149		Yuri Dolgorukiy captured Kiev.Iziaslav escaped.
1150		With assistance ofBlack Klobuks Iziaslav kicked away Yuri from Kiev. After some time, with help ofVolodimirko of Galych, Yuri took Kiev again.
1151		Hungarian kingGéza II helpedIziaslav to return Kiev. Yuri escaped
1154	13 November	Iziaslav II died. His brother, prince ofSmolensk Rostislav was summoned to become a new prince of Kiev.
1155		Yuri Dolgorukiy expelled Rostislav with assistance of prince of Chernigov.
1157		Yuri I was intoxicated and died.Iziaslav of Chernigov became prince of Kiev.
1159		Iziaslav of Chernigov was overthrown by princes ofGalych andVolyn. Allies called Rostislav to be prince of Kiev again.
1167		Rostislav died. His nephew,Mstislav of Volyn, became new ruler of Kiev.
1169		Andrey Bogolyubsky, the elder son ofYuri Dolgorukiy, prince of new strong principality ofVladimir-Suzdal attacked and plundered Kiev. A majority of Russian princes recognized him as a new grand prince. Unlike previous grand princes Andrey I did not move his residence to Kiev, instead remaining inVladimir. Andrey appointed his brotherGleb as prince of Kiev. From this time, Kiev stopped being the center of Russian lands. The political and cultural center was moved to Vladimir. New princes of Kiev became dependent on the grand princes ofVladimir-Suzdal

Year	Date	Event
1223		Battle of the Kalka River: The warriors of Rus' first encountered theMongol armies ofGenghis Khan.
1227		Boyar intrigues forcedMstislav, the prince ofNovgorod, to give the throne to his son-in-lawAndrew II of Hungary.
1236		Alexander Nevsky was summoned by the Novgorodians to become Grand Prince of Novgorod and, as their military leader, to defend their northwest lands from Swedish and German invaders.
1237	December	Mongol invasion of Rus:Batu Khan set fire to Moscow and slaughtered and enslaved its civilian inhabitants.
1240	15 July	Battle of the Neva: The Novgorodian army defeated a Swedish invasion force at the confluence of theIzhora andNeva Rivers.
1242	5 April	Battle on the Ice: The army of Novgorod defeated the invadingTeutonic Knights on the frozen surface ofLake Peipus.
1263	14 November	Nevsky died. His appanages were divided within his family; his youngest sonDaniel became the first Prince of Moscow. His younger brotherYaroslav of Tver had become the Grand Prince of Tver and ofVladimir and had appointed deputies to run the Principality of Moscow during Daniel's minority.

Year	Date	Event
1303	5 March	Daniel died. His oldest sonYury succeeded him as Prince of Moscow.
1317		Yury married the sister ofUzbeg Khan who was Mongolian prince. Uzbeg deposed the Grand Prince ofVladimir and appointed Yury to that office.
1322		Dmitry the Terrible Eyes, the son of the last Grand Prince of Vladimir, convincedUzbeg Khan thatYury had been stealing from the khan's tribute money. He was reappointed to the princedom of Vladimir.
1325	21 November	Yury was murdered byDmitry. His younger brotherIvan I Kalita succeeded him.
1327	15 August	The ambassador of theGolden Horde of Mongolian Empire was trapped and burned alive during an uprising in the Grand Duchy of Tver.
1328		Ivan led aHorde army against the Grand Prince of Tver, also the Grand Prince of Vladimir. Ivan was allowed to replace him in the latter office.
1340	31 March	Ivan died. His sonSimeon succeeded him both as Grand Prince of Moscow and as Grand Prince ofVladimir
1353		Simeon died. His younger brotherIvan II, The Fair, succeeded him as Grand Prince of Moscow.
1359	13 November	Ivan died. His son,Dmitri Donskoi, succeeded him.
1380	8 September	Battle of Kulikovo: A Muscovite force defeated a significantly largerBlue Horde army of Mongolia atKulikovo Field.
1382		The Mongolkhan Tokhtamysh reasserted his power by looting and burning Moscow.
1389	19 May	Dmitri died. The throne fell to his son,Vasili I.

Year	Date	Event
1425	February	Vasili I died. His sonVasili II, succeeded him as Grand Prince of Moscow; his wifeSophia became regent. His younger brother,Yury Dmitrievich of Zvenigorod, also issued a claim to the throne.
1430		Yury appealed to thekhan of theGolden Horde to support his claim to the throne. Vasili II retained the Duchy of Moscow, but Yury was given the Duchy of Dmitrov.
1432		Muscovite Civil War: Vasili II led an army to capture Dmitrov. His army was defeated and he was forced to flee toKolomna. Yury arrived in Moscow and declared himself the Grand Prince.Vasili II was pardoned and made mayor of Kolomna.
1433		Muscovite Civil War: The exodus of Muscoviteboyars to Vasili II's court inKolomna persuaded Yury to return Moscow to his nephew and move toGalich.
1434		Muscovite Civil War: Vasily II burned Galich.
	16 March	Muscovite Civil War: The army of Yury Dmitrievich defeated the army of Vasily II. The latter fled toNizhny Novgorod.
	1 April	Muscovite Civil War: Yury arrived in Moscow and again declared himself the Grand Prince.
	5 July	Yury died. His oldest sonVasily the Squint, succeeded him as Grand Prince.
1435		Muscovite Civil War: Yury's second son,Dmitry Shemyaka, allied himself with Vasily II. Vasily the Squint was expelled from theKremlin and blinded. Vasili II returned to the throne of the Grand Prince.
1438		Russo-Kazan Wars: Thekhan of the recently establishedKhanate of Kazan led an army towards Moscow.
1445	7 July	Battle of Suzdal: The Russian army suffered a great defeat at the hands of theTatars ofKazan. Vasili II was taken prisoner; operation of the government fell to Dmitry Shemyaka.
1445	December	Muscovite Civil War: Vasili II was ransomed back to Muscovy.
1446		Muscovite Civil War: Shemyaka had Vasili II blinded and exiled toUglich, and had himself declared the Grand Prince.
1450		Muscovite Civil War: Theboyars of Moscow expelled Shemyaka from theKremlin and recalled Vasili II to the throne.
1452		Muscovite Civil War: Shemyaka was forced to flee to theNovgorod Republic.
1453		Shemyaka was poisoned by Muscovite agents.
1462	27 March	Vasili II died. His sonIvan III, The Great, succeeded him as Grand Prince.
1463		Grand Duchy of Moscow annexed the Duchy of Yaroslavl.
1471	14 July	Battle of Shelon: A Muscovite army defeated a numerically superiorNovgorodian force.
1474		Grand Duchy of Moscow annexed the Rostov Duchy.
1476		Ivan stopped paying tribute to theGreat Horde.
1478	14 January	The Novgorod Republic surrendered to the authority of Moscow.
1480	11 November	Great stand on the Ugra river:Ivan's forces deterredAkhmat Khan of theGreat Horde from invading Muscovy.
1485		Ivan annexed the Grand Duchy of Tver.
1497		Ivan issued a legal code, theSudebnik, which standardized the Muscovite law, expanded the role of the criminal justice system, and limited the ability of theserfs to leave their masters.

Year	Date	Event
1505	29 October	Ivan died. He was succeeded as Grand Duke of Muscovy by his son,Vasili III.
1507		Russo-Crimean Wars: TheCrimean Khanate raided the Muscovite towns ofBelyov andKozelsk.
1510		With the approval of most of the local nobility, Vasili arrived in thePskov Republic and declared it dissolved.
1517		The last Grand Prince of theRyazan Principality was captured and imprisoned in Moscow.
1533	3 December	Vasili died; his sonIvan IV, The Terrible, succeeded him. His wifeElena Glinskaya became regent.
1538	4 April	Glinskaya died. She was succeeded as regent by Prince Vasily Nemoy.
1547	16 January	An elaborate ceremony crownedIvan the firstTsar ofRussia.
1552	22 August	Siege of Kazan (1552): Russian armed forces arrived atKazan.
	2 October	Siege of Kazan (1552): The Russian army breached the walls ofKazan.
	13 October	Siege of Kazan (1552): The civilian population ofKazan was massacred, the city occupied.
1553–1554		First book printed in Russia, theNarrow-typed Gospel Book.
1556		Russia conquered and annexed theAstrakhan Khanate.
1558		Livonian War:Ivan demanded a back-breaking tribute from theBishopric of Dorpat. The Bishop sent diplomats to Moscow to renegotiate the amount; Ivan expelled them and invaded and occupied the Bishopric.
1560	2 August	Battle of Ergeme:Ivan's army crushed the forces of theLivonian Order.
1561	28 November	Livonian War: TheLivonian Order agreed to theUnion of Wilno, under which theLivonian Confederation was partitioned betweenLithuania, Sweden and Denmark. Lithuania and Sweden sent troops to liberate their new territories from Russian possession.
1565	February	Ivan established theOprichnina, a territory ruled directly by the tsar.
1569	1 July	TheUnion of Lublin was signed.Poland and theGrand Duchy of Lithuania were merged into thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; Poland began aiding Lithuania in its war against Russia.
1572		TheOprichnina was abolished.
1581	16 November	Ivan killed hisoldest son.
1582	15 January	Livonian War: ThePeace of Jam Zapolski endedPolish–Lithuanian participation in the war. Russia gave up its claims toLivonia and the city ofPolatsk.
1582	23 October	Battle of Chuvash Cape: Russian soldiers dispersed the armed forces of theSiberia Khanate from its capital,Qashliq.
1583		Livonian War: The war was ended with theTreaty of Plussa.Narva and theGulf of Finland coast went to Sweden.
1584	18 March	Ivan died. The throne fell to his intellectually disabled sonFeodor I; his son-in-lawBoris Godunov tookde facto charge of government.
1590	18 January	Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595): TheTreaty of Plussa expired. Russian troops laid siege toNarva.
1590	25 February	Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595): A Swedish governor on the disputed territory surrendered to Russians.
1591	15 May	Dimitry Ivanovich,Ivan the Terrible's youngest son, died in exile from a stab wound to the throat. Long-regarded as murdered by agents of Boris Godunov, more recently scholars have begun to defend the theory that Dimitry's death was self-inflicted during an epileptic seizure.
1595	18 May	Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595): TheTreaty of Tyavzino was signed.Ingria went to Russia.
1598	7 January	Feodor I died with no children giving a start toTime of Troubles
1598	21 February	Azemsky sobor electedGodunov the first non-Rurikid tsar of Russia.

Year	Date	Event
1601–03		Devastating famine, that undermined Boris's authority.
1604	October	False Dmitriy I, a man claiming to be the deceasedDmitriy Ivanovich, son ofIvan IV, invaded Russia with help ofPolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1605	13 April	Boris died. His sonFeodor II was pronounced tsar.
	1 June	A group ofboyars defected in support of False Dmitriy, seized control of theKremlin, and arrestedFeodor.
	20 June	False Dmitriy and his army arrived in Moscow.Feodor and his mother were strangled.
	21 July	False Dmitriy was crowned tsar.
1606	8 May	False Dmitriy married aCatholic,Marina Mniszech, inflaming suspicions that he meant to convert Russia to Catholicism.
	17 May	Conservativeboyars led byVasili Shuisky stormed theKremlin and shotFalse Dmitriy to death during his escape.
	19 May	Shuisky's allies declared him Tsar Vasili IV.
1607		False Dmitriy II, another claimant to the identity ofDmitriy Ivanovich, obtained financial and military support from a group ofPolish magnates
1609	28 February	Vasili Shuisky ceded border territory to Sweden in exchange for military aid against the government of False Dmitriy II; around this timeSmolensk got besieged
1609	September	Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618): ThePolish kingSigismund III led an army into Russia;
1610	4 July	Battle of Klushino: Seven thousandPolish cavalrymen defeated a vastly superior Russian force atKlushino.
	19 July	Vasili was overthrown. A group of nobles, theSeven Boyars, replaced him at the head of the government.
	27 July	Polish–Russian War (1609–1618): A truce was established. Theboyars promised to recognizeSigismund's son and heirWładysław as tsar, conditional on severe limits to his power and his conversion toOrthodoxy.
	August	Polish–Russian War (1609–1618): Sigismund rejected the boyars' conditions.
	December	Hermogenes, the patriarch of theRussian Orthodox Church, urged the Muscovite people to rise against thePoles.
	11 December	False Dmitriy II was shot and beheaded by one of his entourage.
1612	1 November	Polish–Russian War (1609–1618): Muscovite populace rising against the Poles recaptured theKremlin.
1613		Ingrian War: Sweden invaded Russia.
1613	21 February	Azemsky sobor electedMichael Romanov, a grandson ofIvan the Terrible's brother-in-law, the tsar of Russia.
1617	27 February	Ingrian War: TheTreaty of Stolbovo ended the war.Kexholm,Ingria,Estonia andLivonia went toSweden.
1618	11 December	Polish–Russian War (1609–1618): TheTruce of Deulino ended the war. Russia ceded the city ofSmolensk and theCzernihów Voivodeship toPoland.
1619	13 February	Feodor Romanov,Michael's father, was released from Polish prison and allowed to return to Moscow.
1632	October	Smolensk War: With the expiration of theTruce of Deulino, a Russian army was sent to lay siege toSmolensk.
1634	1 March	Smolensk War: The Russian army, surrounded, was forced to surrender.
1634	14 June	Smolensk War: TheTreaty of Polyanovka was signed, ending the war. Poland retained Smolensk, butWładysław renounced his claim to the Russian throne.
1645	13 July	Michael died. His son,Alexis, succeeded him.
1648	25 January	Khmelnytsky Uprising: A Polishszlachta,Bohdan Khmelnytsky, leads theCossacks of theZaporizhian Sich against the Polish Crown.
	1 June	Salt Riot: Upset over the introduction of a salt tax, the townspeople launched a rebellion in Moscow.
	11 June	Salt Riot: A group ofnobles demanded azemsky sobor on behalf of the rebellion.
	3 July	Salt Riot: Many of the rebellion's leaders were executed.
	25 December	Khmelnytsky Uprising:Khmelnytsky entered theUkrainian capital,Kiev.
1649	January	Azemsky sobor ratified a new legal code, theSobornoye Ulozheniye.
1653		Raskol:Nikon, the Patriarch of Moscow, reformed Russian liturgy to align with the rituals of theGreek Church.
1654	January	Khmelnytsky Uprising: Under theTreaty of Pereyaslav,Left-bank Ukraine, the territory of theZaporozhian Host, allies itself with Russia.
	March–April	Raskol: Nikon arranges a church council, which decides to correct Russian divine service books using ancient Greek and Slavic manuscripts.
	July	Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): The Russian army invaded Poland.
1655		Swedish Deluge:Sweden invaded the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
	3 July	Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): Russian army capturedVilnius.
	25 July	Swedish Deluge: Thevoivode ofPoznań surrendered to theSwedish invaders.
	2 November	Russia negotiated a ceasefire with Poland.
1656	July	Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658): Russian reserves invadedIngria.
1658	26 February	Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658): TheTreaty of Roskilde endedSweden's war withDenmark, allowing her to shift her troops to the eastern conflicts.
	10 July	Raskol: Patriarch Nikon leaves Moscow.
	16 September	Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): TheTreaty of Hadiach established a military alliance between Poland and theZaporozhian Host, and promised the creation of a Commonwealth of three nations: Poland, Lithuania and Rus'.
	28 December	Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658): The Treaty of Valiesar established a peace. The conqueredIngrian territories were ceded to Russia for three years.
1660	23 April	Swedish Deluge: TheTreaty of Oliva ended the conflict between Poland and Sweden.
1661		Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): Polish forces recapturedVilnius.
1661	1 July	The Treaty of Valiesar expired. Russia returnedIngria to the Swedish Empire by theTreaty of Cardis.
1662	25 July	Copper Riot: In the early morning, a group of Muscovites marched toKolomenskoye and demanded punishment for the government ministers who had debased Russia's copper currency. On their arrival, they were countered by the military; a thousand were hanged or drowned. The rest were exiled.
1665		Lubomirski's Rokosz: A Polishnobleman launched arokosz (rebellion) against the king.
1665		The pro-Turkish Cossack noblePetro Doroshenko defeated his pro-Russian adversaries in theRight-bank Ukraine.
1666	April–May	Raskol:Great Moscow Synod deposed Nikon from the patriarchy. TheOld Believers were anathematized.
1667	30 January	Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): TheTreaty of Andrusovo ended the war between Poland and Russia without Cossack representation. Poland agreed to cede theSmoleńsk andCzernihów Voivodships and acknowledged Russian control over theLeft-bank Ukraine.
1669		Doroshenko signed a treaty that recognized his state as avassal state of theOttoman Empire.
1670		TheCossack Stenka Razin began a rebellion against the Russian government.
1671		Razin was captured, tortured, and quartered inRed Square on theLobnoye Mesto.
1674		TheCossacks of theRight-bank Ukraine elected the pro-RussianIvan Samoylovych,Hetman of theLeft-bank Ukraine, to replaceDoroshenko and become the Hetman of a unified Ukraine.
1676		Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681): TheOttoman army joinedDoroshenko's forces in an attack on theLeft-bank city ofChyhyryn.
	29 January	Alexis died. His sonFeodor III became tsar.
	1 February	Raskol: The 8-year-longsiege of Solovki ended.
1680		Russo-Crimean Wars: TheCrimean invasions of Russia ended.
1681	3 January	Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681): The war ended with theTreaty of Bakhchisarai. The Russo-Turkish border was settled at theDnieper River.
1682	January	Feodor III abolished themestnichestvo, an ancient, un-meritocratic system of making political appointments.
	14 April	Raskol:Avvakum, the most prominent leader of theOld Believer movement, was burned at the stake.
	27 April	Feodor died with no children.Peter I,Alexis's son by his second wifeNatalia Naryshkina, was declared tsar. His mother became regent.
	17 May	Moscow Uprising of 1682:Streltsy regiments belonging to the faction ofAlexis's first wife,Maria Miloslavskaya, took over theKremlin, executedNaryshkina's brothers, and declared Miloslavskaya's invalid sonIvan V the "senior tsar," withPeter remaining on the throne as the junior. Miloslavskaya's oldest daughterSophia Alekseyevna became regent.
1687	May	Crimean campaigns: Russian army launched an invasion against anOttoman vassal, theCrimean Khanate.
1687	17 June	Crimean campaigns: Faced with a burned steppe incapable of feeding their horses, Russians turned back.
1689	June	Fyodor Shaklovity, the head of theStreltsy Department, persuadedSophia to proclaim herself tsarina and attempted to ignite a new rebellion in her support. Thestreltsy instead defected in support ofPeter.
1689	11 October	Shaklovity was executed.
1696	29 January	Ivan V died.
	23 April	Second Azov campaign: Russian army began its deployment to an importantOttoman fortress,Azov.
	27 May	Second Azov campaign: Russian navy arrived at the sea and blockadedAzov.
	19 July	Second Azov campaign: TheOttoman garrison surrendered.
1698	6 June	Streltsy Uprising: Approximately four thousandstreltsy overthrew their commanders and headed to Moscow, where they meant to demand the enthroning of the exiledSophia Alekseyevna.
1698	18 June	Streltsy Uprising: The rebels were defeated.
1700	19 August	Great Northern War: Russia declared war onSweden.
1700	16 October	Adrian, the patriarch of theRussian Orthodox Church, died.Peter prevented the election of a successor.

Year	Date	Event
1703	27 May	Foundation ofSaint Petersburg.
1707	8 October	Bulavin Rebellion: A small band ofDon Cossacks killed anoble searching their territory for tax fugitives.
1708	7 July	Bulavin Rebellion: After a series of devastating military reversals, Bulavin was shot by his former followers.
1708	18 December	An imperial decree divided Russia into eightguberniyas (governorates).
1709	28 June	Battle of Poltava: A decisive Russian military victory over theSwedes atPoltava marked the turning point of the war, the end of Cossack independence and the dawn of the Russian Empire.
1710	14 October	The Russianguberniyas were divided into lots according tonoble population.
1710	20 November	Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711):Charles XII of Sweden persuaded theOttoman sultan to declare war on Russia.
1711	22 February	Government reform of Peter I:Peter established theGoverning Senate to pass laws in his absence.
1711	21 July	Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711): Peace was concluded with the Treaty of the Pruth. Russia returnedAzov to theOttoman Empire and demolished the town ofTaganrog.
1713	8 May	The Russian capital was moved from Moscow toSaint Petersburg.
	17 July	TheRiga Governorate was established on the conquered territory ofLivonia.
	17 July	The territory of theSmolensk Governorate was divided between the Moscow andRiga Governorates.
1714	15 January	The northwestern territory of theKazan Governorate was transferred to the newly established Nizhny Novgorod Governorate.
1715	11 October	Peter demanded that his son, thetsarevich Alexei Petrovich, endorse his reforms or renounce his right to the throne.
1716		Alexei fled toVienna to avoid military service.
1717	22 November	The Astrakhan Governorate was formed on the southern lands ofKazan Governorate.
	22 November	The territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate was reincorporated into theKazan Governorate.
	12 December	Government reform of Peter I:Peter establishedcollegia, government ministries that superseded theprikazy.
1718	31 January	Alexei returned to Moscow under a promise he would not be harmed.
	18 February	After torture,Alexei publicly renounced the throne and implicated a number of reactionaries in a conspiracy to overthrow his father.
	13 June	Alexei was put on trial for treason.
	26 June	Alexei died after torture in thePeter and Paul Fortress.
1719	29 May	Lots were abolished; theguberniyas were divided instead into provinces, each governed and taxed under a preexisting elected office (theVoyevoda). Provinces were further divided into districts, replacing the olduyezds. The district commissars were to be elected by local gentry.
		The Nizhny Novgorod Governorate was reestablished.
		TheReval Governorate was established on the conquered territory ofEstonia.
1721	25 January	Peter established theHoly Synod, a body of ten clergymen chaired by a secular official, that was to head theRussian Orthodox Church in lieu of the Patriarch of Moscow.
	30 August	Great Northern War: TheTreaty of Nystad ended the war.Sweden cededEstonia,Livonia andIngria to Russia.
	22 October	Peter was declared Emperor.
1722		Peter introduced theTable of Ranks, which granted the privileges ofnobility based on state service.
1722	July	Russo-Persian War (1722–1723): A Russian military expedition sailed in support of the independence of two Christian kingdoms,Kartli andArmenia.
1723	12 September	Russo-Persian War (1722–1723): ThePersian shah signed a peace treaty ceding the cities ofDerbent andBaku and the provinces ofShirvan,Guilan,Mazandaran andAstrabad to the Russian Empire.
1725	28 January	Peter died of urinary problems. He failed to name a successor; one of Peter's closest advisers,Aleksandr Menshikov, convinced theImperial Guard to declare in favor of Peter's wifeCatherine I.
1726		TheSmolensk Governorate was reestablished.
1726	8 February	Catherine established an advisory body, theSupreme Privy Council.
1727		Catherine established the Belgorod and Novgorod Governorates and adjusted the borders of several others. Districts were abolished;uyezds were reestablished.
	17 May	Catherine died.
	18 May	According toCatherine's wishes the eleven-year-oldPeter II, the son ofAlexei Petrovich and grandson ofPeter the Great, became emperor. TheSupreme Privy Council was to hold power during his minority.
	9 September	The conservative members of theSupreme Privy Council expelled its most powerful member, the liberalMenshikov.
1730	30 January	Peter died of smallpox.
	1 February	TheSupreme Privy Council offered the throne toAnna Ivanovna, the daughter ofIvan V, on the conditions that the Council retain the powers of war and peace and taxation, among others, and that she never marry or appoint an heir.
	4 March	Anna tore up the terms of her accession and dissolved theSupreme Privy Council.
1736	20 May	Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): The Russian army captured theOttoman fortifications atPerekop.
1736	19 June	Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): The Russians capturedAzov.
1737	July	Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739):Austria joined the war on the Russian side.
1739	21 August	Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739):Austria agreed by theTreaty of Belgrade to end its participation in the war.
1739	18 September	Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): TheTreaty of Nissa ended the war. Russia gave up its claims onCrimea andMoldavia and its navy was barred from theBlack Sea.
1740	17 October	Anna died of kidney disease. She left the throne to her adopted infant son,Ivan VI.
	18 October	Anna's lover,Ernst Johann von Biron, was declared regent.
	8 November	Biron was arrested on the orders of his rival, the CountBurkhard Christoph von Munnich.Ivan's biological mother,Anna Leopoldovna, replaced Biron as regent.
1741	8 August	Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743): Sweden declared war on Russia.
	25 November	Elizabeth, the youngest daughter ofPeter the Great, led thePreobrazhensky regiment to theWinter Palace to overthrow the regency ofAnna Leopoldovna and install herself as empress.
	2 December	Ivan was imprisoned in theDaugavgriva fortress.
1742	4 September	Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743): Encircled by the Russians atHelsinki, the Swedish army surrendered.
1743	7 August	Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743): TheTreaty of Åbo was signed, ending the war. Russia relinquished most of the conquered territory, keeping only the lands east of theKymi River. In exchangeAdolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, the uncle of the Russian heir to the throne, was to becomeKing of Sweden.
1744		TheVyborg Governorate was established on conqueredSwedish territories.
1755		Mikhail Lomonosov and Count Ivan Shuvalov founded theUniversity of Moscow.
1756	29 August	Seven Years' War: TheKingdom of Prussia invaded theAustrian protectorate ofSaxony.
1757	1 May	Diplomatic Revolution: Under the Second Treaty of Versailles, Russia joined theFranco-Austrian military alliance.
1757	17 May	Seven Years' War: Russian troops entered the war.
1761	25 December	Miracle of the House of Brandenburg:Elizabeth died. Her nephew,Peter III, became emperor.
1762	5 May	Seven Years' War: TheTreaty of Saint Petersburg ended Russian participation in the war at no territorial gain.
1762	17 July	Peter was overthrown by theImperial Guard and replaced with his wife,Catherine II, The Great, on her orders.
1764	5 July	A group of soldiers attempted to release the imprisonedIvan VI; he was murdered.
1767	10 August	The Instruction of Catherine the Great is issued to the Legislative Commission.^[6]
1767	13 October	Repnin Sejm: FourPolish senators who opposed the policies of the Russian ambassadorNicholas Repnin were arrested by Russian troops and imprisoned inKaluga.
1768	27 February	Repnin Sejm: Delegates of theSejm adopted a treaty ensuring future Russian influence inPolish internal politics.
	29 February	Polish nobles established theBar Confederation in order to end Russian influence in their country.
	25 September	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774): TheOttoman sultan declared war on Russia.
1771	15 September	Plague Riot: A crowd of rioters enteredRed Square, broke into theKremlin and destroyed theChudov Monastery.
1771	17 September	Plague Riot: The army suppressed the riot.
1772	5 August	The firstpartition of Poland was announced.Poland lost 30% of its territory, which was divided betweenPrussia,Austria, and Russia.
1773		Pugachev's Rebellion: The army of theCossack Yemelyan Pugachev attacked and occupiedSamara.
1773	18 September	Aconfederated sejm was forced to ratify the firstpartition of Poland.
1774	21 July	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774): TheTreaty of Küçük Kaynarca was signed. The portion of theYedisan region east of theSouthern Bug river, theKabarda region in theCaucasus, and severalCrimean ports, went to Russia. TheCrimean Khanate received independence from theOttoman Empire, which also declared Russia the protector of Christians on its territory.
1774	14 September	Pugachev's Rebellion: Upset with the rebellion's bleak outlook,Pugachev's officers delivered him to the Russians.
1783	8 April	TheCrimean Khanate was incorporated into the Russian Empire.
1783	24 July	Threatened by thePersian andOttoman Empires, the kingdom ofKartl-Kakheti signed theTreaty of Georgievsk under which it became a Russian protectorate.
1788		Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792): TheOttoman Empire declared war on Russia and imprisoned her ambassador.
	27 June	Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790): The Swedish army playacted a skirmish between themselves and the Russians.
	6 July	Battle of Hogland: The Russian navy dispersed a Swedish invasion fleet nearHogland in theGulf of Finland.
	6 October	Great Sejm: Aconfederated sejm was called to restore thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1790	14 August	Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790): TheTreaty of Värälä ended the war, with no changes in territory.
1791	3 May	Great Sejm:Poland's Constitution of 3 May was ratified in secret. The new constitution abolished theliberum veto, reducing the power of the nobles and limiting Russia's ability to influence Polish internal politics.
1791	23 December	Catherine established thePale of Settlement, an area inEuropean Russia into which Russian Jews were transported.
1792	9 January	Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792): TheTreaty of Jassy was signed, ending the war. The Russian border inYedisan was extended to theDniester river.
1792	18 May	Polish–Russian War of 1792: The army of theTargowica Confederation, which opposed the liberalPolish Constitution of 3 May, invaded Poland.
1793	23 January	Polish–Russian War of 1792: The secondpartition of Poland left the country with one-third of its 1772 population.
1793	23 November	Grodno Sejm: The lastsejm of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ratified the secondpartition.
1794	24 March	Kościuszko Uprising: An announcement byTadeusz Kościuszko sparked a nationalist uprising inPoland.
	4 November	Battle of Praga: Russian troops captured thePraga borough ofWarsaw and massacred its civilian population.
	5 November	Kościuszko Uprising: The uprising ended with the Russian occupation ofWarsaw.
1795	11 September	Battle of Krtsanisi: ThePersian army demolished the armed forces ofKartl-Kakheti.
1795	24 October	The thirdpartition of Poland divided up the remainder of its territory.
1796	April	Persian Expedition of 1796:Catherine launched a military expedition to punishPersia for its incursion into the Russian protectorate ofKartl-Kakheti.
	5 November	Catherine suffered a stroke in the bathtub.
	6 November	Catherine died. The throne fell to her son,Paul I.

Year	Date	Event
1901	30 June	Russification of Finland: The Military Service Act incorporated theFinnish and Russian armies.
1902		Russification of Finland:Nikolay Bobrikov, theGovernor-General of Finland, was given the power to dismiss opponents of Russification from theFinnish government.
1902	January	TheSocialist Revolutionary Party was founded.^[7]
1903	20 March	Russification of Finland: The office of theGovernor-General was given dictatorial powers.
	6 April	Kishinev pogrom: A three-daypogrom began, which would leave forty-seven Jews dead.^[8]
	17 November	At the second congress of theRSDLP, the party split into two factions: theBolsheviks, led byVladimir Lenin, and the less radicalMensheviks.
1904	8 February	Russo-Japanese War: Japan launched a surprise torpedo attack on the Russian navy atPort Arthur.
1905	3 January	Russian Revolution of 1905: A strike began at thePutilov Works inSt. Petersburg.
	9 January	Bloody Sunday (1905): Peaceful demonstrators arrived at theWinter Palace inSaint Petersburg to present a petition to the emperor, leading was a priest named Georgi Gapon. TheImperial Guard fired on the crowd, killing around 200 and wounding 800.
	27–28 May	Russo-Japanese War: TheRussian Baltic Fleet was practically destroyed in theBattle of Tsushima, effectively ending the Russo-Japanese War in Japan's favour.
	28 May	Russian Revolution of 1905: The firstsoviet was formed in the midst of a textile strike inIvanovo-Voznesensk.
	14 June	Russian Revolution of 1905: A mutiny occurred aboard the battleshipPotemkin.
	25 June	Russian Revolution of 1905: ThePotemkin sailors defected toRomania.
	5 September	Russo-Japanese War: TheTreaty of Portsmouth was signed, ceding some Russian property and territory to Japan and ending the war.
	17 October	Russian Revolution of 1905:Nicholas signed theOctober Manifesto, expanding civil liberties and establishing and empowering the firstState Duma of the Russian Empire.
1906	March	1906 Russian legislative election: The first free elections to theDuma gave majorities to liberal and socialist parties.
	23 April	TheFundamental Laws were issued, reaffirming the autocratic supremacy of the emperor.
	23 April	The First Duma was called.
	21 July	The First Duma was dissolved.
	23 July	TheConstitutional Democratic Party (Kadets) issued theVyborg Manifesto, calling on the Russian people to evade taxes and the draft. All signatories to the Manifesto lost their right to hold office in the Duma.
	9 November	A decree byPrime Minister Pyotr Stolypin signaled the start of theStolypin reform, intended to replace theobshchina with a more progressive,capitalist form of agriculture.
1907	9 February	The secret police units of theMVD Department of State Police were unified under the authority of the newOkhrana.
	20 February	The Second Duma began. TheKadets dropped seats, benefiting theRSDLP and theSocialist Revolutionary Party.
	3 June	The Second Duma wasdissolved.
	3 June	Nicholas changed the electoral law and gave greater electoral value to the votes of nobility and landowners.
	1 November	The ThirdDuma began.
1912	4 April	Lena massacre: The Russian army fired on a crowd of striking miners, killing 150.
	9 June	The ThirdDuma ended.
	15 November	The FourthDuma was called.
1914	28 June	Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated byGavrilo Princip of theBosnian separatist groupYoung Bosnia.
	23 July	World War I:Austria-Hungary issued theJuly Ultimatum toSerbia, demanding, among other things, the right to participate in the investigation into the assassination ofFranz Ferdinand, which Serbia refused.
	28 July	World War I:Austria-Hungary declared war onSerbia.
	30 July	World War I: Russia mobilized its army to defendSerbia.
	1 August	World War I:Germany declared war on Russia in defense ofAustria-Hungary.
1915	2 May	Gorlice–Tarnów offensive: The German army launched an offensive across the length of theEastern Front.
	4 August	Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive: Germany conqueredWarsaw.
	19 September	Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive: German forces capturedVilnius.
1916	25 June	Basmachi Revolt:Nicholas issued a decree ordering the conscription ofCentral Asians.
	5 November	By theAct of 5th November, the German government established the nominally independentKingdom of Poland.
	16 December	Royal adviserGrigori Rasputin was murdered by a group of nobles in the house of PrinceFelix Yusupov.

Year	Date	Event
2001	23 March	Mir - the last nationalorbital station re-entered Earth's atmosphere.^[9]^[10]
2002	23 October	Moscow theater hostage crisis:Chechen rebels seized the Dubrovka theater in Moscow, taking approximately 700 theatergoers hostage, and demanded an immediate Russian withdrawal from Chechnya.
2002	26 October	Moscow theater hostage crisis: The police pumpedanesthetic into the building, then stormed it from every entrance, executing all 42 terrorists. Over 120 hostages also died due to cumulative effects of intoxication, hunger and maltreatment by the terrorists.^[11]
2003	September–October	Russia-Ukraineterritorial dispute overTuzla Island
2003	25 October	Yukos affair:Khodorkovsky arrested.
2004	January	Russia–Belarus energy dispute.^[12]
	14 March	2004 Russian presidential election: Putin won re-election to a second term, earning 71% of the vote.
	24 August	Russian aircraft bombings killed all 90 people on board.^[13]
	1–3 September	Beslan school siege. A group ofChechen terrorists took approximately 1100 adults and children hostage at School Number One inBeslan, the ensuing battle left over 330 civilians, 31 of 32 hostage-takers and 10 policemen dead.^[14]
	September	Vladimir Putin came up with an initiative to change the appointment procedure for governors, proposing to confirm them in office by decision of legislature from the candidates proposed by the President. Putin logically linked his initiative to the Beslan tragedy.
	December	A bill to abolish direct gubernatorial elections was drafted and adopted.
2005	13 October	2005 raid on Nalchik: A large group of terrorists assaulted and captured buildings throughout the city ofNalchik. By afternoon, Russian soldiers surrounded and entered the city, forcing their enemies to retreat. Some 136 people were killed.
2005	1 December	Perm Oblast andKomi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug merged intoPerm Krai.
2006	15–17 July	32nd G8 summit inSt. Petersburg
2007	23 April	Boris Yeltsin died ofcongestive heart failure.
2008	2 March	2008 Russian presidential election: Deputy Prime ministerDmitry Medvedev won, earning 70.5% of the vote.
	7 May	Vladimir Putin becomes Prime Minister of Russia.
	7–12 August	Russo-Georgian War: Russia revokedGeorgia's attempts to reintegrate breakaway republics ofSouth Ossetia andAbkhazia.
	31 December	2008 Constitutional amendments extended the terms of the President and Parliament
2009	January	2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute
	12–16 May	Eurovision Song Contest 2009
	17 August	Sayano-Shushenskaya power station accident
	5 December	"Lame Horse" nightclub fire
2010	8 April	TheNew START treaty, which would cut the nuclear arsenals of Russia and theUnited States by a third, was signed.
2010	July–August	2010 Russian wildfires
2011	27 March	Time zones reform reduced its number from 11 to 9
2011	4 December	2011 Russian legislative election, that caused largeprotests against alleged vote fraud
2012	4 March	2012 Russian presidential election:Vladimir Putin won, earning 63.6% of the vote.^[15]
	1 June	an Act came into force, which returns the direct election of Governors.
	22 August	Russia became aWTO member.
2013	6–17 July	2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan
2013	August–September	Russian Far East and Northeastern China affected byheavy flooding onAmur river
2014	7–23 February	2014 Winter Olympics inSochi
	16 March	Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation:Referendum on the political status of Crimea
	18 March	Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation: Putin and Crimean officials signed theTreaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia.
	26 October	2011 time zones reform was canceled
2015	1 January	The Treaty on theEurasian Economic Union came into force.
	30 September	Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war begins
	31 October	Aircraft bombing over Sinai
	24 November	2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown^[16]^[17]

Year	Date	Event
1801	8 January	Paul authorized the incorporation ofKartl-Kakheti into the Russian empire.
	11 March	Paul was killed in his bed.
	23 March	Paul's son,Alexander I, ascended to the throne.
1802	September	Alexander established theMinistry of Internal Affairs (MVD).
1804		Russo-Persian War (1804–1813): Russian forces attacked thePersian settlement ofÜçkilise.
1805		TheOttoman Empire dismissed the pro-Russianhospodars of its vassal states,Wallachia andMoldavia.
1805	26 December	War of the Third Coalition: TheTreaty of Pressburg cededAustrian possessions inDalmatia toFrance.
1806	October	To counter theFrench presence inDalmatia, Russia invadedWallachia andMoldavia.
1806	27 December	Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812): TheOttoman Empire declared war on Russia.
1807	14 June	Battle of Friedland: The Russian army suffered a defeat against theFrench, suffering twenty thousand dead.
	7 July	TheTreaty of Tilsit was signed.Alexander agreed to evacuateWallachia andMoldavia and ceded theIonian Islands andCattaro to theFrench. The treaty ended Russia's conflict with France;Napoleon promised to aid Russia in conflicts with theOttoman Empire.
	16 November	Alexander demanded that Sweden close theBaltic Sea to British warships.
1808	21 February	Finnish War: Russian troops crossed the Swedish border and capturedHämeenlinna.
1809	29 March	Diet of Porvoo: The fourEstates ofFinland swore allegiance to the Russian crown.
1809	17 September	Finnish War: TheTreaty of Fredrikshamn was signed, ending the war and cedingFinland to the Russian Empire.
1810		The firstmilitary settlement was established nearKlimovichi.
	1 January	Alexander established theState Council, which received the executive powers of theGoverning Senate.
	20 February	The Russian government proclaimed the deposition ofSolomon II from the throne ofImereti.
1811	27 March	Regional military companies were merged into theInternal Guard.
1812	28 May	Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812): TheTreaty of Bucharest ended the war and transferredBessarabia to Russia.
	24 June	French invasion of Russia (1812): TheFrench army crossed theNeman River into Russia.
	14 September	French invasion of Russia (1812): TheFrench army entered a deserted Moscow, the high-water mark of their invasion.
	14 December	French invasion of Russia (1812): The lastFrench troops were forced off of Russian territory.
1813	24 October	Russo-Persian War (1804–1813): According to theTreaty of Gulistan, thePersian Empire ceded itsTranscaucasian territories to Russia.
1815	9 June	Congress of Vienna: The territory of theDuchy of Warsaw was divided betweenPrussia, Russia, and three newly established states: theGrand Duchy of Posen, theFree City of Kraków andCongress Poland. The latter was a constitutional monarchy withAlexander as its king.
1825	19 November	Alexander died of typhus. The army swore allegiance to his oldest brother, theGrand Duke Constantine Pavlovich. Constantine, however, following Alexander's choice of successor, swore allegiance to his younger brother,Nicholas I.
	12 December	Under pressure fromConstantine,Nicholas publishedAlexander's succession manifesto.
	14 December	Decembrist revolt: Three thousand soldiers gathered at theSenate Square inSaint Petersburg, and declared their loyalty toConstantine and to the idea of a Russian constitution. When talk failed, the tsarist army dispersed the demonstrators with artillery, killing at least sixty.
1826		An imperial decree established the Second Section ofHis Majesty's Own Chancery, concerned with codifying and publishing the law, and theThird Section, which operated as the Empire's secret police.
	July	Nicholas established the office of Chief of Gendarmes, in charge of theGendarmerie units of theInternal Guard.
	16 July	Russo-Persian War (1826–1828): ThePersian army invaded the Russian-ownedTalysh Khanate.
1828	21 February	Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Facing the possibility of a Russian conquest ofTehran,Persia signed theTreaty of Turkmenchay.
	May	The Russian army occupiedWallachia.
	June	Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829): The Russian armed forces crossed intoDobruja, anOttoman territory.
1829	14 September	Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829): TheTreaty of Adrianople was signed, ceding the eastern shore of theBlack Sea and the mouth of theDanube to the Russians.
1830	29 November	November Uprising: A group ofPolish nationalists attackedBelweder Palace, the seat of the Governor-General.
1831	25 January	November Uprising: An act of theSejm dethronedNicholas from thePolish crown.
	29 January	November Uprising: A new government took office inPoland.
	4 February	November Uprising: Russian troops crossed thePolish border.
	September	Battle of Warsaw (1831): The Russian army capturedWarsaw, ending theNovember Uprising.
1836		TheGendarmerie of theInternal Guard was spun off as theSpecial Corps of Gendarmes.
1852	December	TheOttoman sultan confirmed the supremacy ofFrance and theCatholic Church over Christians in theHoly Land.
1853	3 July	Russia invaded theOttoman provinces ofWallachia andMoldavia.
1853	4 October	Crimean War: TheOttoman Empire declared war on Russia.
1854	28 March	Crimean War:Britain andFrance declared war on Russia.
1854	August	Crimean War: In order to prevent theAustrian Empire entering the war, Russia evacuatedWallachia andMoldavia.
1855	18 February	Nicholas died. His son,Alexander II, became emperor.
1856	30 March	Crimean War: TheTreaty of Paris was signed, officially ending the war. TheBlack Sea was demilitarized. Russia lost territory it had been granted at the mouth of theDanube, abandoned claims to protectTurkish Christians, and lost its influence over theDanubian Principalities.
1857		The lastmilitary settlements were disbanded.
1858	28 May	TheTreaty of Aigun was signed, pushing the Russo-Chinese border east to theAmur river; Tariff Act reduces import tax.
1860	18 October	TheConvention of Peking transferred theUssuri krai from China to Russia.
1861	3 March	Emancipation reform of 1861:Alexander issued a manifesto emancipating theserfs; Student Protests against the Tsar.
1863	22 January	January Uprising: An anti-Imperial uprising began inPoland; girls allowed into secondary schools and standard curriculum set.
1864	1 January	Zemstva were established for the local self-government of Russian citizens.
	1 May	The Russian army began an incursion into theKhanate of Kokand.
	21 May	Caucasian War:Alexander declared the war over.
	5 August	January Uprising:Romuald Traugutt, the dictator of the rebellion, was hanged.
	20 November	Judicial reform of Alexander II: A royal decree introduced new laws unifying and liberalizing the Russian judiciary.
1865	17 June	The Russian army capturedTashkent
1867		The conquered territories ofCentral Asia became a separateGuberniya, theRussian Turkestan.
1867	30 March	Alaska Purchase: Russia agreed to the sale of Alaska to the United States of America.
1868		TheKhanate of Kokand became a Russianvassal state.
1870		More vocational subjects taught to girls in schools
1873		TheNarodnik rebellion began.
		TheEmirate of Bukhara became a Russian protectorate.
	18 May	Khiva was captured by Russian troops.
	12 August	A peace treaty was signed that established theKhanate of Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate.
1876	March	TheKhanate of Kokand was incorporated into the Russian Empire.
	20 April	April Uprising:Bulgarian nationalists attacked theOttoman police headquarters inOborishte.
	May	Alexander signed theEms Ukaz, banning the use of theUkrainian language in print.
	8 July	A secret treaty prepared for the division of theBalkans between Russia andAustria-Hungary, depending on the outcome of local revolutionary movements.
	6 December	Kazan demonstration: A political demonstration in front of theKazan Cathedral inSaint Petersburg marked the appearance of the revolutionary groupLand and Liberty.
1877	February	The Trial of the 193 occurred, punishing the participants of theNarodnik rebellion.
1877	24 April	Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): Russia declared war on theOttoman Empire.
1878	3 March	Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): TheTreaty of San Stefano was signed, concluding the war and transferringNorthern Dobruja and someCaucasian territories into Russian hands. SeveralSlavic states,Montenegro,Serbia,Romania, andBulgaria, received independence or autonomy.
1878	13 July	Congress of Berlin: TheTreaty of Berlin, imposed on Russia by theWest, dividedBulgaria intoEastern Rumelia and the Principality of Bulgaria.
1879	August	Land and Liberty split into the moderateBlack Repartition and the radical terrorist groupPeople's Will.
1880	6 August	TheSpecial Corps of Gendarmes and theThird Section were disbanded; their functions and most capable officers were transferred to the new Department of State Police under theMVD.
1881		Constitution proposed, Alexander II agrees to it but doesn't get a chance to sign it
	10 March	Alexander II was assassinated byIgnacy Hryniewiecki of thePeople's Will. His son,Alexander III, becomes emperor.
	21 September	Persia officially recognized Russia's annexation ofKhwarazm in theTreaty of Akhal.
1882		Alexander III introduces factory inspections and restricts working hours for women and children
	3 May	Alexander III introduced theMay Laws, which expelled Russian Jews from rural areas and small towns and severely restricted their access to education
1883		Peasant Land Bank set up
1890	12 June	An imperial decree subordinated thezemstva to the authority of the appointed regional governors.
1891		Severe famine affects almost half of Russia's provinces
1892		Witte's Great Spurt increases industrial growth; women banned from mines and children under 12 banned from working in factories
1894	1 November	Alexander III dies. His sonNicholas II succeeds him as emperor.
1898	1 March	TheMarxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) held itsfirst Party Congress.
1900	16 July onward	In response to a local trade blockade, Russia invades and occupies theSixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River. All 30,000Qing dynasty citizens are expelled from their homes and driven across theAmur River, where most drown.
1900	6 February	As part of theRussification of Finland,Nicholas issues theLanguage Manifesto of 1900, making Russian the official language of Finnish administration.

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See also

References

Sources

Further reading

Published in the 19th century

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Published in the 21st century

External links