| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 400BCE | The prehistoric clay potteryBuni culture (near present-dayBekasi) flourished in coastal northernWest Java.[1] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 200BCE | "Dvipantara" or "Yawadvipa", a mysticHindu kingdom is mentioned inIndia's earliest epic, theRamayana;Sugriva, the chief ofRama's army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa in search ofSita then later used by the Indianized islander of Java Island and kingdom of Portugal to name the island during the age of discovery.[2] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 65BCE | A footprint of a kingdom in Java island according to Chinese records.[3] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 350 | TheKutai Martadipura phase in East Kalimantan produced the earliest known stone inscriptions in Indonesia.[4] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 450 | Several stone inscriptions were created in West Java. Among others, theTugu inscription announce decrees ofPurnavarman, the king ofTarumanagara, one of the earliest Indianized kingdom in Java.[5] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 664 | A Tang dynasty Chinese source written byI-tsing, mentioned about Holing (Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere on the northern coast of Central Java.[6] | |
| 671 | I-tsing visitedSrivijaya and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda, India.[7] | |
| 683 | Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa performedSiddhayatra as the journey to expand his influence. The event is mentioned in several inscriptions such asTelaga Batu inscription,Talang Tuwo inscription, andKedukan Bukit Inscription. The beginning ofSrivijaya hegemony over the maritime region aroundMalacca Strait andSunda Strait.[8] | |
| 686 | Srivijaya launch naval invasion against Java, mentioned inKota Kapur Inscription. Probably contributed to the end ofTarumanagara kingdom.[9] | |
| 687 | I-tsing returned toSrivijaya on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that thekingdom of Malayu was captured by Srivijaya.[10] | |
| 700 | TheSumatra-basedSrivijaya naval kingdom flourishes.[11] | |
| Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established withChina andIndia.[12] | ||
| Sojomerto inscription possibly dated around late 7th century discovered inBatang Regency,Central Java, mentioned about Dapunta Selendra, possibly the ancestor ofShailendra dynasty. The inscription was written inold Malay suggestedSrivijayan link to this family.[13] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 718 | Sri Indravarman King ofSrivijaya send a letter to the CaliphUmar bin Abdul Aziz of theUmayyad Caliphate inDamascus, signing early ancient Indonesian official contact with Islamic world in the Middle East.[14] | |
| 732 | TheSanjaya dynasty is founded around this time according to theCanggal inscription.[15] | |
| 752 | The HinduMataram kingdom flourishes.[16] | |
| 760 | The construction ofBorobudur started.[17] | |
| 770s to 780s | Java launched series of naval raids on ports of Dai Viet, Champa and Cambodia; Sontay in Tonkin (767); Nha Trang (774); captured Indrapura in Cambodia (770); Phan Rang (787). The naval raids was probably launched byShailendran-Srivijayan MaharajaDharmasetu or Dharanindra.[18] | |
| 778 | Kalasan temple constructed according toKalasan inscription. | |
| 792 | The Manjusrigrha (Sewu) temple is completed according toManjusrigrha inscription. | |
| 800 | The agriculturally based BuddhistShailendra dynasty rulesSumatra andJava.[15] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 825 | Borobudur is completed during the reign ofSamaratungga.[19][20] | |
| 856 | Prambanan is completed.[15] According toShivagrha inscriptionRakai Pikatan — the husband ofPramodhawardhani — defeated Balaputra. | |
| 860 | Balaputra the Maharaja ofSuvarnadvipa and the ruler of Srivijaya, constructs the buddhist temple and monastery inNalandaIndia, on the land given by King Devapaladeva of Pala in Benggala, according to theNalanda inscription.[21] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 907 | Sumbing volcano erupted, according to Rukam inscription. | |
| KingBalitung createdMantyasih inscription containing the list ofMataram kings, moved the capital from Mamratipura to Poh Pitu, and expanded Prambanan temple. | ||
| 914 | TheWarmadewa dynasty rulesBali.[22] | |
| 928 | During the reign ofKing Wawa, the capital ofMataram inMamratipura was devastated, probably by the massive eruption ofMount Merapi. | |
| 929 | Mpu Sindok moved the seat of power of theMataram kingdom fromMamratipura inCentral Java to Tamwlang inEast Java and establishedIsyana Dynasty. The shift was probably as a result of the eruption ofMount Merapi and/or invasion fromSrivijaya.[23] | |
| 937 | Mpu Sindok moved the capital again from Tamwlang to Watugaluh, both near bank ofBrantas River in modernJombang inEast Java. | |
| c. 980s | Dynastic marriage between princessMahendradatta of JavaneseIsyanas and kingUdayana of BalineseWarmadewas. | |
| 990 | KingDharmawangsa of Mataram kingdomlaunches a naval invasion onPalembang in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Srivijaya.[18] | |
| Airlangga, son of King Udayana and Queen Mahendradatta was born in Bali. | ||
| 996 | Dharmawangsa commissioned the translation of theMahabharata intoOld Javanese.[24] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1006 | Srivijaya successfully repelling theDharmawangsa's invasion, the invasion ultimately unsuccessful. | |
| 1016 | King Dharmawangsa's Mataram kingdomfalls under invasion of King Wurawari from Lwaram (highly possibleSrivijayan ally in Java).[22] | |
| 1019 | Airlangga establishes the Kingdom of Kahuripan.[25] | |
| 1025 | Rajendra Chola, theChola king fromCholamandala in South India, conquered Pannai andKadaram from Srivijaya and occupied it for some time. The Cholas continued a series of raids and conquests of parts Srivijayan empire in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula.[26] | |
| 1030 | Sanghyang Tapak inscription in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java, mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest andKingdom of Sunda. | |
| 1041 | Airlangga divided Kahuripan into two kingdomsJanggala andKadiri and abdicated in favour of his successors.[27] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1104 | King Jayawarsa ofKadiri ascends to the throne.[citation needed] | |
| 1115 | King Kamesvara of Kadiri ascends to the throne.Janggala ceases to exist and united under Kadiri domination, highly possible under royal marriage. During his reign Mpu Dharmaja writes KakawinSmaradahana, a eulogy for the king and become the inspiration ofPanji cycle, the tales that spreads across Southeast Asia.[27] | |
| 1130 | KingJayabaya ofKadiri ascends to the throne.[citation needed] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1222 | Battle of Genter,Ken Arok defeatedKertajaya, the last king ofKediri, thus establishedSinghasari kingdom[28] Ken Arok ended the reign ofIsyana Dynasty and started his ownRajasa dynasty. | |
| 1257 | Baab Mashur Malamo established The Kingdom ofTernate in Maluku. | |
| 1275 | KingKertanegara of Singhasari launchedPamalayu expedition againstMelayu Kingdom in Sumatra. | |
| 1284 | King Kertanegara launched Pabali expedition to Bali, which integrated Bali into the Singhasari territory. | |
| 1289 | Kertanegara insult the envoy ofKublai Khan that demand Java to pay the tribute toYuan Dynasty.[29][30] | |
| 1292 | Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri,rebelled and killed Kertanegara, ended the Singhasari kingdom. | |
| Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia visited Sumatra and reported that on the northern part of Sumatra there were six trading ports includingFerlec,Samudera and Lambri.[31] | ||
| 1293 | 22 January–early August | Mongol invasion of Java,[32]Kublai Khan ofYuan dynasty China, sent punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari. TheMongol forces were repelled. |
| 10 November | The coronation ofNararya Sangramawijaya as the monarch ofMajapahit kingdom, marked the foundation of Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java. | |
| 1300 | Footprint ofIslam state ispresent in northern tip ofSumatra. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1309 | KingJayanegara succeedsKertarajasa Jayawardhana as ruler ofMajapahit.[33] | |
| 1318 | anItalian Franciscan friar,Mattiussi visited Sumatra, Java, andBanjarmasin in Borneo. In his record he describedMajapahit kingdom. | |
| 1328 | Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit. | |
| 1334 | Hayam Wuruk, son ofTribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi was born.[34] | |
| Mount Kelud in East Java erupted.[34] | ||
| Gajah Mada declared hisPalapa oath.[35] | ||
| 1347 | Adityawarman moved the capital ofDharmasraya and established the kingdom of Malayupura inPagarruyung, West Sumatra.[36] | |
| 1350 | Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara succeedsTribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi as ruler of Majapahit; his reign is considered the empire's 'Golden Age'.[33] Under its military commanderGajah Mada, Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia. | |
| 1355 | Kingdom of Negara Dipa wasestablished inSouth Kalimantan byEmpu Jatmika.[37] | |
| 1357 | In theBattle of Bubat, theSundanese royal family were massacred by the Majapahit army under the order ofGajah Mada. This event led to the death of Sundanese King Lingga Buana and the princessDyah Pitaloka Citraresmi that committed suicide.[38] | |
| 1365 | TheOld Javanese textNagarakertagama is written.[33] | |
| 1377 | Majapahit sends apunitive expedition againstrebellingPalembang inSumatra. Palembang's prince,Parameswara, flees toSingapura, eventually became king of Singapura for several years. | |
| 1389 | Wikramawardhana succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.[33] | |
| 1398 | Majapahit launched aninvasion to Singapura. Parameswara (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way toMalacca and establishing it as a major international port.[33] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1405 | Paregreg war,Majapahit civil war of succession between Wikramawardhana against Wirabhumi. (to 1406) | |
| 1405–1407 | The first voyage ofZheng He, a massiveMing dynasty naval expedition visited Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri.[39] (to 1433) | |
| 1429 | QueenSuhita succeeds Wikramawardhana as ruler ofMajapahit.[33] | |
| 1447 | Wijayaparakramawardhana, succeeds Suhita as ruler of Majapahit.[33] | |
| 1451 | Rajasawardhana, born Bhre Pamotan, styled Brawijaya II succeeds Wijayaparakramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[33] | |
| 1453 | Reign of Rajasawardhana ends.[33] | |
| 1456 | Girishawardhana, styled Brawijaya III, becomes ruler of Majapahit.[33] | |
| 1466 | Singhawikramawardhana, succeeds Girishawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[33] | |
| 1478 | Reign of Singhawikramawardhana ends.[33] | |
| 1500 | Islam becomes Indonesia's dominant religion.[citation needed] | |
| Around late 15th centuryBujangga Manik manuscript was composed, tell the story of Jaya Pakuan Bujangga Manik, aSundanese Hindu hermit journeys throughout Java and Bali.[40] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1509 | The Portuguese king sendsDiogo Lopes de Sequeira to findMalacca, the eastern terminus of Asian trade. After initially receiving Sequeira,Sultan Mahmud Syah captures and/or kills several of his men and attempts an assault on the four Portuguese ships, which escape.[41] TheJavanese fleet is also destroyed in Malacca. | |
| 1511 | August | Afonso de Albuquerque after sailing fromPortuguese Goa conquers theSultanate of Malacca with a force of 1,200 and seventeen or eighteen ships.[41] |
| 1512 | The first Portuguese exploratory expedition was sent eastward from Malacca to search for the 'Spice Islands' (Maluku) led byFrancisco Serrão. Serrao is shipwrecked but struggles on toHitu (northernAmbon) and wins the favour of the local rulers.[42] | |
| 1520 | ThePortuguese established atrading post in the village of Lamakera on the eastern side ofSolor as a transit harbour betweenMaluku andMalacca. | |
| SultanAli Mughayat Syah ofAceh begins an expansionist campaign capturing Dayak on the westSumatran coast, and the pepper and gold producing lands on the east coast. | ||
| 1520 | The establishment ofBanjar Sultanate inSouth Kalimantan withSultan Suriansyah as the first king.[43] | |
| 1521 | November | Ferdinand Magellan's expedition reaches Maluku and after trade withTernate returns to Europe with a load ofcloves. |
| 1522 | The Portuguese ally themselves with the rulers ofTernate and begin construction of a fort.[42] | |
| August | Luso Sundanese Treaty signed betweenPortugal andSunda Kingdom granted Portuguese permit to build fortress inSunda Kelapa | |
| 1535 | The Portuguese in Ternate depose Sultan Tabariji (or Tabarija) and send him to Portuguese Goa where he converts to Christianity and bequeaths his Portuguese godfatherJordao de Freitas the island of Ambon.[44] | |
| 1546 | Francis Xavier works among the peoples of Ambon, Ternate andMorotai (Moro) laying the foundations for a permanent mission. (to 1547) | |
| 1559 | Sultan Khairun of Ternate protesting the Portuguese'sChristianisation activities in his lands. Hostilities betweenTernate and the Portuguese. | |
| 1562 | PortugueseDominican priests build a palm-trunk fortress whichJavaneseMuslims burned down the following year. The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans commenced theChristianisation of the local population.[44] | |
| 1569 | Peace treaty was signed by Sultan Khairun of Ternate and Governor Lopez De Mesquita of Portuguese. | |
| 1570 | Sultan Hairun of Ternate is killed by the Portuguese.[44] The reign of Sultan Baabullah. | |
| 1575 | Following a five-year war, the Ternateans under Sultan Baabullah defeated the Portuguese. | |
| 1578 | The Portuguese establish a fort onTidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.[44] | |
| 1579 | The British navigatorSir Francis Drake passes through Maluku and transit inTernate on his circumnavigation of the world. The Portuguese establish a fort onTidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.[45] | |
| 1583 | Death of Sultan Baabullah ofTernate. | |
| 1595 | First Dutch expedition to Indonesia sets sail for the East Indies with two hundred and forty-nine men and sixty-four cannons led byCornelis de Houtman.[46] | |
| 1596 | June | de Houtman's expedition reachesBanten the main pepper port of West Java where they clash with both the Portuguese and Indonesians. It then sails east along the north coast ofJava losing twelve crew to a Javanese attack atSidayu and killing a local ruler inMadura.[46] |
| 1597 | de Houtman's expedition returns to the Netherlands with enough spices to make a considerable profit.[46] | |
| 1598 | The Portuguese require an armada of 90 ships to put down a Solorese uprising.[44] (to 1599) | |
| More Dutch fleets leave for Indonesia and most are profitable.[46] | ||
| 1599 | The van Neck expedition returns to Europe. The expedition makes a 400 per cent profit.[46] (to 1600) | |
| March | Leaving Europe the previous year, afleet of eight ships underJacob van Neck was the first Dutch fleet to reach the 'Spice Islands' of Maluku.[46] | |
| 1600 | The Portuguese win a major naval battle in the bay of Ambon.[47] Later in the year, the Dutch join forces with the local Hituese in an anti-Portuguese alliance, in return for which the Dutch would have the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu.[47] | |
| Elizabeth I grants a charter to theBritish East India Company beginning the English advance in Asia. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1602 | The Portuguese send a major (and last) expeditionary force from Malacca which succeeded in reimposing a degree of Portuguese control. | |
| TheDutch East India Company (VOC) is established by merging competingDutch trading companies.[47] | ||
| June | British East India Company's first voyage, commanded bySir James Lancaster, arrives inAceh and sails on toBantam where he is allowed to build trading post which becomes the centre of British trade in Indonesia until 1682.[48] | |
| 1603 | First permanent Dutch trading post is established inBanten,West Java.[48] | |
| 1604 | A second English East India Company voyage commanded bySir Henry Middleton reaches Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. Fierce VOC hostility is encountered in Banda thus beginning Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices[48] | |
| 1605 | February | The VOC in alliance with Hitu prepare to attack a Portuguese fort in Ambon but the Portuguese surrender.[47] |
| 1606 | ASpanish fleet occupies Ternate and Tidore.[47] | |
| 1608 | Iskandar Muda ofAceh Sultanate launched series of naval conquest on coastal Sumatran and Malay peninsula states. (to 1637) | |
| 1610 | The VOC establishes the post of Governor General to enable firmer control of their affairs in Asia.[47] | |
| 1611 | The English establish trading posts atSukadana (southwestKalimantan),Makassar,Jayakarta andJepara inJava, and Aceh,Pariaman andJambi in (Sumatra) threatening Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.[48] | |
| The Dutch establish a post atJayakarta (later 'Batavia' and then 'Jakarta'). | ||
| 1613 | The Dutch expel the Portuguese from theirSolor fort. | |
| 1619 | Jan Pieterszoon Coen appointed Governor-General of the VOC who would show he had no scruples about using brute force to establish the VOC on a firm footing. | |
| 30 May | Coen, backed by a force of nineteen ships, storms the Jayakarta driving out the Banten forces, and from the ashes of Jayakarta, establishesBatavia as the VOC headquarters. | |
| 1620 | Almost the entire native population ofBanda Islands was deported, driven away, starved to death or killed in an attempt to replace them with Dutch colonial slave labour. | |
| Diplomatic agreements in Europe commence a three-year period of cooperation between the Dutch and the English over the spice trade.[48] | ||
| 1623 | In a notorious but disputed incident, known as the 'Amboyna massacre', ten English and ten Japanese traders are arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch Government.[49] The English quietly withdraw from most of their Indonesian activities (except trading in Bantam) and focus on other Asian interests. | |
| 1628–1629 | Sultan Agung ofMataram launched a failed campaign toconquer Dutch Batavia. | |
| 1629 | Iskandar Muda ofAceh Sultanate launched a failed attempt to takePortuguese Malacca. | |
| 1636 | The Portuguese are expelled again from their Solor fort by the Dutch following a reoccupation. | |
| 1646 | Sultan Agung of Mataram dies – and is buried at his graveyard atImogiri | |
| 1667 | As a result of theTreaty of Breda between Dutch and England, the Dutch secured a worldwide monopoly onnutmeg by forcing England to give up their claim onRun, the most remote of theBanda Islands. While the Dutch did not press their claims onNew Netherland. | |
| 1674 | TheTrunajaya rebellion. Followers of theMadurese princeTrunajaya rebelled against theMataram Sultanate. After initial defeats, Mataram requested help from the VOC in exchange for various concessions. VOC-Mataram forces ultimately defeated the rebellion. | |
| 1700 | With the decline of thespice trade, textiles are now the most important trade item in the Dutch East Indies.[50] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1704 | First Javanese War of Succession.[51] | |
| 1712 | The first shipment ofcoffee from Java reachesAmsterdam.[52] | |
| 1717 | Surabaya rebels against theVOC.[53] | |
| 1719 | Second Javanese War of Succession.[53] | |
| 1735 | Governor-General Dirk van Cloon dies, one of many victims of disease in Batavia.[54] | |
| 1740 | 9 October | A massacre of Batavia's ethnic Chinese begins after they are suspected by the VOC of planning a rebellion. Approximately 10,000 are killed and the Chinese quarter is burned.[55] |
| 1743 | The capitalKartasura fell under Geger Pecinan uprising — Raden Mas Garendi (Sunan Kuning) led Chinese mercenaries revolted against Pakubuwono II. | |
| 1745 | 17 February | Pakubuwono II established a newkraton in Sala village and establishedSurakarta Sunanate. |
| 1755 | 13 February | The Treaty of Giyanti is signed, effectively partitioning theMataram Sultanate. The VOC recognizes Mangkubumi as Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, who rules half of Central Java. Hamengkubuwono I then establishedYogyakarta Sultanate, moves to Yogya and renames the cityYogyakarta[56] |
| 1757 | 17 March | Salatiga treaty betweenPrince Sambernyawa withPakubuwono III andHamengkubuwono I further partitioning the remnant of Mataram Sultanate, theMangkunegaran Grand Duchy was established. |
| 1769 | French expeditions captureclove plants inAmbon, ending the VOC monopoly of the plant.[57] (to 1772) | |
| 1770 | CaptainJames Cook stops at Onrust Island in the Bay of Batavia for repairs to his shipEndeavour on his round the world voyage.[58] | |
| 1778 | 24 April | Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences was established by a group of Dutch intellectuals.[59] This institution is the pioneer of scientific efforts in Indonesia and the founder ofNational Museum of Indonesia. |
| 1792 | March | Hamengkubuwana I dies.[60] |
| 1795 | 19 January 1795 | TheBatavian Republic, aclient state of theFrench First Republic, and successor state to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was proclaimed. |
| 1800 | 1 January | The bankruptDutch East India Company (VOC) is formally dissolved and nationalised by theBatavian Republic.[61] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1803 | First phase ofPadri War. (to 1825) | |
| 1806 | The Batavian Republic is dissolved and theKingdom of Holland is created, apuppet kingdom set up byNapoléon Bonaparte. | |
| 1808 | Herman Willem Daendels theGovernor-general of the Dutch East Indies, During the French interim (1806–1811) begins the construction ofJava Great Post Road.[62] against an Anglo-Dutch invasion. | |
| 1811 | August | Britishinvasion of Java during theNapoleonic Wars.Stamford Raffles was appointed as the Lieutenant-Governor of Java. |
| 1814 | November | Raffles' wife,Olivia Mariamne Devenish died in Buitenzorg (nowBogor) in Java. |
| 1814 | Dutch colonial possessions in theEast Indian Archipelago returned to the Dutch following theAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. | |
| 1815 | April | Mount Tambora inSumbawa island erupted, it was the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history that wiped outTambora culture and killed at least 71,000 people in total (including the aftermath). The eruption created global climate anomalies known as "volcanic winter".[63] |
| 1825 | Java War (to 1830) | |
| 1831 | Second phase of Padri War (to 1838) | |
| 1864 | June | The firstrailway track in Indonesia was laid betweenSemarang and Tanggung,Central Java by theDutch colonial government.[64] |
| 1868 | The Batavian Museum (todayNational Museum of Indonesia) was officially opened by Dutch East Indies government. | |
| 1870 | Official dismantling of theCultivation System and beginning of a 'Liberal Policy' of deregulated exploitation of the Netherlands East Indies.[65] | |
| 1873 | The beginning of theAceh War.[65] | |
| 1879 | 21 April | Kartini was born inJepara, today the date is commemorated as women's emancipation day in Indonesia. |
| 1883 | August | MountKrakatoa inSunda Straiterupted, killed 36,417 people. |
| 1888 | Founding of the shipping lineKoninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij (KPM) that supported the unification and development of the colonial economy.[65] | |
| 1894 | Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem[65] The Dutch looted and destroyed the Cakranegara palace ofMataram.[66] J. L. A. Brandes, a Dutch philologist discovered and securedNagarakretagama manuscript in Lombok royal library. | |
| 1898 | General van Heutz becomes chief of staff of Aceh campaign.Wilhelmina becomes queen of the Netherlands.[65] | |
| 1898 | TheOpiumregie begins operations in Batavia. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | Ethical Policy is proclaimed.[65] | |
| 1903 | Aceh declared conquered.[65] | |
| 1904 | Jo van Heutsz becomes Governor General.[65]Kartini established a school for women inRembang, just like Dewi Sartika, she was considered as the pioneer ofwomen's rights in Indonesia. | |
| 16 January | Dewi Sartika established the first school for women in Dutch East Indies inBandung, she was considered as the pioneer ofwomen's rights in Indonesia. | |
| 1906 | TheDutch intervention in Bali (1906) destroyed the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan. | |
| 1907 | Tirto Adhi Soerjo founds civil servants' associationSarekat Priyayi.[65] | |
| 1908 | April | DuringDutch intervention in Bali (1908), the lastBalinese rulers wiped out inpuputan ('suicidal battle to death').[65] |
| May | Budi Utomo is proclaimed as the first official nationalist movement.[67] | |
| 1912 | Islamic League (Sarekat Islam) becomes the first mass-based nationalist party.[65] | |
| First scientific description ever ofKomodo dragon byPeter Ouwens.[68] | ||
| 18 November | The modernist Islamic organizationMuhammadiyah was established byAhmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta. | |
| 1914 | World War I breaks out; the Netherlands is a neutral country in the war.[65] | |
| 1917 | East Indies trade with Europe cut off by the war.[65] | |
| 1919 | May | Mt Kelud in East Java erupts with a deathtoll of around 5,000 people. |
| 1920 | May | Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) is founded. Economic downturn.[65] |
| 1925 | February | Birth ofPramoedya Ananta Toer.[69] A sharp rise in world commodity prices brings prosperity to the Indies.[65] |
| 1926 | 31 January | Nahdlatul Ulama was established byHasyim Asy'ari as the reaction to the modernist Muhammadiyah organization. |
| 1929 | TheGreat Depression in America[65] affected the economy of Dutch East Indies. | |
| 1930 | Sukarno's famous nationalist speech, 'Indonesia Accuses', given as defence in his political trial.[70] | |
| 1941 | 8 December | Netherlands declares war on Japan.[71] |
| 1941 | 8 December | Dutch East Indies campaign (8 December 1941 – 9 March 1942) by forces from theEmpire of Japan starts. |
| 1942 | 27 February | Battle of the Java Sea, Imperial Japanese Navy defeat Allied forcesABDACOM afterwardsImperial Japan occupies Indonesia duringWorld War II, over throwing theDutch East Indies and install their own imperial structure. |
| 28 February | TheJapanese troops invadeJava. | |
| 7 March | Dutch East Indies government in exile established in Australia by Dutch officials headed byLieutenantGovernor GeneralHuib van Mook | |
| 8 March | Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on Java capitulates. At 09:00 on 8 March, the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces—Ter Poorten—announced the surrender of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army in Java. Instrument of surrender signed in Bandung on 12 March | |
| 31 December | Merauke Force formed, to reinforce theKNIL garrison inMerauke,West New Guinea. | |
| 1944 | 22 April | Start of theliberation of the Dutch East Indies by Allied forces |
| April | First DutchNICA detachments land atHollandia in New Guinea. | |
| 16 May | Van Mook–MacArthur Civil Affairs Agreement signed in London concerning the jurisdiction over and administration of civil affairs in Dutch East Indies territory liberated by an Allied expeditionary force during WWII. | |
| 1 June | 1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL) founded at Camp Victory, near Casino, New South Wales. Australia. | |
| 1945 | 9 January | Between January and July landing of DutchKNIL troops atBiak,Tarakan andBalikpapan. |
| 1 June | Sukarno'sPancasila speech.[72] | |
| 16 July | Draft of constitution for the Republic completed.[72] | |
| August | Republican government established in Jakarta andconstitution adopted.Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) established. | |
| 15 August | Japanese surrender toAllied powers.[70] | |
| 17 August | "Proclamation of Indonesian Independence," signed bySukarno-Hatta.[70][73] | |
| August | Start of theBersiap killings during the early stages of theIndonesian National Revolution. | |
| 3 November | Vice President Hatta proclaims right of the people to form political parties. | |
| 10 November | Battle of Surabaya.[70] | |
| 1946 | Social revolutions, including the Three Regions (Tiga Daerah) Revolt.[70] | |
| Federal states, including theState of East Indonesia are set up by Dutch in the outer islands.[70] | ||
| 1947 | 25 March | Linggadjati Agreement, first ceasefire.[70] |
| 20 July | Major Dutch military offensive to resolve differences by force.[70] | |
| 25 August | United Nations Commission for Indonesia established. | |
| 1948 | Darul Islam rebellions begin in West Java, spread to other provinces but conclude with the execution of its leaderKartosuwiryo.[74] (to 1962) | |
| 19 January | TheRenville Agreement establishes the Van Mook line between Republican and Dutch held territories.[70] | |
| August | Fall of theAmir Syarifuddin government,[70] largely from the Renville Agreement fallout. | |
| 18 September | Madiun Affair: Nationalist leaders launch a revolt inCentral Java in an attempt to take over the Revolution but are suppressed by Communist troops.[70] | |
| 19 December | Dutch undertakesecond military offensive capturing Republican capital atYogyakarta and most of the Republican cabinet. Amir Syarifuddin executed by fleeing Republicans.[70] | |
| 1949 | February | Tan Malaka executed by Republican Army.[70] |
| 1 August | Official ceasefire.[70] | |
| December | Netherlands Government transferres sovereignty to theUnited States of Indonesia (RUSI) at theDutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference.[70] | |
| 1950 | Military articulation of doctrinesDwifungsi andHankamrata: a military role in sociopolitical development as well as security; a requirement that the resources of the people be at the call of the armed forces.[75] (to 1960) | |
| 29 January | GeneralSudirman, commander of Indonesia's armed forces, dies aged 34 | |
| 24 March | Activation of the DutchMilitary Mission for Indonesia | |
| 25 April | TheRepublic of South Moluccas (RMS) is proclaimed inAmbon | |
| 17 August | Following RUSI endorsement of anew constitution, thefederation is dissolved and Sukarno proclaims aunitary state, the 'Republic of Indonesia'.[70] | |
| 6 September | The first cabinet of the unitary state is established. It is led by Prime Minister Mohammad Natsir.[76] | |
| 27 September | Indonesia becomes the 60th member of theUnited Nations.[76] | |
| 28 September | Invasion of Ambon by the Indonesian army to suppress theRepublic of South Moluccas. | |
| 1951 | 21 March | The Natsir cabinet falls.[77] |
| 26 April | The composition of the new cabinet is announced. The new Prime Minister is Dr. Sukiman Wirjosanjojo.[76] | |
| 1952 | 25 February | Amid bitter disputes over the signing of a Mutual Security Agreement with the US, the Sukiman cabinet resigns.[77] |
| 3 April | The new cabinet, led by Prime MinisterWilopo is inaugurated.[76] | |
| 17 October | Army-organized demonstrations take place in Jakarta to demand the dissolution of the legislature. Tank guns and machine guns are trained on the presidential palace.[77] This leads to the suspension ofGeneral Nasution as army chief of staff following army indiscipline over command and support that threatens the government.[74] | |
| 1953 | 2 June | The Wilopo cabinet resigns.[77] |
| 31 July | After lengthy negotiations, the composition of the new cabinet is announced. Serving his first term as prime minister is Ali Sastroamidjojo.[77] | |
| 1955 | March | Regional rebellions inSumatra andSulawesi. (to August 1961) |
| 24 March | The second cabinet to be led byAli Sastroamidjojo takes office.[76] | |
| 18 April | The city ofBandung hosts theAsia-Africa Conference. It is the first meeting of theNon-Aligned Movement and is attended by world leaders includingChina'sZhou Enlai,India'sNehru,Egypt'sNasser andYugoslavia'sTito.[75] (to 25 April) | |
| 24 July | After a dispute with the Army over appointments, the cabinet resigns.[77] | |
| 12 August | Led by Prime Minister Burhanuddin Harahap, the new cabinet is sworn in.[76] | |
| 29 September | Indonesia holds general parliamentary elections;[70] the last free national elections until 1999; support for the parties is widely distributed with four parties each gaining 16–22% and the remaining votes split between 24 parties.[75] | |
| 15 December | Elections are held for theConstitutional Assembly[77] | |
| 1956 | 3 March | The cabinet falls as a result of its policy toward theDutch.[77] |
| 3 May | Indonesia unilaterally abrogates theRound Table Agreement signed with the Dutch in 1949.[76] | |
| 1 December | Hatta resigns as vice-president.[76] | |
| 1957 | 21 February | PresidentSukarno announces his "Conception" (Konsepsi) of the nature of Indonesia. This will eventually lead toGuided Democracy[76][77] |
| March | Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi.[75] (to August 1961) | |
| 14 March | Martial law is proclaimed. On the same day, the cabinet resigns.[77] | |
| 9 April | Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with Djuanda as prime minister.[76] | |
| 30 November | An attempt is made to assassinate President Sukarno. Grenades are thrown at him as he visits a school in Cikini, Jakarta.[76] | |
| 1958 | 18 May | US Air Force pilotAllen Pope is shot down overAmbon, revealing covertAmerican support of regional rebellions, and ends the Dulles brothers',Allen andJohn, efforts to subvert theSukarno government.[75] |
| 1959 | 5 July | With armed forces support, Sukarno issuesa decree dissolving theConstituent Assembly and reintroducing theConstitution of 1945 with strong presidential powers, and assumes the additional role of Prime Minister, which completes the structure of 'Guided Democracy'.[75] |
| 10 July | President Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with himself as prime minister.[78] | |
| 1960 | 18 February | President Sukarno reshuffles the cabinet and appoints the second "Working Cabinet".[78] |
| 9 March | Second LieutenantDaniel Alexander Maukar of theIndonesian Air Force uses aMiG-17 fighter to strafe thePresidential Palace in Jakarta, oil tanks at Tanjung Priok in NorthJakarta and then theBogor Palace.[76][79] | |
| 24 June | The House of Representatives-Mutual cooperation (DPR-GR), composed of members chosen by PresidentSukarno is established.[76] | |
| 17 August | Indonesia severs diplomatic links with theNetherlands in protest over its refusal to hand overNetherlands New Guinea.[76] | |
| 30 September | President Sukarno addresses theUnited Nations General Assembly.[76] | |
| 1961 | 4 March | An agreement is signed in Jakarta with theSoviet Union to buy arms with long-term loans.[76] |
| 17 August | Building officially starts on theMonas National Monument in the center of Jakarta.[76] | |
| 1962 | 2 January | The Mandala Command to "free" Western (Netherlands) New Guinea from the Dutch is established. Its commander is Brigadier GeneralSuharto.[76] |
| 15 January | Deputy chief of staff of theIndonesian Navy Commodore Yos Sudarso is killed in a Dutch air attack on the motor torpedo boat (MTB) force he is commanding.[76] | |
| 8 March | President Sukarno again reshuffles his cabinet.[78] | |
| 15 August | TheNew York Agreement, transferring Western New Guinea to Indonesia, is signed at theUnited Nations.[76] | |
| 24 August | Jakarta hosts theFourthAsian Games.[76] (to 4 September) | |
| 1963 | Sole years ofAmerican Peace Corps program in Indonesia.[75] | |
| Sukarno leads theKonfrontasi campaign against the newly createdMalaysia.[70][75] (to 1965) | ||
| 1 May | Western New Guinea is transferred to thetemporary UN supervision.[75][76] | |
| 18 May | Parliament elects Sukarno 'President-for-life'.[75] | |
| 27 July | Sukarno declares Indonesian policy to oppose the creation ofMalaysia which incorporateNorth Borneo, marking theIndonesia–Malaysia confrontation. | |
| 18 September | Following demonstrations in Jakarta to protest at the creation ofMalaysia, the British Embassy is burned by a mob.[76] | |
| 13 November | President Sukarno conducts the final reshuffle of the "Working Cabinet".[76] | |
| 1964 | 17 August | During his Independence Day speech, Sukarno for the first time publicly denounce the United States, and over the following months an anti-American campaign attacked American interests. |
| 27 August | President Sukarno appoints the Dwikora Cabinet | |
| 1965 | 7 January | Indonesia withdraws from membership of the UN.[75][80] |
| 14 January | TheIndonesian Communist Party (PKI) calls for workers and peasants to be armed.[80] | |
| 11 April | The Third Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held inBandung.[80] (to 16 April) | |
| 26 May | Foreign MinisterSubandrio reports to President Sukarno the existence of theGilchrist Document, a letter purporting to be from the British ambassador which discusses western military involvement in Indonesia.[80] | |
| 30 September | Anabortive coup inJakarta results in the murder of six army generals, and disposal of bodies atLubang Buaya.[75] | |
| October | A violent anti-communist purge leads to the killing of approximately 1/2 million Indonesians.[75] (to March 1966) | |
| 1 October | A counter-coup led byGeneral Suharto that leads to theOverthrow of Sukarno | |
| 14 October | President Sukarno appoints Major GeneralSuharto Minister/Commander of the Army.[80] | |
| 16 October | The Jakarta Military Command temporarily suspends the activities of the PKI and its organizations in the Jakarta region.[80] | |
| 13 December | Therupiah is devalued by a factor of 1,000 in an effort to control inflation.[80] | |
| 1966 | 10 January | Anti-communist organizations grouped under the Pancasila Front issue the "Three Demands of the People" (Tritura), namely the dissolution of the PKI, the cleansing of the cabinet of elements involved in 30 September Movement, and lower prices and economic improvements.[80] |
| 14 February | The Extraordinary Military Court trials of people allegedly involved in 30 September Movement begin.[80] | |
| 24 February | President Sukarno reshuffles his cabinet, creating what becomes known as the "cabinet of 100 ministers".[80] | |
| 11 March | Sukarno delegates key presidential powers to Suharto by signing theSupersemar. The following day Suharto dissolves theIndonesian Communist Party.[75][81] | |
| 18 March | A total of 14 cabinet ministers are taken into "protective custody".[80] | |
| 2 May | Following large scale demonstrations, the leadership of the Mutual-Assistance House of Representatives (DPR-GR) is replaced.[80] | |
| 20 June | The Fourth Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held inJakarta. It raises the status of the Supersemar into a decree, meaning Sukarno cannot revoke it, bans the PKI and its teachings and rejects President Sukarno's accountability speech.[80] (to 5 July) | |
| 11 August | Indonesia andMalaysia agree to normalize diplomatic relations.[80] | |
| 28 September | Indonesia rejoins theUnited Nations.[80] | |
| 1967 | 10 January | New investment laws designed to bring in foreign capital are passed; restrictions are introduced regarding status ofIndonesian Chinese, their names and their religions.[75][80] |
| 20 February | TheInter-Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI) is established as an international consortium of official donors to coordinate the provision of foreign assistance to Indonesia. The IGGI was chaired by The Netherlands until 1992. | |
| 22 February | In a ceremony at the presidential palace, Sukarno hands over authority to Suharto.[80] | |
| 7 March | A Special Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly strips Sukarno of his powers and appoints Suharto acting president.[80] (to 12 March) | |
| 8 August | ASEAN established inBangkok byIndonesia,Malaysia, thePhilippines,Singapore andThailand.[82] | |
| 1 October | Diplomatic relations with thePeople's Republic of China are suspended.[80] | |
| 1968 | Soedjatmoko is Indonesian ambassador to the United States; bilateral relations warm.[75] (to 1971) | |
| March | Parliament confers full presidential title on Suharto; Sukarno is under effective house arrest.[75] | |
| 1969 | Papuan representatives agree to join Indonesia in theAct of Free Choice.[75] | |
| 1970 | Nurcholish Madjid, a youngMuslim modernist, begins to lay out religious developmental principles for Indonesia—'Islam, yes; Islamic party, no'.[75] | |
| 21 June | Sukarno dies.[81] He is buried atBlitar,East Java.[75] | |
| 1971 | Suharto's wife inspired by a visit toDisneyland, conceives a national cultural theme park.[83] | |
| 3 July | Indonesia'ssecond parliamentary election and the first under the New Order is held.Golkar wins an outright majority.[80] | |
| 1973 | Government forces fusion of political parties; Nationalist and Christian parties are merged into theIndonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Muslim parties into theUnited Development Party (PPP). The new three party system is dominated byGolkar.[83] | |
| 1974 | The 'Malari' uprising in Jakarta againstJapanese penetration of the economy,Chinese Indonesian influence, and official corruption.[83] | |
| 1975 | April | Mrs Suharto dedicates the vast'Beautiful Indonesia-in-Miniature Park' (Taman Mini) on the outskirts of Jakarta.[83] |
| April | Civil war breaks out in the former Portuguese colony ofEast Timor.[83] | |
| 6 December | U.S. PresidentGerald Ford andSecretary of State Kissinger, returning from China, make a hastily rescheduled one-day visit to Jakarta.[83] | |
| 7 December | Indonesia launches an invasion of East Timor.[81] | |
| 1976 | March | GeneralIbnu Sutowo is 'dismissed with honour' after a decade as head ofPertamina, the state oil corporation.[83] |
| 8 July | Palapa A1, Indonesia's first communication satellite launched from Cape Canaveral.[84] | |
| 17 July | Suharto signs a bill integrating East Timor into Indonesia as its 27th province.[83] | |
| 19 November | UN General Assembly rejects Indonesia's annexation of East Timor.[83] | |
| 1977 | The United States surpasses Japan as Indonesia's biggest oil customer.[83] | |
| October | Sawito Kartowibowo's trial for 'subversion' begins.[83] | |
| 1978 | ThePeople's Consultative Assembly (MPR) elevatesPancasila to the status of compulsory moral education of youth and government officials.[83] Suharto appointsB.J. Habibie as state minister for research and technology.[83] | |
| 22 February | Suharto inauguratedIstiqlal Mosque, Jakarta, the Indonesian national mosque.[85] | |
| 1979 | 21 September | Jakarta host the10th SEA Games, it was the first time Indonesia hostSoutheast Asian Games. (to 30 September) |
| December | WriterPramoedya Ananta Toer is released after fourteen years imprisonment with hard labour onBuru Island.[83] | |
| 1980 | May | ThePetition of Fifty—a statement of concern to parliament about the use of government power, propaganda, and presidential personality cult—is begun.[83] |
| 1982 | The height ofPetrus ('mysterious shootings') of thousands of suspected criminals by government security forces.[81][83] (to 1983) | |
| 1983 | Prabowo Subianto, then a major inABRI marries Suharto's daughterSiti Hediati Hariyadi at Taman Mini.[83] | |
| 1984 | 12 September | Muslim concerned protesting over alleged insensitivities to Islam atTanjung Priok; a riot ensues resulting in many deaths. Clamp down on Islamic political leaders.[81] |
| December | Abdurrahman Wahid is elected chairman ofNahdlatul Ulama a position previously held by both his father and grandfather.[83] | |
| 1985 | The Indonesian government require all organisations of any kind to adopt Pancasila as their sole basis.[83] | |
| 1987 | Sukarno's daughterMegawati Sukarnoputri becomes a member of parliament; Suharto prohibits display of images of Sukarno although they appear frequently nonetheless.[86] | |
| 9 September | Jakarta host the14th SEA Games. (to 20 September) | |
| 1988 | Suharto is elected to a fifth term as president.,[86] Lilies Handayani, Nurfitriyana Saiman and Kusuma Wardhani won Indonesia's first medal inOlympic Games, a silver medal for women's team archery in1988 Summer Olympics Seoul. | |
| 1989 | TheFree Aceh Movement (GAM) reemerges following its 1976 founding; suppression of its guerilla activities leads to 2,000 deaths by 1991 inAceh.[86] | |
| 1991 | Indonesia wins presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement.[86] | |
| 12 November | ABRI troops fire on demonstrative funeral procession inDili, East Timor. TV images of the killings put East Timor high on the international human rights agenda.[86] | |
| 1992 | Suharto successfully defies Dutch efforts to link human rights to aid administered since 1967 by the International Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI).[86]Susi Susanti won Indonesia's firstOlympic gold medal in1992 Summer Olympics inBarcelona, Spain.[87] | |
| East Timorese resistance leaderXanana Gusmão is captured by Brigadier General Theo Syafei and is tried and sentenced.[86] (to 1993) | ||
| 1993 | Suharto seeks a sixth term and is easily re-elected.[86] | |
| 1994 | June | Suharto shuts downTempo and two other publications for critical reporting of Habibie's purchase of the former East German navy.[86] |
| 1996 | TheFree Papua Movement (OPM) kidnaps fourteen scientists and foresters in Iran Jaya garnering international attention. After four months, the abductees are rescued in a bloody operation led by Prabowo.[86] | |
| April | Ibu Tien Suharto, the president's wife of 48 years, dies of a heart attack.[86] | |
| July | Military-backed thugs burst into headquarters of PDI, Megawati's party, and evict her supporters in a violent climax to government efforts to vitiate her party's popularity.[86] | |
| 1997 | Severe social unrest breaks out across Indonesian cities against Chinese Indonesians, Christians, symbols of wealth, the police and bureaucracy.[86] (to 1998) | |
| February | Alarmed at adukun's prediction that 'the nail of Java has come loose', Suharto commands a massiveRuwat Dunia ceremony ('Cleansing of the world') nearBorobudur.[86] | |
| June | Pacific Ocean trade winds shift heralding the onset of theEl Niño; severe drought across much of Indonesia follows in the ensuing months accompanied by highly destructive forest fires.[86] | |
| July | The collapse of theThaibaht starts theEast Asian financial crisis and over the ensuing months Indonesia is the country hardest hit.[86] | |
| 26 September | Garuda Indonesia Flight 152, anAirbus A300, crashed in the mountains of a village calledBuah Nabar. Killing all 222 passengers and 12 crew on board. One of the deadliest aviation accidents in Indonesian history.[86] | |
| 11 October | Jakarta host the19th SEA Games. (to 19 October) | |
| 1998 | March | Largely peaceful student demonstrations against the regime rise to national prominence.[88] |
| 11 March | Suharto unanimously elected by the MPR to his seventh presidential term.[88] | |
| 12 May | Four student demonstrators atTrisakti University areshot dead by bullets unproven but thought likely to have been from army sources.[88] | |
| 13 May | Memorial services for killed students leads toriots; vandalism, arson, looting and rape by roving mobs which continue unchecked by security forces for two days leaving 1,200 dead.[88] | |
| 20 May | For National Awakening Day,Amien Rais pledges to bring a million protestors into the streets to demonstrate against at theNational Monument in Jakarta. Faced with barbed wire and massed troops he calls off the rally fearing bloodshed.[88] | |
| 21 May | After being deserted by his cabinet, Suharto resigns the presidency.Habibie assumes presidency.[88] | |
| August | General Wiranto announces the discharge of Lieutenant General Prabowo from active duty, with full pension benefits—and without court-martial for allegations of abduction and torture of student activist (some of whom remain missing as of 2003).[88] | |
| 10 November | Megawati, Rais, and the sultan of Yogya, meet at Wahid's home inCiganjur, and issue a series of statements including a demand for the military to end their role in politics within six years.[88] | |
| 13 November | On the last day of the MPR sessions, soldiers open fire on demonstrating students killing at least fifteen and injuring hundreds.[88] | |
| 1999 | 19 January | A petty argument between in the city ofAmbon triggers Christian-Muslim clashes that last for three years acrossMaluku. As many as 10,000 are killed and 700,000 or one third of the region are displaced.[88] |
| 7 June | Indonesia's first free and fair national elections since 1955 take place with almost no disruption and wide participation. Votes however are distributed across forty-eight parties with no party achieving a majority.[88] | |
| September | Timor-Leste votes to secede from Indonesia in a referendum conducted under UN auspices. Four-fifths of voters choose independence for East Timor over integration with Indonesia. Pro-integration militias trained and paid by ABRI immediately resort to a scorched earth policy that leaves 1,000 dead and most of the territory's infrastructure ruined.[88] | |
| 13 September | President Habibie relents to international pressure and allows a UN peacekeeping force known as 'INTERFET' to enter East Timor and restore order.[88] | |
| October | The Indonesian parliament rejects President Habibie's accountability speech. Wahid whose party received one eighth of the popular vote is elected president by the MPR. Megawati whose party received one third of the vote (the highest) is elected vice president.[89] | |
| 2000 | PresidentWahid's administration is marred by failures to stabilise the economy, patterns of political favouritism, economic corruption (although Wahid himself is not accused of corruption), inability to reform the military, personal eccentricity and pettiness, ineffectiveness in dealing with major religious violence in Maluku and Sulawesi, major ethnic violence (Dayaks vs.Madurese) inKalimantan, and separatisms in Aceh and Irian Jaya.[89] | |
| 24 December | In acoordinated attack involving more than three dozen sites across the country, churches are bombed and eighteen people killed. It is later proven to have been planned byJemaah Islamiyah in retaliation for Christian killings of Muslims in the Maluku conflict.[89] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Ethnic violence in Kalimantan as indigenous Dayaks force out Madurese transmigrants. Mass political demonstrations by Wahid's supporters and opponents. IMF stops further loans citing lack of progress in tackling corruption.[90] | |
| July | President Wahid is impeached chiefly on grounds of incompetence. The parliament elects Megawati president by 592 votes to 0.Hamzah Haz defeatsAkbar Tandjung and Lieutenant General (ret.)Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[89] | |
| September | President Megawati visits PresidentGeorge Bush a week after the9/11 terrorist attacks and welcomes American investment. On her return to Indonesia, the Islamic right criticises her cooperation with America's war inAfghanistan, and the nationalist left criticises here for being too suppliant to foreign investors.[89] | |
| 2002 | Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, the largest Muslim organisations in Indonesia, issue joint statements critical of militantIslamists.[89] | |
| February | Peace talks inMalino,South Sulawesi appear to end three years of Christian-Muslim violence in Maluku andPoso.[89] | |
| July | Tommy Suharto is sentenced to fifteen years jail for illegal possession of arms, contempt of law, and masterminding the assassination of a Supreme Court judge who had convicted him for graft.[89] | |
| September | House Speaker Akbar Tandjung is sentenced to three years jail for corruption.[89] | |
| 12 October | Bombs in the Kuta nightclub district inBali kill 202 people, the deadliest terrorist attack in Indonesia's history. Indonesian police, aided by ten nations, track down Jemaah Islamiyah operatives.[89] | |
| November | Eurico Guterres is sentenced to ten years prison for crimes committed following the 1999 ballot in East Timor.[89] | |
| December | The Indonesian government and GAM sign a peace accord aimed at ending decades of violence in Aceh. The deal breaks down the following year.[89] | |
| 2003 | August | Jemaah Islamiyahbomb Jakarta's Marriott hotel killing twelve. All but one of those killed are Indonesians. |
| 2004 | April | Parliamentary and local elections: Golkar party of former President Suharto wins greatest share of vote, with Megawati Sukarnoputri's PDI-P coming second.[90] |
| 9 September | Abomb blast outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta kills 11 and injures up to 100 people. | |
| October | Indonesia's firstdirect presidential election elects Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono following popular disillusionment with incumbent Megawati. | |
| 26 December | An earthquake-triggered tsunami kills an estimated 170,000 inAceh and causes widespread devastation. | |
| 2005 | 15 August | Government andFree Aceh Movement separatists sign a peace deal providing for rebel disarmament and the withdrawal of government soldiers from the province. Rebels begin handing in weapons in September; government completes troop pull-out in December.[90] |
| 1 October | Bombings in Bali kill 20 people. | |
| 2006 | 27 May | The 6.4 Mw Yogyakarta earthquake shakes centralJava with anMSK intensity of IX (Destructive), leaving more than 5,700 dead and 37,000 injured. |
| 2007 | 1 January | Adam AirFlight 574 crashes into the sea inMakassar Strait offSulawesi, killing all 102 on board. |
| 7 March | Garuda Indonesia Flight 200 overran the runway inAdisucipto International Airport killing at least 21 people. | |
| 2008 | 27 January | Suharto dies from multiple organ failure.[91] He is buried in the family Mausoleum near Solo.[92] |
| 9 November | Jemaah Islamiyah Operatives are executed when found guilty for the 2002 bombings after numerous appeals from their families. | |
| 2009 | 8 July | Incumbent PresidentSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono wonIndonesian presidential election.[93] |
| 17 July | Jemaah Islamiyahbomb two hotels in Jakarta, including the Marriott that was attacked in 2003. | |
| 17 September | Noordin Mohammad Top, the head ofJemaah Islamiyah, is shot inSolo, Central Java | |
| 30 December | Abdurrahman Wahid, the 4th president of Indonesia died because of complications from kidney disorders, heart disease and diabetes.[94] | |
| 2010 | 25 October | Merapi volcanoerupted, over 350,000 people were evacuated, 353 people were killed,[95]Borobudur was covered in volcanic ash.[96] (to 17 November) |
| 2011 | 7 May | Jakarta host 18thASEAN Summit, mark the beginning of Indonesian chairmanship in ASEAN 2011.[97][98] (to 8 May) |
| 11 November | Opening ceremony of the26th Southeast Asian Games was held in Palembang. The largest multi-event sports in the region was held in Jakarta and Palembang.[99] (to 22 November) | |
| 2012 | 9 May | RussianSukhoi Superjet 100crashed againstMount Salak,West Java, killing 45 people abroad during a demonstrational flight.[100] |
| 2013 | 5–7 October | Indonesia host theAPECSummit 2013 in Nusa Dua,Bali.[101] |
| 2014 | 9 April | Indonesia held theirlegislative election,PDI-P dominate thePeople's Representative Council, followed closely by Golkar and Gerindra.[102] |
| 9 July | Indonesia held theirpresidential election, according to quick count Jakarta's GovernorJoko Widodo won against former military generalPrabowo Subianto, however both sides claims victory.[103] | |
| 22 July | Indonesian Election Commission announcedJoko Widodo winsIndonesian presidential election with 53.15% of the vote with his rival, ex-generalPrabowo Subianto, on 46.85%.[104] | |
| 20 October | Joko Widodo andJusuf Kalla sworn in as Indonesian President and Vice President for the period of 2014–2019 in a plenary session of thePeople's Consultative Assembly (MPR).[105] Thousands of people celebrating the inauguration ceremony by attending parade along Sudirman and Thamrin avenue, followed by a concert inMerdeka Square featuringSlank,Arkarna, and various bands.[106] | |
| 28 December | Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 on its way from Surabaya to Singapore, crashed in bad weather intoJava Sea, off the coast ofPangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan, killing all 155 passengers and seven crew on board.[107] | |
| 2015 | June – November | Dozens of Indonesians are killed by respiratory illness and accidents due to poor visibility caused bysevere haze. The haze occurs annually duringdry season and is largely caused by illegal agricultural fires due toslash-and-burn practices in Indonesia, especially from the provinces ofSouth Sumatra andRiau in Indonesia'sSumatra island, andKalimantan on IndonesianBorneo.[108][109] The haze also hit neighboringSingapore,Malaysia, andBrunei. |
| 2016 | 14 January | At least three militants reportedlydetonated explosives in or near a Starbucks cafe in Central Jakarta. Then the militants threw grenade to a police post nearby, destroying the post and killing at least 3 men. Gunfire had ensued when police arrived shortly afterwards.[citation needed] |
| 2018 | 18 August to 2 September | Indonesian cities of Jakarta and Palembang hosts2018 Asian Games.[110] The opening ceremony was held inGelora Bung Karno Stadium. This was the second time Indonesia hosted this Asian multi-sports event, the last time had been in 1962.[111] |
| 28 September | A 3 metres talltsunami triggered by a 7.4 magnitude earthquake hitsPalu, Donggala and Mamuju inCentral Sulawesi,[112] killing nearly 1,350 people.[113] | |
| 29 October | Lion Air flight 610 crashes into the sea just after takeoff nearJakarta, Indonesia, killing all 189 on board. | |
| 2019 | 17 April | Joko Widodo has been re-elected as Indonesia's president in2019 Indonesian general election.[114] |
| 26 August | President Joko Widodo has announced that the country'snew capital city[broken anchor] will be located inEast Kalimantan onBorneo island.[115] The new capital will replaceJakarta and will be built in part of Penajam North Paser regency and part of Kutai Kertanegara regency.[116] | |
| 2020 | 2 March | PresidentJoko Widodo confirmed the first two cases ofCOVID-19 in Indonesia. According to the Minister of HealthTerawan Agus Putranto, the patients contracted the virus from an infected Japanese person in Depok and later tested positive in Malaysia.[117] |
| 6 October | Protests erupt throughout Indonesia after Indonesian House of Representatives passes the controversialOmnibus Law on Job Creation.[118] | |
| 2021 | 9 January | Sriwijaya Air Flight 182 crashed into theJava Sea, 4 minutes after takeoff, killing all 62 people on board.[119] |
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