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v t e

This is atimeline of the presence ofEastern Orthodoxy in Greece from 1821 to 1924. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece.

One of the pious views of modern Greece concerns the role of theOrthodox Church in the establishment of the modern Greeknation-state. According to this view, the Church, in the role of a latter-dayNoah's Ark, saved the Greek nation in the centuries of the Turkish and Western "deluge" following the fall of the eastern Roman empire in 1453. The Orthodox Church, by protecting the true faith against both Muslim and Latin temporal princes in the centuries of foreign rule, preservedGreek identity and kept the Greek nation from being assimilated by the nations of its foreign rulers. According to the same view, the Orthodox Church welcomed the Greek War of Independence in 1821 and blessed the arms of the Greek insurgents. Indeed, many Orthodox prelates assumed a leading role in insurgent Greece and played an important part not only in ecclesiastical but also in political and military matters. Following Independence, a Latin prince and his Western advisers severed the links that had united the Church of Greece with theEcumenical Patriarchate and placed the Church under the authority of his temporal power.^[1]

• 1821Greek War of Independence begins as Metr.Germanos of Patras declares Greek independence on Day ofAnnunciation (25 March), alsoKyrio-Pascha,^{[2][note 1]} at the Monastery ofAgia Lavra, Peloponnese;^{[note 2]} martyrdom of Patr.Gregory V of Constantinople,^[4] Abp.Kyprianos of Cyprus,^[5] and Abp. Gerasimos (Pardalis) of Crete^[6] in retaliation; former Ecumenical Patriarch Cyril VI of Constantinople (1813–18) is hanged at the gate of Adrianople's cathedral;^[7] Metropolitans Gregorios of Derkon, Dorotheos of Adrianople, Ioannikios of Tyrnavos, and Joseph of Thessaloniki are decapitated on the Sultan's orders in Constantinople;^[8] Metropolitans Chrysanthos of Paphos, Meletios of Kition and Lavrentios of Kyrenia are executed in Nicosia, Cyprus;^[5] Turkish Cypriot mobs hang most of the Greek Cypriots in Larnaca and other towns, among them an archbishop, five bishops, thirty six ecclesiastics;^[9]storming of Tripolitza, marking an early victory in the Greek War of Independence;^[10] liberation fighters started calling themselves "Hellenes" (for continuity with their ancient Hellenic heritage), rather than using the generic "Romioi" (Ρωμιοί, which referred to both theirRoman citizenship and religious affiliation toOrthodox Christendom);^[11][12] death ofNikephoros of Chios.^[13][14]

• 1822Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted on 1 January by theFirst National Assembly at Epidaurus, stating that"all those indigenous inhabitants of the State of Hellas who believe inChrist areHellenes" (Section B, Paragraph 2);^[15] theChios massacre takes place, a total of about 100,000 people perish;^[16] decisive Greek victory at theBattle of Dervenakia over the superior forces ofMahmud Dramali Pasha saved the War of Independence;^[17] English poetPercy Bysshe Shelley writes the verse dramaHellas with a view to raising money for the Greek War of Independence.^[18]
• 1823 Wonderworking Icon ofPanagia Evangelistria found on Tinos, led by a vision from Saint Pelagia of Tinos (†1834),^[19][20] becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece at theChurch of Evangelistria; martyrdom of Hieromonk Christos of Ioannina;^[21]Lord Byron agreed to act as agent of theLondon Philhellenic Committee, sending £4,000 of his own money to prepare the Greek fleet and joining statesmanAlexandros Mavrokordatos, revered in Greece as anational hero.^{[22][note 3]}
• 1824 Inspired byPhilhellenist Lord Byron, American physicianSamuel Gridley Howe joined the Greek army as a surgeon, becoming known for his bravery, enthusiasm, and ability as a commander, as well as his humanity, winning him the title the"Lafayette of the Greek Revolution," later writing an account of the revolt titledHistorical Sketch of the Greek Revolution, published in 1828.^[24]

• 1825 ArchimandriteGregorios Dikaios ("Papaflessas") is killed during theBattle of Maniaki on 20 June, fighting against the forces ofIbrahim Pasha at Maniaki,Messenia.^[25]
• 1826 TheExodus of Messolonghi (Greek: Έξοδος του Μεσολογγίου) occurred from 10 to 11 April 1826 (Lazarus Saturday –Palm Sunday), under the leadership of Notis Botsaris,Kitsos Tzavelas andDimitrios Makris, against the Ottoman forces ofReşid Mehmed Pasha and the Egyptian forces led byIbrāhīm Pasha, resulting in several thousand Greek deaths and thousands of women and children being enslaved, ultimately increasing thePhilhellenist movement in Europe and having a significant influence on the eventual decision of Britain, France and Russia to intervene militarily in theBattle of Navarino (1827) and secure Greece's independence.^{[note 4]}
• 1827 Russia, Britain and France in London recognize autonomy of Greece, and agree to force truce on Ottoman Sultan;^[27]Ioannis Kapodistrias is elected provisionalpresident of Greece (Governor of Greece).^[28]
• 1828 In May PatriarchAgathangelos I dispatched a mission of four very senior prelates from the patriarchal synod to Greece bringing letters addressed to 'the clergy and notables of the Peloponnese and the Aegean Islands', whereby they were asked to resubmit to theSublime Porte;^{[29][note 5]} Greek church opened in London (2nd time).^[30]
• 1829Treaty of Adrianople ends Greek War of Independence, culminating in the creation of the modern Greek state,^[31] after over 600 years of foreign occupation (around 250 years ofFrankish occupation and 375 years ofOttoman Turkish occupation).

• c. 1829 The purified and formalKatharevousa variety ofModern Greek is promoted as the official language (to 1976);^{[note 6]}Ioannis Kapodistrias madeNafplion the first official capital of modern Greece (1829–1834).^[33]
• 1830 Inauguration of theChurch of Our Lady of Tinos, who is considered apatron saint of the Greek nation;^{[34][note 7]} the fully sovereign status of Greece was accepted in theLondon Protocol of 3 February 1830.^{[note 8]}
• 1832Treaty of Constantinople, European powers establish Greek protectorate;^[36]Otho I was chosen King of Greece by the great powers at the Conference of London in May 1832.^[37]

• 1833 Instigated byGeorg von Maurer and led by Theoklitos Pharmakidis (a Greek Orthodox priest influenced by German Protestant thought), the National Assembly atNauplio declares theChurch of Greece independent (autocephalous) from theEcumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.^{[note 9][note 10]}
• 1833–1834Dissolution of the monasteries: the "Bavarokratia" closes down 600 monasteries and nationalises monastic land-holdings, allowing Protestant missionaries to work undisturbed.^{[30][41][note 11][note 12][note 13]}
• 1835 On 2 February the Ecumenical Patriarch Constantius II of Constantinople (1834–35) celebrating with 12 bishops and an enormous flood of the faithful, consecrated the rebuiltChurch of the Life-Giving Font dedicating it to the Most HolyTheotokos.^[43][44]
• 1837 School of Theology at theNational and Capodistrian University of Athens founded.^{[note 14]}

• 1838Council of Constantinople held, attended by Patriarchs Gregory VI of Constantinople and Athanasius V of Jerusalem, whose main theme was theUnia, and the extermination of Latin dogmas and usages;^[45][46] death ofNew Martyr George of Ioannina.^[47]
• 1839Theophilos Kairis of Andros condemned and imprisoned for teaching a form ofDeism.^[30]
• 1842 Construction of theMetropolitan Cathedral of Athens is begun on Christmas Day, 1842 with the laying of the cornerstone byKing Otto andQueen Amalia, dedicated 20 years later on 21 May 1862 in honor of theAnnunciation of the Virgin.^{[48][note 15]}
• 1844Theological School of Halki founded;^[50]Manthos and Georgios Rizaris, benefactors and members of theFiliki Eteria organization, funded the building of theRizareios Ecclesiastical School in Athens, which continues to function as a religious and educational institution today, based inHalandri, Athens;^[51] Prime MinisterIoannis Kolettis first coined the expression the"Great Idea" (Megali Idea), envisaging the restoration of the Christian Orthodox Byzantine Empire with its capital once again established at Constantinople, becoming the core of Greek foreign policy until the early 20th century;^{[note 16]} KingOtho I, a Roman Catholic in an Eastern Orthodox country, was forced to grant theConstitution of 1844 (after therebellion of 3 September 1843), specifying that his eventual successor be Orthodox.^[37]
• 1845 Death of priest and scholarNeophytos Doukas, author of a large number of books and translations of ancient Greek works, and one of the most important personalities of theGreek Enlightenment during theOttoman occupation of Greece.^[53]
• 1847 At nearly eighty years of age, the monkChristophoros Panayiotopoulos (Papoulakos) c. 1770–1861, undertook a popular preaching mission in the villages ofAchaea to revitalize the spiritual conditions of the people which were slowly becomingwesternized with an Enlightenment ideology, affecting the sociological make up of the newborn Greek state within a decade;^[54] ultimately Papoulakos helped bring the Greek people back to their roots inOrthodoxy and the Christian ideal, for which he suffered much persecution from both the Church and State and died in exile, and is today renowned as a great ascetic and hero of modern Greece.^{[note 17]}
• 1848Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning theFilioque as heresy, declaring the Roman Catholic Church to be heretical, schismatic, and in apostasy, repudiatingUltramontanism (papal supremacy) and referring to the Photian Council of 879–880 as the "Eighth Ecumenical Council."^[55]

• 1850 After tortuous and protracted negotiations, the Permanent Synod in Constantinople presided over by Patr.Anthimos IV of Constantinople recognised theautocephaly of the Church of Greece;^{[56][57][note 18]} due to certain conditions issued inthe "Tomos" of autocephaly, the Church of Greece must maintain special links to its "Mother Church", the Ecumenical Patriarchate.^{[note 19]}

• 1852 By Law 201 (Grk.: ΣΑ') of 1852, the Greek government, ignoring reference to the PatriarchalTome of 1850, revised certain articles of the Pharmakidis-Maurer Church constitution (of 1833), however without changing the Church's subjection to the state;^{[54][note 20]} liberal Greek theologian Theoklitos Pharmakidis, a proponent of the ideas ofAdamantios Korais and theGreek Enlightenment, publishedThe Synodal Tomos or Concerning Truth, a strong attack on the conditions found in the Tomos of Autocephaly of 1850, arguing that there was nothing uncanonical about the establishment set up in 1833, and stating that: "the Eastern Church is everywhere joined to the state, never being separated from it, never divided from the sovereigns since Byzantine times, and always subordinate to them."^[60]
• 1853 At the start of theCrimean War (1853–1856), fought ostensibly over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in theHoly Land and Russia's claim of protection over theGreek Christians in the Turkish Empire, the French Roman Catholic Abp. of ParisMarie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour stated that this was aholy war against theOrthodox.^{[61][62][note 21]}
• 1854-1859Piraeus was occupied by the Anglo-French fleet to ensure Greek neutrality during theCrimean War (1853–56) and to forestall Greek expansionist intentions.^[63]
• 1855 The Holy Cross School of Jerusalem (Theological School of the Patriarchal Throne of Jerusalem) is founded underPatriarch Cyril II of Jerusalem, located at theMonastery of the Holy Cross, functioning for about fifty years with some interruptions (1855–1909).^[50][64][65]
• 1856 Death ofNeophytos Vamvas, Greek cleric and educator who had translated the Bible intoModern Greek.^[66]
• 1857 Death ofKonstantinos Oikonomos, by common consensus the most important 19th-century Greek churchman and theologian, being the only person to criticize the Bavarian regime on an intellectual level, and an implacable opponent of Pharmakidis' theological ideals, symbolizing Greece's ecclesiastical consciousness at that time;^{[67][note 22]} in March 1857, when Konstantinos III was still enthroned as the Greek Metropolitan of Trebizond, 150Crypto-Christian village leaders of Kromni, Santa, Koasi and other regions went to thePanagia Theoskepastos Monastery inTrebizond, and inside the church took an oath to reveal their Christianity and remain faithful in the face of exile or death, thus openly declaring their Orthodox Christian faith.^{[68][note 23]}
• 1857–66J.P. Migne produces thePatrologia Graeca in 162 volumes,^[70] including both the EasternFathers and those Western authors who wrote beforeEcclesiastical Latin became predominant in the Western Church in the 3rd century.
• 1860 The Ottoman Government tries to intervene in Athonite affairs with a constitution drawn up by Hushni Pasha, the Governor of Thessaloniki.^[71]
• 1863George I enthroned as King of Greece, whose long reign (1863–1913) was the formative period for the development of Greece as a modern European state.^[72]
• 1864 Holy Trinity Church (New Orleans, LA) becomes the first Orthodox parish to be established on American soil, by Greeks;^[73] theIonian Islands (Eptanisa) are united with Greece,^[74] and were transferred in 1866 to the jurisdiction of the Greek Church from Constantinople.^[75]

• 1865-94 Renowned RussianByzantologist ArchimandriteAntonin (Kapustin) heads theRussian Ecclesiastical Mission in the Holy Land, under whose tenure the Mission significantly expanded its presence in Palestine, acquiring multiple properties in an effort to preserve Orthodox Christian holy places and care for the needs of the many pilgrims flocking to the region.^{[76][note 24]}
• 1866 Beginning of theGreat Cretan Revolution (1866–1869), officially proclaimed on 21 August 1866;^[77] the holocaust ofArkadi Monastery in Crete;^[78] charismatic Greek Orthodox lay theologian, preacher, ethicist and writerApostolos Makrakis came to Athens, where for six months he delivered twenty speeches in Concord Square on the subject of 'The Work of the Fathers of 1821 and How it Can Best and Quickest Be Brought to a Conclusion', which were published in the newspaperJustice, and republished in book form in 1886.^[79]
• 1871 Body of Patr.Gregory V returned to Athens and entombed in cathedral.^{[80][note 25]}
• 1872Council of Constantinople (Pan-Orthodox Synod) is convened and presided over by Ecumenical PatriarchAnthimus VI, and attended by PatriarchsSophronius IV of Alexandria and Procopius II of Jerusalem and several bishops, condemningphyletism (ethnocentric belief that Orthodox Christians in a given place and time should be divided into separate exarchates, based on ethnicity), and condemning theBulgarian Exarchate; the decisions of this council are later accepted by the other local Orthodox Churches.^[56][81]
• 1873Philotheos Bryennios discovers theDidache in manuscript with copies of several early Church documents.^{[82][note 26]}
• 1874 Death of VenerableJoseph Gerontogiannis, ascetic of Crete.^[83]
• 1875 Giovanni Marango (Grk:Ιωάννης Μαραγκός) is installed as aRoman Catholic Archbishop in Athens, being the first Roman hierarch in Athens since 1458, when Niccolò Protimo of Euboea (the last Latin titular Archbishop of Athens) departed;^[84] a Patriarchal and Synodal Decision was sent to all Bishops everywhere, whereby the manner of reception of Latin converts was left to the judgement of the local Bishops.^[85]
• 1877 Death of Arsenios of Paros.^[86][87]
• 1878Council of Athens, convened and presided over by Metr.Procopius I of Athens, condemned the Makrakists, obtaining closure ofApostolos Makrakis' "School of the Logos" on the pretext that it taught doctrines opposed to the tenets of the Church, and addressed an encyclical to the whole body of Christians in Greece that was read in the churches, charging Makrakis with attempting to introduce innovations;^{[note 27]}Cyprus is ceded to Britain by Ottoman Empire at theCongress of Berlin.^[88]

• 1880–1917 Emigration of approximately400,000 Greeks to the United States, many as hired labor for the railroads and mines of the American West.^[89][90]
• 1881–1883 During the patriarchate ofJoachim III, theGreat School of the Nation was housed in a new large building in the area of thePhanar.^{[note 28]}

• 1882 Thessaly and part ofEpirus added to the Church of Greece, after the Ottomans cedeThessali^[75][92] andArta^[93] regions to Greece (1881).
• 1885 Prominent Greek painterNicholaos Gysis paints the famous "Secret school" ("κρυφό σχολειό"), referring to the underground schools provided by the Greek Orthodox Church in monasteries and churches during the time of Ottoman rule in Greece (15th–19th centuries) for keeping aliveOrthodox Christian doctrines andGreek language and literacy.^[94]
• 1888Typikon of the Great Church of Christ is published with revised church services, prepared byProtopsaltis George Violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch, while theSabaite (monastic) Typikon continued to be used in theChurch of Russia;^{[note 29]} Council of Constantinople, convened and presided over by PatriarchDionysius V, and attended by several bishops, permits the reception of Westernconverts to Orthodoxy by the rite ofChrismation as an act ofeconomia (dispensation) in extreme circumstances;^[56] death of Venerable Saint Panagis ofLixouri (Cephalonia).^[96]
• 1889 German Protestant historianFerdinand Gregorovius writes"History of Athens in the Middle Ages. From Justinian to the Turkish Conquest." (Stuttgart, 1889).^[97]
• 1891 Death of Greek historian and ByzantinistConstantine Paparrigopoulos, considered the founder of modern Greek historiography, who analysed Greek history from the ancient era to the present age as a continuous history in his multi-volumeHistory of the Hellenic Nation (6 vols, 1860–1877), also known for his original research in Byzantine history.^[98]
• 1894 On 8 March,Nektarios of Pentapolis was appointed Dean of theRizarios Ecclesiastical School, remaining as Dean until 1908, becoming a spiritual guide to many;^{[99][note 30]}Apostolos Makrakis made his tenth and last Gospel tour, visiting Thebes, St. Theodore, Levadeia, Atalante, Chalkis, Kyme, Aliverion, Kariston, Gaurion on the islands of Andros, Syros, and his birthplace Siphnos.^[100]
• 1895Council of Constantinople, convened and presided over by PatriarchAnthimus VII, and attended by 13 bishops, condemns all theFranco-Latin heresies, including the newfalse dogma of the so-calledImmaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary by St. Anne, and the blasphemous teaching that the pope is supposedlyinfallible and undeposable.^[46][56]
• 1897Greco-Turkish War (1897).^[101]
• 1899Council of Constantinople, convened and presided over by Ecumenical PatriarchConstantine V, and attended by several bishops, deposes the newly elected Patriarch Meletius II (Doumani) of Antioch, on the grounds ofphyletism, due to the fact that the latter had been elected by an anti-Greek, pro-Arab party within theAntiochene Patriarchate, a similar party to that which caused theMelkite schism of 1724^{[note 31]} and subsequent union with the Latins.^[56]

• 19th century Statistical figures for the population ofAnatolia (Asia Minor) in the 19th century show that Christians constituted a minority of considerable importance: of the 12,254,459 total inhabitants, 9,676,714 (78.96%) were Muslim, and 2,350,272 (19.2%) were Christian, of which theGreek Orthodox element amounted to 1,016,722 or 8.3%.^{[102][note 32]}
• 1901Evangelika riots in Athens Greece in November, over translations of theNew Testament intoDemotic (Modern) Greek, resulting in the fall of both the government and Metropolitan of Athens, and withdrawal of publications from circulation.^{[103][note 33][note 34]}
• 1902Theocletus I (Minopoulos) becomesMetropolitan of Athens (1902–1917);^{[note 35]} Church of Greece takes responsibility for Greek Orthodox parishes in Australasia from theChurch of Jerusalem.^{[105][note 36]}
• 1904Ecumenical Patriarchate publishes thePatriarchal Text, based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts, the standard text of the Greek-speaking Orthodox churches today.^{[106][note 37]}

• 1904–1910Nektarios of Pentapolis began building the Convent of the Holy Trinity on the island of Aegina, while yet Dean of theRizarios Hieratical School (until 1908).^[99]
• 1905 Death ofApostolos Makrakis;^[108] death of ElderPachomios of Chios, founder of the Skete of the Holy Fathers inChios (Cloister of Aghion Pateron), as well as the spiritual guide of St.Nektarios of Pentapolis (†1920) and St. Anthimos (Vagianos) of Chios (†1960), and an opponent of syncretisticecumenism.^{[109][note 38]}

• 1906 Assassination of Metr.Photios Kalpidis ofKorytsa andPremeti (1902–1906), Ethnomartyr.^[111][112]
• 1907 Foundation ofZoe Brotherhood, an extra-ecclesiastical organization founded by Archim. Eusebius Matthopoulos (1849–1929);^{[113][note 39]} ordination in Constantinople of Fr.Raphael Morgan,"Priest-Apostolic to America and the West Indies" (Ιεραποστολος), and the first African-American Orthodox priest.^[115]
• 1908 Death of Methodia ofKimolos;^[116][117] the Church of Greece was temporarily given jurisdiction of theGreek Church in America (1908–1922) and theGreek Church in Australia (1908–1924) under an agreement made between theEcumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Holy Synod of Athens;^[118]Nektarios of Pentapolis took up permanent residence on Aegina, where he spent the last years of his life, devoting himself to the direction of his convent and to veryintense prayer.^[119]

• 1911 Assassination ofAimilianos Lazaridis (el), Metropolitan ofGrevena.^[120][121]
• 1912Kyriopascha occurs;^{[note 1]}Balkan Wars (1912–1913);^[122]Council of Constantinople, convened and presided over by PatriarchJoachim III, and attended by several bishops, condemns theOnomatodoxi (name-worshippers), who believed that the name of God is God Himself;^[123] ratification of the new General Regulations governing Mount Athos, which was drawn up by Patriarch Joachim III and the Athonite monks;^[71] in November, the Holy Mountain was liberated by the Greek fleet.^[71]
• 1913 The Athonite monks pass a resolution declaring the administrative autonomy of the Monastic State, within the Greek State;^[71] after Cretan deputies unilaterally declared union with Greece in 1908,Crete is finally ceded to Greece by theTreaty of London (1913), which ended the First Balkan War;^[101]Epirus,Macedonia and the easternAegean Islands are liberated as per theTreaty of Bucharest (1913),^[124] coming under the administration of the Greek Church, but remaining under the nominal authority of the Patriarch of Constantinople.
• 1914–18World War I.^{[note 40]}
• 1914 According to theCorfu Protocol of 17 May 1914,Northern Epirus is granted autonomy within Albania;^[126]Byzantine & Christian Museum is founded in Athens, becoming one of the most important museums in the world in Byzantine Art.^[127]

• 1914-23Greek genocide eliminates the Greek Orthodox population of Anatolia, with approximately 750,000 Greeks of Asia Minor massacred and another 750,000 exiled.^{[128][note 41]}
• 1916 In a long letter to the President of the Council dated 10/23 November 1916, liberal politicianAndreas Michalakopoulos (one ofEleftherios Venizelos' most important colleagues), expounded the necessity of a profound reform of the Greek Church, the objective of which was its completeWesternization;^{[130][note 42]} during theNational Schism that had divided Greece,ArchbishopTheokletos I of Athens (1848–1931) anathematized and excommunicatedEleftherios Venizelos in one of the most memorable events of Greek history, on 12 December 1916.^[132]
• 1917 Metr.Theocletus I is deposed, as the hierarchy of the Greek Church changed in accordance with political control of the country;^{[30][note 43]} in thePafra region of WesternPontus, a large force of the Turkish army sent byRefet Bele Pasha and commanded by Mehmet Ali besieged the monastery of the Theotokos^{[note 44]} from 17 to 21 April 1917, killing approximately 650 women and children, and 60 armed Pontian insurgents.^{[133][134][135][note 45]}
• 1918Meletius III (Metaxakis) becomes Metropolitan of Athens (1918–1920);^[137] AlliedOccupation of Constantinople (1918–1923);^[138] the"St. Sophia Redemption Committee" is formed in Britain after theArmistice, whose members included two future Foreign Secretaries and many prominent public figures, seeking to restoreHagia Sophia into an Orthodox Church (1918–1922);^[139]Roman Catholic opposition to the St Sophia Redemption Committee included Msgr. Manuel Bidwell (Chancellor of theArchdiocese of Westminster) who was on the initial committee, Roman Catholic British MP SirStuart Coats also on the committee, CardinalPietro Gasparri thePapal Secretary of State, and the Vatican who wished to block St. Sophia becoming a Greek Orthodox Church (according to theGrand Vizier of Constantinople who had an offer of Papal support).^{[139][note 46]}

• 1918–1924 Emigration of70,000 Greeks to the United States,^[140][141] many of which werede juredenaturalized from Anatolia.^[128]
• 1919–1922Greco-Turkish War.^[101]
• 1920 Death ofNektarios of Pentapolis (Aegina);^{[142][143][note 47]}Chrysanthos (Philippidis), Bp. of Trebizond is condemned to deathin absentia by aCourt Martial in Ankara;^{[144][note 48]}Dodecanese Islands ceded to Greece under theTreaty of Sèvres, but treaty is never ratified;^[145] the Italian administration attempted aforcible Latinisation of the people of the Dodecanese Islands, with spoken Greek and Greek Orthodox observances being banned in public from 1920;^{[145][note 49]}Treaty of Sèvres cedesEastern Thrace and Ionia (Zone of Smyrna) to Greece, as well as Greek control over the Aegean islands commanding the Dardanelles, but is superseded in 1923 by theTreaty of Lausanne by which these areas were again lost;^[146] publication ofEncyclical Letter by Constantinople entitled"Unto the Churches of Christ Everywhere", on the subject of Christian unity and theEcumenical Movement, criticized as ecumenistic ecclesiology.^[147][148]

• 1921Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America formally founded;^{[149][note 50]} by a decision of theKemalist government, all the Metropolitans, Bishops, andArchimandrites of thePontus region were obliged to abandon Pontus and leave their seats;^[150] death of HieromartyrEuthymios (Agritellis) of Zela, last resident Bishop of the Diocese ofZela in Western Pontus.^[150]
• 1922 All Dioceses within the Greek Kingdom are elevated to Metropolises;^{[151][note 51]}Asia Minor Catastrophe ensues after the Greek army is routed at theBattle of Dumlupınar (Μάχη του Τουμλού Μπουνάρ), the last battle in theGreco-Turkish War (1919–22), marking the beginning of the end for the Greek presence in Anatolia;^[153] death of martyr Metr.Chrysostomos (Kalafatis) of Smyrna, lynched by a Turkish mob incited byNureddin Pasha on Sunday 10 September;^[154] martyrdom of Metr.Gregory (Orologas) of Kydonies, Ethno-Hieromartyr;^[155][156] martyrdom of Metr.Ambrosios (Pleianthidis) of Moschonisia, Ethno-Hieromartyr;^[157] the predominantly Orthodox Christian city ofSmyrna is destroyed,^[158] ending 1,900 years ofChristian civilization, and a3,000-year-old Greek presence in the area;^{[note 52]} in September 1922 theschismaticTurkish Orthodox Church is formed inKayseri byEuthymios Karahisarithis ("Papa Efthim"), a supporter of Turkish nationalists, with the backing of Kemal Atatürk.^{[159][note 53]}

• 1923 Death of theProkopios Lazaridis, Metropolitan ofIconium, by poisoning after being imprisoned by Turks inKayseri prisons;^[161][162] by decision of the Holy Synod, the title"Metropolitan of Athens" became"Archbishop of Athens and All Greece";^{[note 54]}Chrysostomos I (Papadopoulos) becomes Metropolitan of Athens in March 1923, elevated to Archbishop of Athens on 31 December 1923, (1923–1938);^{[note 55]}Exchange of Christian and Muslim population between Greece and Turkey, with around 1.2 million Orthodox Christians leaving Turkey (Greek refugees);^{[163][note 56]} the Greek-Orthodox, Turkish-speakingKaramanlides are expelled from Turkey as part of the Greek-Turkish population exchange of 1923;Treaty of Lausanne affirmed the international status of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate's full protection,^[164] also granting control of the Holy Mountain to Greece; Patriarch ceases to be regarded as head of the Christian OrthodoxMillet(millet-iRûm) in Turkey;^[30]Patr. Meletios IV (Metaxakis) promulgatesreformed calendar at thePan-Orthodox Congress of Constantinople in May 1923, which had also proposed cutting the clergy's beard and hair, on replacing therason with the dress of Anglican clergy, and finally on the possibility of an Orthodox Priest marrying a second time, while leaving the matter of the regulation of the number of fast days and the length of fasts to the local Churches;^{[165][note 57]} Greek government adoptsGregorian calendar;^[167]translation of the relics of New MartyrTheocharis ofNeapolis, Cappadocia (1740) to theChurch of Saint Catherine, Thessaloniki.^[168]

• Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece

• List of archbishops of Athens
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History

• History of the Eastern Orthodox Church
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• Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in America

Church Fathers

• Apostolic Fathers
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Greek War of Independence

• David Brewer.The Greek War of Independence : the struggle for freedom from Ottoman oppression and the birth of the modern Greek nation. Woodstock, N.Y. : Overlook Press, 2001. 393pp.
• Douglas Dakin.The Greek struggle for independence, 1821–1833. London, Batsford 1973.
• Joseph Braddock.The Greek Phoenix: The Struggle for Liberty from the Fall of Constantinople to the Creation of a New Greek Nation. NY. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. 1973. 1st ed. 233 pp.
• Nikiforos P. Diamandouros [et al.] (Eds.).Hellenism and the First Greek war of Liberation (1821–1830): Continuity and Change. The Modern Greek Studies Association of the United States and Canada. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1976.

Modern Greece

• Christos Yannaras.Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age. Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006.ISBN 1-885652-81-X
• Giannēs Koliopoulos and Thanos Veremēs.Greece: The Modern Sequel, from 1831 to the Present. NYU Press, 2002. 407 pp.ISBN 9780814747674
• C.M. Woodhouse.Modern Greece. 4th ed. Boston : Faber and Faber, 1986.
• Charles A. Frazee.The Orthodox Church and independent Greece, 1821–1852. Cambridge University Press 1969.
• Demetrios J. Constantelos.Understanding the Greek Orthodox Church: Its Faith, History and Life. 4th Edition. Brookline, Mass.: Hellenic College Press, 2005.ISBN 9780917653506
• Dimitri E. Conomos,Graham Speake.Mount Athos, the Sacred Bridge: The Spirituality of the Holy Mountain. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2005.
• Herman A. Middleton.Precious Vessels of the Holy Spirit: The Lives & Counsels of Contemporary Elders of Greece. 2nd Ed. Protecting Veil Press, 2004.
• John L. Tomkinson.Between Heaven and Earth: The Greek Church. Anagnosis Books, Athens, 2004.
• Rev. Dr. Nicon D. Patrinacos (M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon)).A Dictionary of Greek Orthodoxy – Λεξικον Ελληνικης Ορθοδοξιας. Light & Life Publishing, Minnesota, 1984.
• Rev. A. H. Hore.Eighteen centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church. London: James Parker & Co. 1899. 706pp. (Re-printed:Gorgias Press LLC, 2003.)

• 19th century in Greece
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