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Timeline of Roman history

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the ancient polities with their capitals at Rome and Constantinople. For the city, seeTimeline of the city of Rome.

This is a timeline of Roman history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in theRoman Kingdom andRepublic and theRoman andByzantine Empires. To read about the background of these events, seeAncient Rome andHistory of the Byzantine Empire.

Events and persons of the Kingdom of Rome (and to some degree of the early Republic) are legendary, and their accounts are considered to have varying degrees of veracity.

Following tradition, this timeline marks the deposition ofRomulus Augustulus and theFall of Constantinople as the end of Rome in the west and east, respectively. SeeThird Rome for a discussion of claimants to the succession of Rome.

This is adynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byediting the page to add missing items, with references toreliable sources.

Millennia:1stBC · 1st–2nd

Centuries:7thBC · 6thBC · 5thBC · 4thBC · 3rdBC · 2ndBC · 1stBC · 1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th · 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th

0th centuries BC ==

Main article:Roman Kingdom

Year	Date	Event
754 BC		Battle of Alba Longa. King ofAlba Longa,Amulius, who had previously usurped power is defeated and killed along with his sons by his BrotherNumitor, and great-nephewRomulus, who led a sizable warband.
753 BC	21 April	Rome was founded. According to Roman legend,Romulus was the founder and firstKing of Rome, establishing theRoman Kingdom.
752 BC		Romulus, first king ofRome, celebrates the firstRoman triumph after his victory over theCaeninenses, following theRape of the Sabine Women. He celebrates a further triumph later in the year over theAntemnates.^[1]
752 BC		Rome's firstcolonies were established.^[1]
715 BC		Numa Pompilius became the second King of Rome.
673 BC		Tullus Hostilius became the third King of Rome.
667 BC		Byzantium was founded byMegarian colonists.
642 BC		Tullus Hostilius died.
642 BC		The Curiate Assembly, one of thelegislative assemblies of the Roman Kingdom, electedAncus Marcius King of Rome.
617 BC		Ancus Marcius died.
616 BC		The Curiate Assembly electedLucius Tarquinius Priscus King of Rome.

Year	Date	Event
575 BC		TheSenate accepted theregent Servius Tullius asKing of Rome.
535 BC		Servius Tullius was murdered by his daughterTullia Minor and her husbandLucius Tarquinius Superbus, who declared himself King of Rome on the steps of theCuria Hostilia.
509 BC		Thepatrician Lucretia was raped byLucius Tarquinius Superbus' sonSextus Tarquinius.
		Overthrow of the Roman monarchy: FollowingLucretia's suicide,Lucius Junius Brutus called the Curiate Assembly, one of thelegislative assemblies of the Roman Kingdom. The latter agreed to the overthrow and expulsion ofLucius Tarquinius Superbus and to a provisional constitution under which twoconsuls acted as a jointexecutive and aCuriate Assembly held legislative power, and swore never again to let aKing rule Rome. It further elected Lucius Junius Brutus andLucius Tarquinius Collatinus, Lucretia's husband, Died .
		Battle of Silva Arsia:Tarquinian andVeientine forces loyal toLucius Tarquinius Superbus were defeated in theSilva Arsia by a Roman army.Lucius Junius Brutus was killed.Publius Valerius Publicola, returning to Rome with the spoils of war, Died.
		Theconsul Publius Valerius Publicola promulgated a number of liberal reforms, including opening the office of consul to all Roman citizens and placing the treasury under the administration of appointedquaestors.
	13 September	TheTemple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus was ceremonially dedicated to theCapitoline Triad.
508 BC		Roman–Etruscan Wars: AClusian army failed to conquerRome.
504 BC		Roman–Sabine wars: Roman victory over the sabines in the battle of 504 BC by consul Publicus.
501 BC		In the face of a potentialSabine invasion, theSenate passed asenatus consultum authorizing theconsuls to appoint adictator, a magistrate who held absolute power during a national emergency. The dictator would in turn appoint theMagister equitum, the commander of thecavalry. The consulsTitus Larcius andPostumus Cominius Auruncus selected the former as dictator.

Year	Date	Event
496 BC		Battle of Lake Regillus:Latin League invasion near modernFrascati which sought to reinstallLucius Tarquinius Superbus.
494 BC		First secessio plebis: Lucius Sicinius Vellutus, theplebs abandonedRome for the nearbyMonte Sacro.
471 BC		After a law allowing organization of theplebstribe, thePlebeian Council was reorganized by tribes rather thancuriae.
459 BC		Under popular pressure, theSenate increased thetribunes of theplebs from two to ten.
458 BC		During the first dictatorship ofCincinnatus, theAequians staged an offensive, breaking a truce. Cincinnatus defeated the Aquians at theBattle of Mount Algidus and after a triumph, returned to his farm after sixteen days.^[2]
449 BC		Resolutions of thePlebeian Council were given the full force of law subject toSenate veto.
449 BC		The second of twodecemviri, specially-elected ten man commissions, issued the last of theTwelve Tables, the fundamental laws of the Republic.
447 BC		TheTribal Assembly was established, and granted the right to electquaestors.
445 BC		Lex Canuleia: Marriage betweenpatricians andplebeians was legalized.
443 BC		The offices of theTribuni militum consulari potestate were established. Acollegium of threepatrician orplebeian tribunes, one each from specificRoman tribes (the Titienses, the Ramnenses, and the Luceres), would hold the power of theconsuls from year to year, subject to theSenate.
443 BC		The office of thecensor, apatrician magistrate responsible for conducting thecensus in years without aconsul, was established.
439 BC		Cincinnatus was called upon to accept a second dictatorship by the patricians to preventSpurius Maelius from seizing power; the patricians suspected Spurius of using wheat to purchase the support of the plebeians, to set himself up as a king.Gaius Servilius Ahala was appointedmagister equitum in order to stop Maelius; following an attack by Maelius, Ahala slew him. Cincinnatus again resigned his dictatorship and returned to his farm after 21 days.^[2]
435 BC		Fidenae, an important trade post on the Tiber, was captured from the Veii.^[3]
408 BC		TheTribuni militum consulari potestate held office.

Year	Date	Event
396 BC		Battle of Veii: Roman forces led by thedictator Marcus Furius Camillus conqueredVeii.
396 BC		Roman soldiers first earned a salary ("salary" from Latin for "salt").
394 BC		Theconsuls held office.
391 BC		TheTribuni militum consulari potestate held office.
390 BC	18 July	Battle of the Allia: TheSenonnes routed a Roman force at the confluence of the riversAllia andTiber.
390 BC		TheSenones sackedRome. Among other artifacts, books were destroyed. The history of Rome up to this point had to be mostly reconstructed and is sometimes unreliable or mythological.
367 BC		Theconsulship was reintroduced.
366 BC		Lucius Sextius was elected the firstplebeian consul.
366 BC		The office ofPraetor, which took thejudiciary responsibilities of theconsul and could be held only by apatrician, was established.
351 BC		The firstplebeian dictator was elected.
351 BC		The firstplebeian censor was elected.
343 BC		Samnite Wars: Rome marched against theSamnites, probably after an appeal from theCampanians.
343 BC		Battle of Mount Gaurus: ASamnite force was routed by a Roman army nearMount Barbaro.
342 BC		TheLeges Genuciae were passed, banning a person from holding two offices at the same time, or during any ten-year period; charging interest on loans was also banned.
341 BC		Samnite Wars: TheSenate agreed a peace, following an appeal by theSamnite to a previous treaty of friendship.
340 BC		Latin War: TheLatin League invadedSamnium.
339 BC		A law was passed which required the election of at least oneplebeian censor every five years.
338 BC		Latin War: Rome defeated theLatin League armies.
337 BC		The firstplebeianPraetor was elected.
328 BC		Samnite Wars: Rome declared war on theSamnites after their failure to prevent their subjects raidingFregellae.
321 BC		Battle of the Caudine Forks: After being trapped in a mountain pass nearCaudium without a water supply, Roman forces were allowed to retreat by aSamnite army.
315 BC		Battle of Lautulae: A decisiveSamnite victory nearTerracina split Roman territory in two.
311 BC		Samnite Wars: TheEtruscans laid siege toSutri.
310 BC		Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC): Rome inflicted a substantial military defeat on theEtruscans atLake Vadimo
308 BC		Samnite Wars: TheUmbri,Picentes andMarsi joined theSamnites against Rome.
306 BC		TheHernici declared their independence from Rome.
304 BC		Rome conquered theAequi.
304 BC		Samnite Wars: The treaty of friendship between the Romans andSamnites was restored.

Year	Date	Event
300 BC		TheLex Ogulnia was passed, allowingplebeians to become priests.
298 BC		Samnite Wars: Rome declared war on theSamnites after an appeal by theLucani.
298 BC		Samnite Wars: Rome captured theSamnite cities ofBojano andCastel di Sangro.
297 BC		Battle of Tifernum: A Roman army defeated a numerically superiorSamnite force atCittà di Castello.
295 BC		Battle of Sentinum: A Roman army decisively defeated a numerically superior force ofSamnites,Etruscans,Umbri andSenones in coalition atSentinum. Theconsul Publius Decius Mus (consul 312 BC) was killed.
294 BC		Samnite Wars: Roman andSamnite forces battled atLucera.
293 BC		Battle of Aquilonia: A Roman army destroyed the majority ofSamnite forces, probably in modernAgnone.
293 BC		A census counted about 270,000 residents of Rome.
291 BC		Samnite Wars: Rome conquered and colonized theSamnite city ofVenosa.
290 BC		Samnite Wars: The last effectiveSamnite resistance was eliminated.
287 BC		Conflict of the Orders: Asecessio plebis took place.
287 BC		Conflict of the Orders: TheLex Hortensia was passed, made resolutions of thePlebeian Council (plebiscites) binding on all Romans, they formally only applied to plebeians.^[4]
283 BC		Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC): A Roman army defeated a combined force ofEtruscans,Boii andSenones nearLake Vadimo.
281 BC		Taranto appealed toEpirus for aid against Rome.
280 BC		Pyrrhic War: AnEpirote army of some 25,000 landed atTaranto.
280 BC	July	Battle of Heraclea: AGreek coalition force led by theEpirote kingPyrrhus of Epirus defeated a Roman army after their deployment of war elephants atHeraclea Lucania.
279 BC		Battle of Asculum: AGreek force led by theEpirote kingPyrrhus defeated a Roman army at modernAscoli Satriano, despite suffering heavy losses.
275 BC		Battle of Beneventum (275 BC): Roman andEpirote armies met in a bloody battle atBenevento.
272 BC		Pyrrhic War:Pyrrhus withdrew with his army toEpirus.
272 BC		Pyrrhic War:Taranto surrendered to Rome.
267 BC		The number ofquaestors was raised from four to ten.
264 BC		Battle of Messana: A Roman force defeated aCarthaginian andSiracusani garrison atMessina.
242 BC		The office of thepraetor qui inter peregrinos ius dicit, aPraetor with jurisdiction over foreigners, was created.
241 BC		First Punic War:Sicily was organized as theprovince ofSicilia.
238 BC		Mercenary War:Carthage surrendered its claims onSardinia andCorsica to Rome.
229 BC		Illyrian Wars: Rome invaded the territory of theArdiaei.
228 BC		Illyrian Wars: TheArdiaei surrendered some territory, including strategically significant ports, to Rome, ending the war.
225 BC		Battle of Telamon: A Roman army decisively defeated aGallic invasion near modernTalamone. Theconsul Gaius Atilius Regulus was killed.
219 BC		Illyrian Wars: Rome invadedHvar.
218 BC		Second Punic War: ACarthaginian army departedCartagena.
218 BC		Illyrian Wars:Demetrius of Pharos fled toMacedonia.
216 BC	2 August	Battle of Cannae: TheCarthaginian general Hannibal decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman force atCannae.
214 BC		First Macedonian War: AMacedonian fleet capturedOricum.
214 BC		Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC): Rome laid siege toSyracuse.
212 BC		Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC): Roman forces breached the inner citadel ofSyracuse and slaughtered its inhabitants.
205 BC		First Macedonian War: Rome andMacedonia signed theTreaty of Phoenice, according to which Macedonia renounced its alliance withCarthage in exchange for Roman recognition of its gains inIllyria.
204 BC		Second Punic War: Theconsul Scipio Africanus landed an invasion fleet atUtica.
202 BC	19 October	Battle of Zama: A Roman army decisively defeatedCarthage, probably near modernSakiet Sidi Youssef.
201 BC		Second Punic War:Carthage accepted Roman conditions for peace, including disarmament, a war indemnity of ten thousand talents, and the cession ofIberia, ending the war.

Year	Date	Event
200 BC		Second Macedonian War: A Roman fleet arrived inIllyria to relieve aMacedonian siege ofAbydos.
197 BC		Theprovinces ofHispania Ulterior andHispania Citerior were organized.
		The number ofquaestors was increased to twelve.
		The number ofPraetors was increased to six.
196 BC		Second Macedonian War:Macedonia surrendered its conquests in Greece and agreed to pay a war indemnity, ending the war.
192 BC		Roman–Seleucid War: TheSeleucid Empire invaded Greece.
188 BC		Roman–Seleucid War: TheSeleucid Empire signed theTreaty of Apamea, under which it surrendered all territory west of theTaurus Mountains to the Romanclients Rhodes andPergamon and agreed to disarm its navy and pay a war indemnity of fifteen thousand talents of silver to Rome.
180 BC		TheLex Villia annalis, which established minimum ages for high office and required a minimum of two years in private life between offices, was passed.
172 BC		Third Macedonian War: Rome declared war onMacedonia.
167 BC		Third Macedonian War: TheMacedonian king Perseus of Macedon was captured. Macedonia was divided into four districts subject to Rome.
155 BC		Lusitanian War: TheLusitanians ofHispania Ulterior rebelled against Rome.
150 BC		Fourth Macedonian War:Andriscus rebelled against Rome, claiming to bePerseus's son and the rightfulking ofMacedonia.
149 BC		Third Punic War: Rome declared war onCarthage.
149 BC		TheLex Calpurnia was passed, establishing aPraetor-led court to hear appeals against extortionate taxes levied by governors in theprovinces.
148 BC		Fourth Macedonian War:Andriscus was surrendered to Rome to be executed.
146 BC		Third Punic War: Roman forces breached the city ofCarthage, burned it, and enslaved its surviving inhabitants.
		Achaean War: Roman forces decisively defeated the armies of theAchaean League atCorinth.
		Theprovince ofMacedonia was organized.
		Theprovince ofAfrica was organized on capturedCarthaginian territory.
139 BC		Lusitanian War: TheLusitanian leaderViriatus was assassinated by his threeambassadors to RomeAudax, Ditalcus and Minurus.
139 BC		Lex Gabinia tabellaria: required a secret ballot in elections of all magistrates.
133 BC		TheTribune of the Plebs Tiberius Gracchus was beaten to death by a mob ofsenators led by thePontifex MaximusPublius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio (consul 138 BC).
121 BC		Theprovince ofGallia Narbonensis was organized.
121 BC		The firstSenatus consultum ultimum was passed, granting theconsul Lucius Opimius emergency powers to defeat the partisans ofGaius Gracchus.
112 BC		Jugurthine War: Rome declared war onNumidia.
107 BC		Gaius Marius was electedconsul.
106 BC		Marius was reelectedconsul.
106 BC		Jugurthine War: TheNumidian kingJugurtha was imprisoned in theMamertine Prison.
105 BC	6 October	Battle of Arausio: A coalition of theCimbri andTeutons inflicted a serious defeat on the Roman army at modernOrange. Some hundred thousand Roman soldiers were killed.
104 BC		Marius was electedconsul for the first of three years in a row.
102 BC		Battle of Aquae Sextiae: Rome decisively defeated the forces of theTeutons andAmbrones and killed some ninety thousand soldiers and civilians.
101 BC		Battle of Vercellae: An invasion of Italy by theCimbri was decisively defeated by a numerically inferior Roman force. Some hundred thousand Cimbri soldiers and civilians were killed along with their kingBoiorix.

Year	Date	Event
100 BC	12-13 July	Julius Caesar was born
100 BC		Marius was electedconsul.
100 BC	10 December	Assassins hired byLucius Appuleius Saturninus andGaius Servilius Glaucia beat to deathGaius Memmius, a candidate for theconsulship.
91 BC		Social War (91–87 BC): The Romanclients in Italy theMarsi, thePaeligni, theVestini, theMarrucini, thePicentes, theFrentani, theHirpini, theIapyges,Pompeii,Venosa,Lucania andSamnium rebelled against Rome.
88 BC		Sulla's march on Rome: Theconsul Sulla led an army of his partisans across thepomerium intoRome.
88 BC		Social War (91–89 BC): The war ended.
87 BC		First Mithridatic War: Roman forces landed atEpirus.
85 BC		First Mithridatic War: A peace was agreed between Rome andPontus under which the latter returned to its pre-war borders.
83 BC		Sulla's civil war:Sulla landed with an army atBrindisi.
83 BC		Second Mithridatic War: The Roman generalLucius Licinius Murena invadedPontus.
82 BC		Sulla's civil war:Sulla was declareddictator.
81 BC		Second Mithridatic War:Murena withdrew fromPontus.
81 BC		Sulla resignsdictatorship after enacting numerous reforms in the same year.
80 BC		Finalconsulship ofSulla, he leaves Rome once the year is over.
80 BC		Sertorian War:Quintus Sertorius landed on theIberian Peninsula in support of aLusitanian rebellion.
73 BC		Third Mithridatic War:Pontus invadedBithynia.
73 BC		Third Servile War: Some seventygladiators, slaves ofLentulus Batiatus inCapua, made a violent escape.
72 BC		Sertorian War:Marcus Perpenna Vento, by now the leader of the Romans in revolt inIberia, was executed by the generalPompey.
71 BC		Third Servile War: The slaves in rebellion were decisively defeated by Roman forces nearPetelia. Their leaderSpartacus was killed.
66 BC		The last of theCilician pirates were wiped out byPompey.
63 BC		Third Mithridatic War: Defeated, thePontic kingMithridates VI of Pontus ordered his friend and bodyguard to kill him.
		Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC):Pompey conqueredJerusalem and entered theHoly of Holies of theSecond Temple.
		Cicero was electedconsul.
		Second Catilinarian conspiracy: A conspiracy led by thesenator Catiline to overthrow the Republic was exposed before the Senate. The five conspirators present were summarily executed in theMamertine Prison.
60 BC		Pompey joined a political alliance, the so-calledFirst Triumvirate, with theconsul Julius Caesar and thecensor Marcus Licinius Crassus.
59 BC		Consulship ofJulius Caesar.
58 BC		Gallic Wars: Roman forces barred the westwardmigration of the Helvetii across theRhône.
55 BC		1st Invasion of Britain: Julius Caesar's first invasion of Britain.
54 BC		2nd Invasion of Britain: Julius Caesar's second invasion of Britain.
53 BC	6 May	Battle of Carrhae: AParthian army decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman invasion force nearHarran.Crassus was killed.
50 BC		Gallic Wars: The lastGaulish rebels were defeated.
49 BC	10 January	Caesar's Civil War:Julius Caesar illegally crossed theRubicon into Italy with his army.
48 BC	4 January	Caesar's Civil War:Caesar landed atDurrës in pursuit ofPompey and his partisans theoptimates.
46 BC	November	Caesar left Africa forIberia in pursuit ofPompey's sonsGnaeus Pompeius andSextus Pompey.
44 BC	15 March	Assassination of Julius Caesar:Caesar was assassinated in theTheatre of Pompey by a conspiracy ofsenators.
43 BC	27 November	TheLex Titia was passed, granting theSecond Triumvirate ofOctavian (later known asAugustus),Mark Antony andMarcus Aemilius Lepidus the power to make and annul laws and appoint magistrates.
42 BC		Liberators' civil war:Augustus andAntony led some thirtylegions to northern Greece in pursuit ofCaesar's assassinsMarcus Junius Brutus the Younger andGaius Cassius Longinus.
42 BC	23 October	Liberators' civil war: Brutus committed suicide after being defeated in battle.
39 BC		Augustus marriesLivia Drusilla, biological mother ofTiberius makingTiberius the step-son ofAugustus.
33 BC		Antony's Parthian War: A campaign led byAntony against theParthian Empire ended in failure.
33 BC		TheSecond Triumvirate expired.
31 BC	2 September	Battle of Actium: Forces loyal toAugustus defeatedAntony and his loverCleopatra,queen ofEgypt, in a naval battle nearActium.
30 BC	1 August	Final War of the Roman Republic:Antony's forces defected toAugustus. He committed suicide.
	30 August	Cleopatra committed suicide, probably in Roman custody and by snakebite.
		Theprovince ofEgypt was organized.Augustus took the titlepharaoh.
29 BC		Moesia was annexed to Rome.
29 BC		Cantabrian Wars: Rome deployed some eighty thousand soldiers against theCantabri inIberia.
27 BC	16 January	TheSenate grantedAugustus the titlesaugustus, majestic, andprinceps, first.
25 BC		Augustus indicated his nephewMarcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty) as his chosen successor by marrying him to his only daughterJulia the Elder.
25 BC		The Romanclient Amyntas of Galatia died.Augustus organized his territory as theprovince ofGalatia.
24 BC		Augustus' campaigns against the Cantabrians inHispania Tarraconensis, theCantabrian Wars, ended.
23 BC		Coinage reform of Augustus:Augustus centralized the minting of and reformed the composition and value of the Roman currency.
23 BC		Marcellus died.
21 BC		Augustus marriedJulia to hisgeneral Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa.
19 BC		Cantabrian Wars: The last major combat operations ended. TheCantabri andAstures werepacified.
17 BC		Augustus adopted the sons ofAgrippa andJulia, his grandsonsGaius Caesar andLucius Caesar, as his own sons.
16 BC		Raetia andNoricum were conquered and annexed to Rome.
12 BC		Germanic Wars: Roman forces crossed theRhine intoGermania.
12 BC		Agrippa died of fever.
11 BC		Augustus marriedJulia to hisgeneral and stepsonTiberius.
9 BC		The Romangeneral Nero Claudius Drusus died from injuries sustained falling from a horse.
9 BC		Pannonia was annexed and incorporated intoIllyricum.
6 BC		Augustus offeredTiberius tribunician power andimperium over the eastern half of the Empire. Tiberius refused, announcing his retirement toRhodes.
2 BC		Augustus was acclaimedPater Patriae, father of the country, by theSenate.^[5]
2 BC		Augustus convictedJulia of adultery and treason, annulled her marriage toTiberius, and exiled her with her motherScribonia toVentotene.

Year	Date	Event
	20 August	Lucius Caesar died of a sudden illness.
		Augustus allowedTiberius to return toRome as a private citizen.
	21 February	Gaius Caesar died inLycia from wounds suffered in battle.
		Augustus adoptedTiberius as his son and granted himtribunician power.
		Augustus deposedHerod Archelaus,ethnarch inSamaria,Judea and Idumea, and organized theprovince ofJudea on his territories.
		Bellum Batonianum: The Daesitiates, anIllyrian people, rose up against Roman authority inIllyricum.
		Bellum Batonianum: The Daesitiatechieftain Bato (Daesitiate chieftain) surrendered to Roman forces.
	September	Battle of the Teutoburg Forest: A coalition ofGermanic forces ambushed and destroyed three Romanlegions in theTeutoburg Forest.Publius Quinctilius Varus, the commander of Roman forces inGermania, committed suicide.
AD 10		Tiberius assumed command of Roman forces inGermania.
AD 10		Illyricum was divided into theprovinces ofPannonia andDalmatia.
AD 13		Tiberius was granted power equal toAugustus as co-princeps.
AD 14	19 August	Augustus died.
		Germanicus, son ofNero Claudius Drusus and adoptive son ofTiberius, was appointed commander of Roman forces inGermania.
		Germanicus andTiberius's natural sonDrusus Julius Caesar were sent to suppress mutinies inGermania andPannonia, respectively.
AD 15		Lucius Seius Strabo was appointedgovernor ofEgypt. His sonSejanus remained as the soleprefect of thePraetorian Guard.
AD 16		Battle of the Weser River: A Roman army led byGermanicus decisively defeated aGermanic force on theWeser.
AD 17		Archelaus of Cappadocia,king inCappadocia and a Romanclient, died.Tiberius annexed his territory, organizing it as theprovince ofCappadocia.
AD 17		Antiochus III of Commagene, king ofCommagene and a Romanclient, died.Tiberius annexed his territory to theprovince ofSyria.
AD 18		Tiberius grantedGermanicusimperium over the eastern half of the Empire.
AD 19	10 October	Germanicus died inAntioch, possibly after being poisoned onTiberius's orders.
AD 22		Tiberius grantedDrusus Julius Caesar tribunician power, marking him as his choice as successor.
AD 23	14 September	Drusus Julius Caesar died, possibly after being poisoned bySejanus or his wifeLivilla.
AD 26		Tiberius retired toCapri, leavingSejanus in control of Rome through his office.
AD 28		TheFrisii hanged their Roman tax collectors and expelled the governor.
AD 29		Livia,Augustus's widow andTiberius's mother, died.
AD 31	18 October	Sejanus was executed onTiberius's orders.
AD 31		Tiberius invitedGermanicus's sonCaligula to join him onCapri.
AD 37	16 March	Tiberius died. His will left his offices jointly toCaligula andDrusus Julius Caesar's son, his grandsonTiberius Gemellus.
AD 38		Tiberius Gemellus was murdered onCaligula's orders.
AD 40		Ptolemy of Mauretania,king ofMauretania and a Romanclient, was murdered onCaligula's orders during a state visit toRome. His slaveAedemon rose in revolt against Roman rule.
AD 41		Thegeneral Gaius Suetonius Paulinus was appointed to suppress the rebellion inMauretania.
	24 January	Caligula was assassinated by thecenturion Cassius Chaerea.
	24 January	ThePraetorian Guard acclaimedNero Claudius Drusus's sonClaudiusprinceps.
		Claudius restored theJudean monarchy underking Herod Agrippa.
AD 42		The territory of the formerMauretania was organized into theprovinces ofMauretania Caesariensis andMauretania Tingitana.
AD 43		Roman conquest of Britain: Thesenator Aulus Plautius led fourlegions intoGreat Britain in support ofking Verica of theAtrebates.
AD 43		Claudius annexedLycia into the Empire as aprovince.
AD 46		TheOdrysian king Rhoemetalces III, a Romanclient, was killed by anti-Roman insurgents.
AD 46		Odrysia was incorporated into the Empire as theprovince ofThracia.
AD 48		Claudius's wifeMessalina was executed for conspiracy.
AD 48		Claudius appointedHerod Agrippa's sonHerod Agrippa II king ofJudea.
AD 49		Claudius married his niece,Germanicus's daughterAgrippina the Younger.
AD 50		Claudius adoptedAgrippina's sonNero as his own son.
AD 54	13 October	Claudius died.Nero succeeded him asprinceps.
AD 55	11 February	Claudius's young natural sonBritannicus died, probably by poison.
AD 58		Roman–Parthian War of 58–63: Roman forces attackedArmenia in support of their preferredking Tigranes VI of Armenia against theParthian candidateTiridates I of Armenia.
AD 59	23 March	Agrippina died, probably murdered by her sonNero.
AD 60		Boudica, aqueen of theIceni, was appointed to lead a revolt of the Iceni and theTrinovantes against Rome.
AD 61		Battle of Watling Street: Some eighty thousand soldiers and civilians among theIceni andTrinovantes were killed, probably in the modernWest Midlands, endingBoudica's revolt.
AD 63		Roman–Parthian War of 58–63: The Roman andParthian Empires agreed thatTiridates and his descendants would remainkings ofArmenia as Romanclients, ending the war.
AD 64	18 July	Great Fire of Rome: A fire began which would cause massive property damage and loss of life over six days inRome.
AD 64		Nero began construction of his large and extravagant villa theDomus Aurea.
AD 65	19 April	Pisonian conspiracy:Nero was informed of a broad conspiracy to assassinate him and appoint thesenator Gaius Calpurnius Piso leader of Rome.
AD 66		First Jewish–Roman War: TheJewish population ofJudea revolted against Roman rule.
AD 68	9 June	Nero, then in hiding in the villa of thefreedman Phaon, was notified that theSenate had declared him an enemy of the state and ordered him brought to theForum to be publicly beaten to death. He ordered his secretaryEpaphroditus to kill him.
	9 June	TheSenate acceptedGalba,governor ofHispania Tarraconensis, as ruler of Rome.
		Zealot Temple Siege: The forces ofAnanus ben Ananus, theJewish formerHigh Priest of Israel, laid siege to theZealots in theSecond Temple.
AD 69	15 January	ThePraetorian Guard assassinatedGalba and acclaimedOtho ruler of Rome.
	16 April	Following his defeat byVitellius, the commander of the Roman army on the lowerRhine, near modernCalvatone, and to prevent further civil war,Otho committed suicide.
		Revolt of the Batavi:Gaius Julius Civilis, commander of theBatavi auxiliaries in theRhine legions, turned against Rome.
	December	TheSenate recognizedVespasian, the commander of Roman forces inEgypt andJudea, as ruler of Rome.
	22 December	Vitellius was executed inRome by troops loyal toVespasian.
AD 70		Revolt of the Batavi: Following a series of battlefield reversals,Civilis accepted peace terms from the Romangeneral Quintus Petillius Cerialis.
AD 70	September	Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE): The Romangeneral Titus breached the walls ofJerusalem, sacked the city and destroyed theSecond Temple.
AD 71		Roman conquest of Britain: Roman forces entered modernScotland.
AD 73	16 April	Siege of Masada: Roman forces breached the walls ofMasada, a mountain fortress held by theJewish extremist sect theSicarii.
AD 77		Gnaeus Julius Agricola was appointedconsul andgovernor ofBritain.
AD 79	23 June	Vespasian died. He was succeeded by his sonTitus.
AD 79	24 August	Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79:Mount Vesuvius erupted, destroying the cities ofPompeii andHerculaneum.
AD 80		Rome was partially destroyed by fire.
AD 80	March	TheColosseum was completed.
AD 81	13 September	Titus died of fever. He was succeeded by his younger brotherDomitian.
AD 85		Agricola was recalled toRome.
AD 86		Domitian's Dacian War: TheDacian king Decebalus invadedMoesia.
AD 88		Domitian's Dacian War:Decebalus agreed to return all Roman prisoners of war and accept his status as a Romanclient in exchange for an annual subsidy of eight millionsestertii, ending the war.
AD 89	1 January	Lucius Antonius Saturninus,governor ofGermania Superior, revolted againstDomitian's rule.
AD 89		Saturninus was executed.
AD 96	18 September	Domitian was assassinated by members of the royal household.Nerva was declared ruler of Rome by theSenate.
AD 97		Nerva adopted thegeneral and formerconsul Trajan as his son.
AD 98	27 January	Nerva died and was succeeded byTrajan.

Year	Date	Event
112		Trajan's Forum was inaugurated.
113		Roman–Parthian Wars:Trajan launched an expedition againstParthia.
113		Trajan's Column was erected inTrajan's Forum to commemorate the victory overDacia.
114		Trajan deposed theArmenian king Parthamasiris of Armenia, a Romanclient, and organized theprovince ofArmenia on his territory.
115		Diaspora Revolt: TheJews inCyrene rose up against Roman authority.
116		Theprovinces ofMesopotamia andAssyria were organized on territory conquered fromParthia.
		Diaspora Revolt: TheJews of Egypt revolt
		Trajan captured theParthian capitalCtesiphon and deposed itsshah Osroes I in favor of his sonParthamaspates of Parthia.
117		Kitos War: Roman forces captured the rebel stronghold ofLod and executed many of its inhabitants.
		Diaspora Revolt: Roman forces suppressed the Jewish revolt in Egypt,Cyrenaica andCyprus, resulting in the near-total elimination and expulsion of Jews from these regions.^[6]
	8 August	Trajan died.
	10 August	TheSenate accepted thegeneral Hadrian as ruler of Rome, following the appearance of documents indicating he had been adopted byTrajan.
		Osroes I deposed his sonParthamaspates of Parthia and replaced him asshah ofParthia.
118		Hadrian withdrew from the territories ofArmenia,Assyria andMesopotamia, allowing the return of their respectiveclient monarchies.
119		A rebellion took place inBritain which was suppressed byQuintus Pompeius Falco.
122		The construction ofHadrian's Wall at the northern border ofBritain began.
123		Hadrian arrived inMauretania to suppress a local revolt.
124		Hadrian travelled toGreece.
126		Hadrian returned toRome.
126		The rebuiltPantheon was dedicated toAgrippa, its original builder.
132		Bar Kokhba revolt:Simon bar Kokhba, believed by his followers to be theMessiah, launched a revolt against the Romans and established an independent Jewish state inJudaea, which he governed asnasi.^[7]
135		Bar Kokhba revolt: the revolt is suppressed using substantial military force, culminating in the defeat and death of its leader during the siege ofBetar, as well as heavy Roman losses.^[8] The suppression caused widespread devastation across Judaea, resulting in extensive destruction, significant loss of life, mass displacement, and enslavement, which substantially reduced the Jewish population. Following the revolt, the province was renamedSyria Palaestina.^[9]
136		Hadrian adoptedLucius Aelius as his son and successor.
138	1 January	Lucius Aelius died.
	25 February	Hadrian adoptedAntoninus Pius as his son and successor and granted himtribunician power andimperium, on the condition that he in turn adoptMarcus Aurelius andLucius Verus as his sons.
	10 July	Hadrian died, probably from congestive heart failure.
	11 July	Antoninus succeededHadrian.
141		Roman conquest of Britain: Roman forces invaded modernScotland under the command of theBritish governor Quintus Lollius Urbicus.
142		The construction of theAntonine Wall at the northern border ofBritain began.
161	7 March	Antoninus died. He was succeeded byMarcus andLucius Verus.
161		Roman–Parthian War of 161–166: TheParthian Empire deposed theArmenian king Sohaemus of Armenia, a Roman client, and installedBakur.
165		Antonine Plague: A pandemic, probably of smallpox or measles, began which would kill some five million people throughout the Roman Empire.
166		Roman–Parthian War of 161–166: Roman forces sacked theParthian capitalCtesiphon.
169		Lucius Verus died of disease, leavingMarcus the sole ruler of Rome.
169		Marcomannic Wars: A coalition ofGermanic tribes led by theMarcomanni invaded the Roman Empire across theDanube.
175		Marcomannic Wars: Rome and theIazyges signed a treaty under which the latter agreed to return Roman prisoners of war and supply troops to theAuxilia, ending the war.
177		Marcus named his natural sonCommodus co-ruler with himself.
180	17 March	Marcus died.
180		Antonine Plague: The pandemic ended.
184		TheAntonine Wall was abandoned by Roman forces.
192	31 December	Commodus was strangled to death.
193	1 January	ThePraetorian Guard acclaimed theconsul Pertinax ruler of Rome at theCastra Praetoria.
	28 March	Pertinax was assassinated by thePraetorian Guard.
	28 March	ThePraetorian Guard acclaimed the formerconsul Didius Julianus, who had provided the highest bid, ruler of Rome.
	9 April	Pescennius Niger, thelegatus Augusti pro praetore ofSyria Palaestina, was proclaimed ruler of Rome by hislegions.
	14 April	TheLegio XIV Gemina acclaimed its commanderSeptimius Severus ruler of Rome atCarnuntum.
	May	TheSenate recognizedSeptimius Severus as ruler of Rome and sentencedJulianus to death.
194		Battle of Issus (194):Niger's forces were decisively defeated by the armies ofSeptimius Severus atIssus.
196		Clodius Albinus, the commander of Roman troops inBritain andIberia, took the titleImperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus.
197	19 February	Battle of Lugdunum:Septimius Severus andAlbinus met in battle atLugdunum.
	19 February	Albinus committed suicide or was killed.
		Roman–Parthian Wars:Septimius Severus sacked theParthian capitalCtesiphon.
198		Septimius Severus appointed his eldest natural sonCaracalla co-ruler with himself.

Year	Date	Event
208		Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210:Septimius Severus invaded modernScotland.
209		Septimius Severus named his youngest natural sonPublius Septimius Geta co-ruler with himself andCaracalla.
211	4 February	Septimius Severus died.
		Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210:Caracalla ended the campaign.
	26 December	Geta was murdered in his mother's arms by members of thePraetorian Guard loyal toCaracalla.
212		Constitutio Antoniniana was an edict issued byCaracalla declaring that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and that all free women in the Empire were to be given the same rights as Roman women.
217	8 April	Caracalla was assassinated by a member of his bodyguard.
217	8 April	ThePraetorian Guard acclaimed theirprefect Macrinus ruler of Rome.
218	8 June	Macrinus was captured and executed by an army loyal toElagabalus, supposedly the illegitimate son ofCaracalla.
222	11 March	Elagabalus was assassinated by thePraetorian Guard, which installed his young cousinSeverus Alexander as ruler of Rome.
230		Roman–Persian Wars: TheSasanian shah Ardashir I invadedMesopotamia and Syria.
232		Roman–Persian Wars:Alexander repelled theSasanian invasion.
235	19 March	Alexander was killed in a mutiny of theLegio XXII Primigenia atMainz.
235	20 March	The army electedMaximinus Thrax, commander of theLegio IV Italica, ruler of Rome.
238	22 March	Gordian I,governor ofAfrica, accepted the rule of Rome at the urging of rebels in hisprovince. He appointed his sonGordian II to rule jointly with him.
	2 April	TheSenate acceptedGordian I andGordian II as rulers of Rome.
		Battle of Carthage (238): Forces loyal toGordian I andGordian II were defeated by the army ofCapelianus, thegovernor ofNumidia, who claimed fealty toMaximinus. Gordian II was killed. Gordian I committed suicide.
	22 April	TheSenate elected two senators,Pupienus andBalbinus, as joint rulers of the Empire.
	22 April	Facing popular opposition toPupienus andBalbinus, theSenate gaveGordian I's young grandsonGordian III the titleCaesar.
	May	Maximinus was murdered with his son during a mutiny of theLegio II Parthica atAquileia.
	29 July	Pupienus andBalbinus were tortured and murdered by thePraetorian Guard in their barracks.
243		Battle of Resaena: Roman forces defeated theSasanian Empire atResaena.
244		Battle of Misiche: TheSasanian Empire decisively defeated a Roman force at Misiche, near modernFallujah.Gordian III was killed, probably by a fellow Roman. He was succeeded byPhilip the Arab, theprefect of thePraetorian Guard, who was forced to cedeMesopotamia andArmenia to the Sasanian Empire.
249		Phillip was killed atVerona in battle withDecius, commander of Roman forces in Pannonia andMoesia.
251		Decius appointed his natural sonHerennius Etruscus co-ruler of Rome jointly with himself.
		Battle of Abritus: Roman forces were dealt a bloody defeat by theGoths near modernRazgrad.Decius andHerennius were killed.
		The armies of theDanube region acclaimed their commanderTrebonianus Gallus ruler of Rome.
		TheSenate recognizedDecius's sonHostilian as ruler of Rome.Gallus adoptedHostilian as his son.
		Plague of Cyprian:Hostilian died, probably of plague.
		Gallus appointed his natural sonVolusianus co-ruler jointly with himself.
253		Battle of Barbalissos: ASasanian force destroyed a Roman army atBarbalissos.
	August	Gallus andVolusianus were killed in a mutiny atTerni. The army acclaimedAemilianus,governor of Pannonia andMoesia, ruler of Rome.
		Aemilianus was killed by his own soldiers in the face of the army of thegeneral Valerian (emperor).
	22 October	Valerian gave his sonGallienus the titleCaesar.
256		TheSasanian Empire conquered and sackedAntioch.
257		Valerian reconqueredAntioch.
258		TheGoths invadedAsia Minor.
260		Death ofDacian kingRegalianus that became Roman emperor for a brief period.
260		Valerian was taken prisoner by theSasanian Empire during truce negotiations.
260	September	Thegeneral Postumus was declared ruler of Rome in theGallic Empire.
264		Valerian died in captivity.
267		Odaenathus, theking ofPalmyra and a Romanclient, was assassinated. His widowZenobia took power asregent for their sonVaballathus.
268		Gallienus was murdered by his soldiers during a siege ofPontirolo Nuovo.
268	September	Thegeneral Claudius Gothicus was declared ruler of Rome by his soldiers.
269		Postumus was killed by his soldiers, who in turn acclaimed one of their own,Marcus Aurelius Marius,emperor of theGallic Empire.
		Marius was murdered byVictorinus, formerlyprefect ofPostumus's Praetorian Guard, who replaced him asemperor of theGallic Empire.
		Zenobia conqueredEgypt.
		Battle of Naissus: Roman forces decisively defeated theGoths at modernNiš, stalling an invasion of theBalkans.
270	January	Claudius Gothicus died. He was succeeded by his brotherQuintillus.
	April	Quintillus died atAquileia.
	September	Aurelian became ruler of Rome.
271		Battle of Fano: A Roman force defeated theJuthungi on theMetauro.
		Victorinus was murdered by an officer he had cuckolded.
		Tetricus I,praeses ofGallia Aquitania was acclaimedemperor of theGallic Empire. He appointed his natural sonTetricus II to rule jointly with him.
272		Zenobia was arresteden route to refuge in theSasanian Empire.
273		Palmyra rebelled against Roman authority and was destroyed.
274		Battle of Châlons (274):Aurelian defeated the forces ofTetricus I andTetricus II at modernChâlons-en-Champagne.
275	September	Aurelian was murdered by thePraetorian Guard.
275	25 September	TheSenate electedTacitus (emperor) ruler of Rome.
276	June	Tacitus died.
		Marcus Aurelius Probus, commander of Roman forces in the east andTacitus's half-brother, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his troops.
		Florianus,prefect of thePraetorian Guard and commander of Roman forces in the west, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his troops.
	September	Florianus was assassinated nearTarsus by his troops following a defeat at the hands ofProbus.
279		Probus launched a campaign against theVandals inIllyricum.
282		ThePraetorian Guard elected theirprefect Carus ruler of Rome.
		Probus was assassinated.
		Carus gave his sonsCarinus andNumerian the titleCaesar.
283		Carus died.
284		Numerian died.
284	20 November	Roman forces in the east elected theconsul Diocletian their ruler and proclaimed himaugustus.
285	July	Battle of the Margus: Forces loyal toDiocletian defeatedCarinus in battle on theMorava. Carinus was killed.
285	July	Diocletian gaveMaximian the titleCaesar.
286		Carausian Revolt: The naval commanderCarausius declared himselfemperor inBritain and northernGaul.
286	2 April	Diocletian proclaimedMaximianaugustus of thewest, ruling himself asaugustus of the east.
293		Diocletian established theTetrarchy, appointingConstantius Chlorus to hold the office ofCaesar underMaximian in thewest andGalerius to hold the title under himself in the east.
		Carausian Revolt:Constantius Chlorus conqueredCarausius's Gallic territories.
		Carausius was murdered by his finance ministerAllectus, who replaced him asemperor inBritain.
296		Carausian Revolt:Allectus was defeated in battle and killed atCalleva Atrebatum.

Year	Date	Event
301		Diocletian issued theEdict on Maximum Prices, reforming the currency and setting price ceilings on a number of goods.
303	24 February	Diocletianic Persecution:Diocletian issued his first edict againstChristians, calling for the destruction of Christian holy books and places of worship and stripping Christians of their government positions and political rights.
305	1 May	Diocletian andMaximian abdicated.Constantius andGalerius were elevated toaugusti in thewest and east. Galerius appointedFlavius Valerius Severus Caesar in the west andMaximinus II Caesar in the east.
306	25 July	Constantius died atEboracum. By his dying wish, his troops acclaimed his sonConstantine the Greataugustus.
		Galerius recognizedFlavius Valerius Severus asaugustus in thewest and grantedConstantine the Great the lesser title ofCaesar, which he accepted.
		Civil wars of the Tetrarchy: Rioters inRome acclaimedMaximian's sonMaxentius ruler of Rome. He took the titleprinceps invictus, undefeated prince.
		Maxentius invitedMaximian to reclaim the titleaugustus.
307		Civil wars of the Tetrarchy:Flavius Valerius Severus surrendered toMaximian atRavenna.
307		Civil wars of the Tetrarchy:Galerius laid siege toRome. Many of his soldiers defected toMaxentius and he was forced to flee.
308		Civil wars of the Tetrarchy: After a failedcoup against his sonMaxentius,Maximian was forced to flee toConstantine's court.
308	11 November	Maximian resigned asaugustus.Galerius appointedLiciniusaugustus of thewest and confirmed his recognition ofConstantine the Great asCaesar of the west.
310	July	Civil wars of the Tetrarchy:Maximian was forced to commit suicide following a failedcoup againstConstantine the Great.
311	May	Galerius died.Licinius andMaximinus agreed to divide the eastern Empire between themselves.
		Civil wars of the Tetrarchy:Constantine the Great concluded an alliance withLicinius, offering his half-sisterFlavia Julia Constantia to him in marriage.
		Civil wars of the Tetrarchy:Maximinus entered a secret alliance withMaxentius.
	3 December	Diocletian died, possibly from suicide.
312	28 October	Battle of the Milvian Bridge:Constantine the Great had a vision of thecross appearing over the sun at thePonte Milvio with the words "in this sign, conquer." His forces defeated and killedMaxentius.
313	February	Constantine the Great andLicinius issued theEdict of Milan, providing for restitution toChristians injured during the persecutions.
	March	Licinius marriedConstantia.
	30 April	Battle of Tzirallum:Licinius defeated a vastly numerically superior force loyal toMaximinus at modernÇorlu. Maximinus fled toNicomedia.
	August	Maximinus died atTarsus.
314	8 October	Battle of Cibalae:Constantine the Great dealt a bloody defeat toLicinius's forces at modernVinkovci.
317		Battle of Mardia: After a bloody battle, probably at modernHarmanli,Licinius retreated from contact withConstantine the Great.
317	1 March	Licinius recognizedConstantine the Great as his superior, ceded all his territories outside ofThrace, and agreed to depose and executeValerius Valens, whom he had raised toaugustus.
324	3 July	Battle of Adrianople (324):Licinius suffered a bloody defeat at the hands ofConstantine the Great on theMaritsa.
324	18 September	Battle of Chrysopolis:Constantine the Great dealt a decisive defeat to the remnants ofLicinius's army. Licinius surrendered.
325	20 May	First Council of Nicaea: Anecumenical council called byConstantine the Great atNicaea opened which would establish theNicene Creed, assertingJesus to be equal to and of the same substance asGod the Father.
325		Licinius was executed.
326		Constantine the Great ordered the death of his oldest sonCrispus.
330	11 May	Constantine the Great moved his capital toByzantium and renamed the cityConstantinople, city of Constantine.
332		Constantine the Great campaigned against theGoths.
334		Constantine the Great campaigned against theSarmatians.
337		Roman–Persian Wars: TheSasanian shah Shapur II invadedArmenia andMesopotamia.
	22 May	Constantine the Great died.
	9 September	Constantine the Great's three sons declared themselvesaugusti and divided their father's empire into three parts, withConstantine II (emperor) receivingBritain,Iberia,Gaul andIllyria,Constantius II Asia,Syria Palaestina andEgypt, andConstans Italy andAfrica. The young Constans was placed under Constantine II's guardianship.
338		Constantine II campaigned against theAlemanni.
338		Constantine II grantedIllyria to his brotherConstans.
340		Constantine II invadedItaly. He was ambushed and slain atAquileia byConstans, who inherited his territory.
341		Constans andConstantius II issued a ban against pagan sacrifice.
344		Siege of Singara:Sasanian forces failed to capture the Roman fortress ofSingara.
350	18 January	Magnentius, commander of theJovians and Herculians, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by hislegions.
		Constans was killed inElne by followers ofMagnentius.
	3 June	Constantius Chlorus's grandsonNepotianus enteredRome with a band ofgladiators and there declared himselfimperator.
	30 June	Marcellinus (magister officiorum), one ofMagnentius's generals, enteredRome and executedNepotianus.
351	15 March	Constantius II granted his cousinConstantius Gallus the titleCaesar.
351	28 September	Battle of Mursa Major:Constantius II defeatedMagnentius in a bloody battle in the valley of theDrava.
353		Battle of Mons Seleucus:Constantius II dealtMagnentius a decisive defeat at modernLa Bâtie-Montsaléon. Magnentius committed suicide.
354		Gallus was put to death.
355	6 November	Constantius II declaredJulian (emperor)Caesar and granted him command inGaul.
357		Battle of Strasbourg:Julian defeated a vastly superiorAlemanni force nearArgentoratum, solidifying Roman control west of theRhine.
360	February	ThePetulantes, ordered east fromParis in preparation for a war with theSasanian Empire, instead mutinied and proclaimedJulianaugustus.
361	3 November	Constantius II namedJulian as his successor before dying of fever.
363	5 March	Julian's Persian War: Roman forces embarked fromAntioch on a punitive expedition against theSasanian Empire.
	26 June	Battle of Samarra:Sasanian forces harassed a Roman army in retreat atSamarra from a failed siege of their capitalCtesiphon.Julian was killed.
	27 June	Julian's army declared one of their generals,Jovian (emperor),augustus.
	July	Julian's Persian War:Jovian agreed to cede the fiveprovinces east of theTigris to theSasanian Empire, ending the war.
364	17 February	Jovian died.
	26 February	The army acclaimed thegeneral Valentinian I the Greataugustus.
	28 March	Valentinian the Great appointed his younger brotherValensaugustus with rule over the eastern Empire, and continued asaugustus in thewest.
375	17 November	Valentinian the Great died of a stroke. His sonGratian, then junioraugustus in thewest, succeeded him as senioraugustus.
375	22 November	The army acclaimedValentinian the Great's young sonValentinian IIaugustus of thewest.
376		FleeingHunnic aggression, theGoths, under the leadership of theThervingi chieftain Fritigern, crossed theDanube and entered the eastern Empire as political refugees.
376		Gothic War (376–382): Following the deaths of several Roman soldiers during civil unrest inThrace, the officerLupicinus arrestedFritigern and theGreuthungi chieftain Alatheus.
378	9 August	Battle of Adrianople: A combinedGothic-Alanic force decisively defeated the Roman army nearEdirne.Valens was killed.
379	19 January	Gratian named thegeneral Theodosius I the Greataugustus in the east.
380	27 February	Theodosius the Great issued theEdict of Thessalonica, makingChristianity thestate church of the Roman Empire.
382	3 October	Gothic War (376–382): TheGoths were madefoederati of Rome and granted land and autonomy inThrace, ending the war.
383	25 August	Gratian was delivered by mutineers to theMagister equitumAndragathius and executed.
392	15 May	Valentinian II was found hanged in his residence. He may have been murdered by his guardian, theFrankish general Arbogast.
392	22 August	Arbogast declaredEugeniusaugustus and ruler in thewest.
393	23 January	Theodosius the Great appointed his younger sonHonorius (emperor)augustus in thewest.
394	6 September	Battle of the Frigidus: Forces loyal toTheodosius the Great defeated and killedArbogast andEugenius, probably near theVipava.
395	17 January	Theodosius the Great died. His elder sonArcadius succeeded him asaugustus in the easternByzantine Empire. The youngHonorius became soleaugustus in theWestern Roman Empire under the regency ofMagister militumStilicho.
398		Gildonic War:Gildo,comes ofAfrica, was killed following a failed rebellion against theWestern Roman Empire.

Year	Date	Event
717		Siege of Constantinople (717–718): TheUmayyad Caliphate besieges the city of Constantinople.
718	15 August	Siege of Constantinople (717–718): The Umayyad Caliphate lifts the siege of Constantinople due to Famine, Disease and an unusually hard winter.
730		BasileusLeo III the Isaurian promulgated an edict forbidding the veneration of religious images, beginning the firstByzantine Iconoclasm.
787	23 October	Second Council of Nicaea: Anecumenical council inNicaea ended which endorsed the veneration of images, ending the firstByzantine Iconoclasm.

Year	Date	Event
1118	15 August	Reign ofJohn II begins: Being considered the greatestKomnenoi emperor, he starts extensive damage control.
1122		Battle of Beroia: A Byzantine army wiped out thePechenegs atStara Zagora.
1124		War withVenice begins: Over the non-renewal of trading privileges by John II Komnenos.
1126		The war with Venice ends in defeat: The Venetian fleet ravaged the coasts of Greece, forcing the emperor to back down.
1127		Hungarians invade the Empire: Invaders go far south as Philippolis.
1129		Invading Hungarins are repelled
1136		John II launches his first serious campaign in the east.
1137		John II conquers theArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
1139		John II vassalizes thePrincipality of Antioch.
1143		Death of John II: his death marks the beginning of straight decline.
1146		Sack ofPhilomelion: Under the orders fromManuel I, before relocating the Christian population.
1167	8 July	Battle of Sirmium: Byzantium decisively defeated aHungarian force atSirmium.
1176	17 September	Battle of Myriokephalon: A Byzantine invasion force was ambushed and forced to retreat through a mountain pass byRum nearLake Beyşehir.
1180	24 September	BasileusManuel I Komnenos died.
1185	26 October	Uprising of Asen and Peter: A tax revolt began inParistrion which would result in the establishment of theSecond Bulgarian Empire.

Year	Date	Event
1204	13 April	Siege of Constantinople (1204):Fourth Crusaders breached and sackedConstantinople, deposed thebasileusAlexios V Doukas and established theLatin Empire under their leaderBaldwin I, Latin Emperor asLatin Emperor.Theodore I Laskaris was acclaimedbasileus but forced to flee with his court to establish theEmpire of Nicaea atNicaea.
1204	April	Alexios I of Trebizond, a grandson of the formerbasileusAndronikos I Komnenos, declared himself ruler ofTrebizond.
1205		Michael I Komnenos Doukas, a descendant ofAlexios I Komnenos, established himself asdespot ofEpirus.
1261	25 July	TheNicaean rulerMichael VIII Palaiologos conqueredConstantinople .
1261	15 August	Michael was crownedbasileus inConstantinople along with his infant sonAndronikos II Palaiologos.

Year	Date	Event
402		The capital of theWestern Roman Empire was moved toRavenna.
406	31 December	Crossing of the Rhine: A coalition of foreign tribes including theVandals,Alans andSuebi invaded theWestern Roman Empire across theRhine.
408	1 May	Arcadius died.
410	24 August	Sack of Rome (410):Rome was sacked by theVisigoths under theirking Alaric I.
410		End of Roman rule in Britain: The last Roman forces leftBritain.
421	8 February	Honorius appointed his brother-in-law andMagister militumConstantius III co-ruler of theWestern Roman Empire with himself.
421	2 September	Constantius III died.
423	15 August	Honorius died.
423		TheWestern Roman patrician Castinus declared theprimiceriusJoannesaugustus.
424	23 October	TheByzantineaugustusTheodosius II the Younger, the Calligrapher named the youngValentinian III, his cousin andConstantius III's son,Caesar with rule over thewest. His motherGalla Placidia was appointed regent.
425		Joannes was executed inAquileia.
447		Battle of the Utus: TheHuns underAttila defeated aByzantine army in a bloody battle near theUtus.
450	28 July	Theodosius the Younger died in a riding accident.
452		Attila abandoned his invasion ofItaly following a meeting at theMincio with thepope Pope Leo I.
455	16 March	Valentinian III was assassinated on orders of thesenator Petronius Maximus.
	17 March	TheSenate acclaimedMaximusaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire.
	31 May	Maximus was killed by a mob as he attempted to fleeRome in the face of aVandal advance.
	2 June	Sack of Rome (455): TheVandals entered and began to sackRome.
	9 July	TheMagister militumAvitus was pronouncedaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire atToulouse by theVisigothic king Theodoric II.
456	17 October	Avitus was forced to fleeRome following a militarycoup by thegeneral Ricimer and thedomesticusMajorian.
457		Avitus died.
	27 January	TheByzantineaugustusMarcian died.
	28 February	TheByzantineaugustusLeo I the Thracian appointedMajorianMagister militum in thewest.
	1 April	The army acclaimedMajorianaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire.
461	7 August	Majorian was killed after torture near theStaffora onRicimer's orders.
461	19 November	TheSenate electedLibius Severus from among their number asaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire.
465	15 August	Severus died.
467	12 April	Leo the Thracian elevated thecomesAnthemius toCaesar with rule over theWestern Roman Empire.
468		Battle of Cap Bon (468): TheVandal Kingdom destroyed a combinedWestern Roman andByzantine invasion fleet atCap Bon.
472	11 July	Anthemius was killed in flight followingRicimer's conquest ofRome.Maximus's sonOlybrius was acclaimedaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire.
	18 August	Ricimer died.
		Ricimer's nephewGundobad succeeded him asMagister militum and took the titlePatrician.
		Olybrius died.
473	3 March	TheGermanic elements of the army elected thedomesticusGlyceriusaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire.
473		Gundobad relinquished hisWestern Roman titles to succeed his father asking ofBurgundy.
474		Leo the Thracian appointedJulius Nepos, his nephew andgovernor ofDalmatia, ruler of theWestern Roman Empire in opposition toGlycerius.
	18 January	Leo the Thracian died. He was succeeded by his grandsonLeo II (emperor).
	9 February	Zeno (emperor) became co-augustus of theByzantine Empire with his young sonLeo II.
	July	Nepos deposedGlycerius.
	17 November	Leo II died, possibly after being poisoned by his motherAriadne (empress).
475	January	Zeno was forced to fleeConstantinople for his homelandIsauria in the face of a popular revolt.
	9 January	Basiliscus, brother ofLeo the Thracian's widowVerina, was acclaimedaugustus of theByzantine Empire by theByzantine Senate.
		Nepos appointedOrestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)Magister militum andcommander-in-chief of theWestern Roman military.
	28 August	Orestes took control of theWestern Roman capitalRavenna, forcingNepos to flee toDalmatia.
	31 October	Orestes declared his young sonRomulus Augustulusaugustus of theWestern Roman Empire.
476	August	Zeno recapturedConstantinople and acceptedBasiliscus's surrender.
	23 August	Germanicfoederati under the command of thegeneral Odoacer renouncedWestern Roman authority and declared Odoacer theirking.
	28 August	Odoacer captured and executedOrestes atPiacenza.
	4 September	Odoacer conquered theWestern Roman capitalRavenna, forcedRomulus to abdicate and declared himselfking of Italy.
		TheSenate sentZeno the imperial regalia of theWestern Roman Empire.
480	25 April	Nepos was murdered in his residence inSplit.
491	9 April	Zeno died.

Year	Date	Event
518	9 July	AugustusAnastasius I Dicorus died.
527	1 April	AugustusJustin I appointed his older sonJustinian I the Great co-augustus with himself.
527	1 August	Justin I died.
529	7 April	TheCodex Justinianeus, which attempted to consolidate and reconcile contradictions in Roman law, was promulgated.
532		Justinian the Great ordered the construction of theHagia Sophia inConstantinople.
533	21 June	Vandalic War: A Byzantine force under thegeneral Belisarius departed for theVandal Kingdom.
	13 September	Battle of Ad Decimum: A Byzantine army defeated aVandal force nearCarthage.
	15 December	Battle of Tricamarum: The Byzantines defeated aVandal army and forced theirking Gelimer into flight.
534	March	Vandalic War:Gelimer surrendered toBelisarius and accepted his offer of a peaceful retirement inGalatia, ending the war. The territory of theVandal Kingdom was reorganized as thepraetorian prefecture ofAfrica.
535		Gothic War (535–554): Byzantine forces crossing fromAfrica invadedSicily, then anOstrogothic possession.
536	December	Gothic War (535–554): Byzantium tookRome with littleOstrogothic resistance.
537	27 December	TheHagia Sophia was completed.
541		Plague of Justinian: Outbreak of thefirst plague pandemic caused byYersinia pestis, which would kill millions of romans all over the empire and afflict the Mediterranean for centuries to come.
552	July	Battle of Taginae: A Byzantine army dealt a decisive defeat to theOstrogoths atGualdo Tadino. The Ostrogothking Totila was killed.
553		Battle of Mons Lactarius: AnOstrogothic force was ambushed and destroyed atMonti Lattari on its way to relieve a Byzantine siege ofCumae. The Ostrogothking Teia was killed.
565	March	Belisarius died.
565	14 November	Justinian the Great died.
568		TheLombards invadedItaly.
573		Thegeneral Narses died.
574		AugustusJustin II began to suffer from fits of insanity.
578	5 October	Justin II died.
582	14 August	AugustusTiberius II Constantine died.

Year	Date	Event
602		Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628: TheSasanian Empire declared war on Byzantium.
607	1 August	AugustusPhocas dedicated theColumn of Phocas in theRoman Forum.
626	June	Siege of Constantinople (626):Sasanian andAvar forces laid siege toConstantinople.
634	April	Muslim conquest of the Levant: ARashidun army departedMedina for theLevant.
640	January	Muslim conquest of Egypt: ARashidun force laid siege toPelusium.
640		Thelegions of theEast Roman army were reorganized intothemes.
641	8 November	Siege of Alexandria (641): Byzantine authorities in theEgyptian capitalAlexandria surrendered to the besiegingRashidun army.
663		BasileusConstans II visitedRome.
698		Battle of Carthage (698): AnUmayyad siege and blockade ofCarthage forced the retreat of Byzantine forces. The city was conquered and destroyed.

Year	Date	Event
813	June	A group of soldiers broke into theChurch of the Holy Apostles and pleaded with the body of the iconoclastbasileusConstantine V to restore the Empire, marking the beginning of the secondByzantine Iconoclasm.
843		The Byzantine regentTheodora (wife of Theophilos) restored the veneration of religious images, ending the secondByzantine Iconoclasm.
867	24 September	BasileusMichael III was assassinated by his co-basileusBasil I, who became sole ruler of the Empire.

Year	Date	Event
1002		Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria: Byzantine forces invadedBulgaria.
1014	29 July	Battle of Kleidion:Basil dealt a decisive and bloody defeat toBulgarian forces in theBelasica nearKlyuch.
1018		Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria: TheBulgarian boyars accepted the establishment of thetheme ofBulgaria on the territory of the former Empire, with significant autonomy for themselves.
1025	15 December	Basil died.
1054	16 July	East–West Schism: Thepapal legate Humbert of Silva Candida laid on the altar ofHagia Sophia a document proclaiming the excommunication ofMichael I Cerularius, thepatriarch ofConstantinople.
1071	15 April	Siege of Bari:Italo-Norman forces capturedBari, capital of thekatepanikion ofItaly.
1071	26 August	Battle of Manzikert: The Byzantine Empire was decisively defeated by aSeljuk force nearMalazgirt. ThebasileusRomanos IV Diogenes was captured.
1081	1 April	Nikephoros III Botaneiates was deposed and replaced asbasileus byAlexios I Komnenos.
1091	29 April	Battle of Levounion: The Byzantine army dealt a bloody defeat to aPecheneg invasion force.
1097	19 June	Siege of Nicaea: TheRum occupants ofNicaea surrendered to Byzantine andFirst Crusader forces.
1098		Following the conquest ofAntioch, theFirst Crusader leaderBohemond I of Antioch declared himselfprince ofAntioch.

Year	Date	Event
1326		Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: TheOttoman Empire conqueredBursa.
1331		Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: TheOttoman Empire capturedNicaea.
1341	26 October	Byzantine civil war of 1341–47: The regentJohn VI Kantakouzenos was declaredbasileus by his supporters in opposition to the youngJohn V Palaiologos.
1347	8 February	Byzantine civil war of 1341–47:John VI concluded an arrangement under which he would rule as seniorbasileus alongsideJohn V for ten years.

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See also

References

Sources