_-_without_Crimea.svg)
| KALT | Kaliningrad Time | UTC+2 | (MSK−1) | |
| MSK | Moscow Time | UTC+3 | (MSK±0) | |
| SAMT | Samara Time | UTC+4 | (MSK+1) | |
| YEKT | Yekaterinburg Time | UTC+5 | (MSK+2) | |
| OMST | Omsk Time | UTC+6 | (MSK+3) | |
| KRAT | Krasnoyarsk Time | UTC+7 | (MSK+4) | |
| IRKT | Irkutsk Time | UTC+8 | (MSK+5) | |
| YAKT | Yakutsk Time | UTC+9 | (MSK+6) | |
| VLAT | Vladivostok Time | UTC+10 | (MSK+7) | |
| MAGT | Magadan Time | UTC+11 | (MSK+8) | |
| PETT | Kamchatka Time | UTC+12 | (MSK+9) |
There are 11time zones inRussia, which currently observe times ranging from UTC+02:00 to UTC+12:00.Daylight saving time (DST) has not been used in Russia since 26 October 2014. From 27 March 2011 to 26 October 2014, permanent DST was used.
Since 27 December 2020, the time zones are as follows:[1][2][3]
Prior to 2011, Russia moved its clocks backward and forward on the same annual cycle as Europe. On 27 March 2011, clocks were advanced as usual, but they did not go back on 30 October 2011, effectively making Moscow Time UTC+04:00 permanently.[5] On 26 October 2014, following another change in the law, the clocks in most of the country were moved back one hour, but summer daylight saving time was not reintroduced; Moscow Time returned to UTC+03:00 permanently.[6]
In theRussian Empire, most of the nation observedsolar time. Until Saturday, 7 October [19 October, N.S.] 1867 at 3:30 p.m. GMT+14:59 in the capital of New Archangel (Sitka) (00:31 GMT),Alaska belonged to Russia (Russian America) which used theJulian calendar, which was 11 or 12 days behind theGregorian calendar (as used by the rest of Russia) and had local times up to GMT+15:10. The westernmost area of Russia wasCongress Poland, with local times down to GMT+01:10.
During the late 19th century, Moscow Mean Time was introduced on 1 January [13 January, N.S.] 1880, originally atGMT+02:30:17.[7] 2:30:17 corresponds to 37.6166667°, the longitude ofMoscow. Other parts of Russia kept solar time for several years.
Russia adopted theGregorian calendar in 1918, when Wednesday 31 January (O.S.) was followed by Thursday 14 February (N.S.), which dropped 13 days from the calendar.
After the Soviet Union was created,Moscow Time became UTC+02:00 and the various other time zones (up to UTC+12:00) were introduced throughout Russia and the rest of theSoviet Union, for exampleIrkutsk Time UTC+07:00 (Irkutsk has since this always been MSK+5).[7] Between 1917 and 1922 the time was less ordered, with daylight saving time some of those years, some with two hours addition, and some of those years with one or two hours extra winter time.[7]
On 21 June 1930, the Soviet Union advanced all clocks by one hour, effectively making the nation run on daylight saving time all year (the so-called decree time).
In 1930, according to the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR[8] clocks across the country were moved forward by 1 hour from 21 June to 30 September, but the effect of this decree was then extended[9] — later this time became known as decree time. The extension was due to a lack of electricity due to overloading of power plants in winter in the evening hours. In 1931, the Supreme Council of the National Economy proposed moving the clocks forward another hour, but the State Planning Committee opposed it. In 1935, a return to standard time was planned, which was never implemented.[10]
After 1937 changes were made that eliminated the use of different times in relatively small areas. Thus, daylight saving time in some regions (in their western part) was changed by 1 hour forward, already 2 hours ahead of the standard time established in 1924, and in others (in the eastern part) - by 1 hour back, that is, the "daylight saving hour" was effectively abolished.
From 1 December 1956, the official boundaries of time zones were to change, in particular to eliminate the presence of a number of regions in two time zones. As a result, daylight saving time in a number of places had to change either by 1 hour forward or by 1 hour back. The clocks were planned to be changed on 1 December 1956 at 00:00 Moscow time, but this happened on 1 March 1957, as reported in the central newspapers.[11] The change of clocks in the regions was described in local newspapers. Thus, in the regional newspaper in the Molotov region it was noted that "today, on 1 March, in the Karagai, Ocher, Sivinsky, Vereshchaginsky regions of our region the working day began an hour earlier than before. (…) Now in our entire region the time differs from Moscow by two hours".[12]
After the 1957 reform, some regions in the European part of theRSFSR, located to the east of Moscow, officially remaining in the 3rd time zone, switched to Moscow time, thereby effectively abolishing the “decree hour” on all or part of their territory.[13]
By 1962, the time zone established in 1924 was 2 hours ahead of the standard time in some parts of the following regions: Altai Krai, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Novosibirsk, Perm, Sakhalin (Sakhalin Island), Tomsk, Tyumen and Chita regions of the RSFSR, Ural region of the Kazakh SSR, as well as a number of other regions.
By 1973, the "maternity leave hour" was abolished in the following regions (in all or part of the region's territory):[14]
From 1 April 1981, the country introduced regular switching of clocks to summer time.[15][16] At the same time, it was necessary to restore the conformity of the applied time with the administrative time zones, in other words, to restore the “decree hour” that had been cancelled in various years in a number of regions.[17] This was especially true for the regions of the 3rd time zone that switched to Moscow time, where, as of 1980, only Astrakhan, Volgograd, Izhevsk, Kirov, Kuibyshev (Samara), Saratov and Ulyanovsk retained their local time.
On 1 April 1981, all regions moved their clocks forward by 1 hour, and on 1 October 1981, about 30 regions of the RSFSR did not move their clocks back, so that they could switch to summer time in the spring of 1982, relative to the restored decree time. However, due to the discontent of the population, these regions did not move their clocks to summer time in the spring of 1982, and in the fall they moved them back along with everyone else by 1 hour, returning to their usual winter time (without the "decree hour"). Thus, in those regions of the 3rd time zone, where Moscow time was used before 1981, MSK+1 time was in effect only from 1 October 1981 to 1 April 1982. The newspapers noted that the clarification of the boundaries of time zones and the new order of calculating time in them led to a disruption of the usual way of life of people, especially residents of the 3rd time zone, accustomed to Moscow time, and: "Especially in those areas where people watched live TV broadcasts from the capital. Now they sat in front of their TV sets an hour later than the local time count. Hence the many letters asking to restore the previous order.".[18]
After the introduction of seasonal clock changes, local time in the summer in many regions began to be ahead of the standard time established in 1924 by 2 hours, and in some by 3 hours. For example, the average solar noon in the west of Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions in the summer began to occur at 15:00, in the west of Altai Krai - at 14:48, in the west of Chita Oblast (Zabaikalsky Krai since 2008) - at 14:49.
In 1988, Volgograd and Saratov regions switched to the time of the neighboring western time zone, that is, they effectively abolished daylight saving time; in 1989, the Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian SSRs, the Astrakhan, Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuibyshev and Ulyanovsk regions, as well as the Ural region of the Kazakh SSR; in 1990, Georgia and Moldova. In addition, in 1990, some union republics abandoned seasonal clock changes.
From 31 March 1991, decree time was officially abolished throughout the USSR.,[19] except for Turkmenistan and the western regions of Uzbekistan. At the same time, the seasonal change of clocks in 1991 was maintained in almost the entire territory of the USSR (except for the Tajik, Turkmen and Uzbek SSRs).
Decree time was abolished without taking into account the fact that in many regions of the RSFSR it had already been abolished. Therefore, in these regions, local time from 29 September 1991 began to lag behind the standard time established in 1924 by 1 hour, and in the country as a whole, "winter" time almost everywhere shifted back by 1 hour.
The abolition of decree time in the union republics in 1989-1991 coincided with the period of the collapse of the USSR.
On 23 October 1991, the Council of the Republic of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, by its resolution, obliged the government to restore daylight saving time on the territory of the RSFSR, stating that the implementation of the resolution of 4 February 1991 "on the abolition of daylight saving time and moving the clock back one hour on 29 September 1991 led to a reduction in the length of daylight hours on a significant part of the territory of the RSFSR, caused discontent among the population and led to an increase in electricity consumption.".[20]
Russia and most republics in the Soviet Union abolished the decree time (not moving the clocks) on 31 March 1991, but Russia reversed this the following year (except Samara Oblast which was already in UTC+04:00).[citation needed]
On 20 October 1991,Samara Oblast changed its time zone fromMSK toMSK+1 (thus reinstating Samara Time; MSK+1), so from UTC+03:00 to UTC+04:00.[21]
On 19 January 1992, decree time was reintroduced.[22]
On 23 May 1993,Novosibirsk Oblast changed its time zone fromMSK+4 toMSK+3.[23] The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+08:00 to UTC+07:00, the offset without DST was therefore changed from UTC+07:00 to UTC+06:00.
On 28 May 1995,Altai Krai andAltai Republic changed its time zone fromMSK+4 toMSK+3.[24]
On 30 March 1997,Sakhalin Oblast changed its time zone fromMSK+8 toMSK+7.[25]
In May 2002,Tomsk Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3.[26]
The following time zone changes occurred on 28 March 2010, which, in particular, led to abolition of two of the eleven time zones.
Although the Russian government wanted to reduce the number of time zones even further, there were protests in far-eastern Russia on the changes, including a 20,000-strong petition in support of Kamchatka returning to UTC+12:00.[31]
Decree No. 725 of 31 August 2011 changed the UTC offset for Moscow Time and the other time zones.[32]Moscow Time Zone began using UTC+04:00 all year around. The notions ofdecree time and daylight saving time were abolished, but in fact, this decree mandated permanent daylight saving time (or even double daylight saving time in regions that had not abolished the decree time).
The decree also changed the offset of some parts of theSakha Republic from Moscow.Oymyakonsky District switched from Magadan Time (MSK+8) to Vladivostok Time (MSK+7), and the following areas switched from Vladivostok Time (MSK+7) to Yakutsk Time (MSK+6):
| (MSK+6) (MSK+7) (MSK+8) |
.svg)
As a result of theannexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, local authorities in theRepublic of Crimea andSevastopol decreed that clocks in the newly proclaimed Russianfederal subjects should jump ahead two hours at 22:00 on 29 March 2014 to switch fromEastern European Time (UTC+02:00) toMoscow Time (UTC+04:00).[33]
In July 2014, further changes were passed, which took effect on 26 October 2014. Almost all of Russia moved back one hour, soMoscow Time became UTC+03:00 again. Some areas changed offset from Moscow:[34]
The parts of theMagadan Time zone that remained on MSK+8 were given a new time zone name,Srednekolymsk Time, UTC+11:00. Annual DST changes were not observed.[35]
The following time zone changes occurred on 27 March 2016:[36]
On 24 April 2016,Magadan Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+10:00 to UTC+11:00 (from Vladivostok to Srednekolymsk time).[37] After this change, the UTC+11:00 time zone was again called Magadan Time.[38]
On 29 May 2016,Tomsk Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+06:00 to UTC+07:00 (from Omsk to Krasnoyarsk time).[39]
On 24 July 2016,Novosibirsk Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+06:00 to UTC+07:00 (from Omsk to Krasnoyarsk time).[40]
On 4 December 2016,Saratov Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+03:00 to UTC+04:00 (from Moscow to Samara time).[41][42]
On 28 October 2018,Volgograd Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+03:00 to UTC+04:00 (from Moscow to Samara time),[43] but this change was reverted on 27 December 2020.[44][45]
After theRussian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in September 2022, the parts of these oblasts under Russian administration remained on Moscow Time (UTC+03:00) and did not revert to UTC+02:00 with the rest ofUkraine at the end of its daylight saving time period in October 2022.[46] In April 2023, the Russian time zone law was changed to formally include these oblasts in Moscow Time.[47]
The value of the average solar noon is calculated based on the geographical longitude of the city (the conditional city center). The geographical coordinates of cities in decimal degrees are taken mainly from a single source.[48] and rounded to a sufficient number of decimal places.
| Administrative center | Midday | Latitude, degrees | Longitude, degrees | The difference with Moscow in longitude, degrees | The difference with Moscow in local solar time, hours | Time zone | Difference from Greenwich local time, hours | Local time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk | 13:29 | 47,0 | 142,736 | 105,1 | 7,0 | МСК+8 | 9,5 | UTC+11 |
| Novosibirsk | 13:28 | 55,0 | 82,935 | 45,3 | 3,0 | МСК+4 | 5,5 | UTC+7 |
| Chita | 13:26 | 52,0 | 113,501 | 75,9 | 5,1 | МСК+6 | 7,6 | UTC+9 |
| Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky | 13:25 | 53,0 | 158,651 | 121,0 | 8,1 | МСК+9 | 10,6 | UTC+12 |
| Barnaul | 13:25 | 53,4 | 83,764 | 46,1 | 3,1 | МСК+4 | 5,6 | UTC+7 |
| Tomsk | 13:20 | 56,5 | 84,974 | 47,4 | 3,2 | МСК+4 | 5,7 | UTC+7 |
| Orenburg | 13:20 | 51,8 | 55,099 | 17,5 | 1,2 | МСК+2 | 3,7 | UTC+5 |
| Gorno-Altaysk | 13:16 | 52,0 | 85,919 | 48,3 | 3,2 | МСК+4 | 5,7 | UTC+7 |
| Ufa | 13:16 | 54,7 | 55,968 | 18,4 | 1,2 | МСК+2 | 3,7 | UTC+5 |
| Kemerovo | 13:16 | 55,3 | 86,083 | 48,5 | 3,2 | МСК+4 | 5,7 | UTC+7 |
| Perm | 13:15 | 58,0 | 56,250 | 18,6 | 1,2 | МСК+2 | 3,8 | UTC+5 |
| Vladivostok | 13:13 | 43,1 | 131,874 | 94,3 | 6,3 | МСК+7 | 8,8 | UTC+10 |
| Birobidzhan | 13:08 | 48,8 | 132,924 | 95,3 | 6,4 | МСК+7 | 8,9 | UTC+10 |
| Pskov | 13:07 | 57,8 | 28,350 | −9,3 | −0,6 | МСК | 1,9 | UTC+3 |
| Оmsk | 13:07 | 55,0 | 73,369 | 35,8 | 2,4 | МСК+3 | 4,9 | UTC+6 |
| Irkutsk | 13:03 | 52,3 | 104,296 | 66,7 | 4,4 | МСК+5 | 7,0 | UTC+8 |
| Khabarovsk | 13:00 | 48,5 | 135,084 | 97,5 | 6,5 | МСК+7 | 9,0 | UTC+10 |
| Saint-Petersburg | 12:59 | 59,9 | 30,314 | −7,3 | −0,5 | МСК | 2,0 | UTC+3 |
| Ekaterinburg | 12:58 | 56,9 | 60,612 | 23,0 | 1,5 | МСК+2 | 4,0 | UTC+5 |
| Magadan | 12:57 | 59,6 | 150,803 | 113,2 | 7,5 | МСК+8 | 10,1 | UTC+11 |
| Saratov | 12:56 | 51,5 | 46,009 | 8,4 | 0,6 | МСК+1 | 3,1 | UTC+4 |
| Veliky Novgorod | 12:55 | 58,5 | 31,271 | −6,3 | −0,4 | МСК | 2,1 | UTC+3 |
| Abakan | 12:54 | 53,7 | 91,429 | 53,8 | 3,6 | МСК+4 | 6,1 | UTC+7 |
| Chelyabinsk | 12:54 | 55,2 | 61,429 | 23,8 | 1,6 | МСК+2 | 4,1 | UTC+5 |
| Smolensk | 12:52 | 54,8 | 32,040 | −5,6 | −0,4 | МСК | 2,1 | UTC+3 |
| Ulan-Ude | 12:50 | 51,8 | 107,606 | 70,0 | 4,7 | МСК+5 | 7,2 | UTC+8 |
| Krasnoyarsk | 12:49 | 56,0 | 92,867 | 55,3 | 3,7 | МСК+4 | 6,2 | UTC+7 |
| Astrakhan | 12:48 | 46,3 | 48,041 | 10,4 | 0,7 | МСК+1 | 3,2 | UTC+4 |
| Murmansk | 12:48 | 69,0 | 33,093 | −4,5 | −0,3 | МСК | 2,2 | UTC+3 |
| Ulyanovsk | 12:46 | 54,3 | 48,387 | 10,8 | 0,7 | МСК+1 | 3,2 | UTC+4 |
| Sevastopol | 12:46 | 44,6 | 33,522 | −4,1 | −0,3 | МСК | 2,2 | UTC+3 |
| Simferopol | 12:44 | 45,0 | 34,111 | −3,5 | −0,2 | МСК | 2,3 | UTC+3 |
| Petrozavodsk | 12:43 | 61,8 | 34,347 | −3,3 | −0,2 | МСК | 2,3 | UTC+3 |
| Bryansk | 12:43 | 53,3 | 34,372 | −3,2 | −0,2 | МСК | 2,3 | UTC+3 |
| Kyzyl | 12:42 | 51,7 | 94,453 | 56,8 | 3,8 | МСК+4 | 6,3 | UTC+7 |
| Samara | 12:39 | 53,2 | 50,150 | 12,5 | 0,8 | МСК+1 | 3,3 | UTC+4 |
| Kurgan | 12:39 | 55,5 | 65,333 | 27,7 | 1,8 | МСК+2 | 4,4 | UTC+5 |
| Kaliningrad | 12:38 | 54,7 | 20,511 | −17,1 | −1,1 | МСК−1 | 1,4 | UTC+2 |
| Tyumen | 12:38 | 57,2 | 65,527 | 27,9 | 1,9 | МСК+2 | 4,4 | UTC+5 |
| Tver | 12:36 | 56,9 | 35,901 | −1,7 | −0,1 | МСК | 2,4 | UTC+3 |
| Oryol | 12:36 | 53,0 | 36,079 | −1,5 | −0,1 | МСК | 2,4 | UTC+3 |
| Kursk | 12:35 | 51,7 | 36,187 | −1,4 | −0,1 | МСК | 2,4 | UTC+3 |
| Kaluga | 12:35 | 54,5 | 36,275 | −1,3 | −0,1 | МСК | 2,4 | UTC+3 |
| Belgorod | 12:34 | 50,6 | 36,580 | −1,0 | −0,1 | МСК | 2,4 | UTC+3 |
| Salekhard | 12:34 | 66,5 | 66,602 | 29,0 | 1,9 | МСК+2 | 4,4 | UTC+5 |
| Blagoveshchensk | 12:30 | 50,3 | 127,541 | 89,9 | 6,0 | МСК+6 | 8,5 | UTC+9 |
| Moscow | 12:30 | 55,8 | 37,616 | − | − | МСК | 2,5 | UTC+3 |
| Tula | 12:30 | 54,2 | 37,618 | 0,0 | 0,0 | МСК | 2,5 | UTC+3 |
| Izhevsk | 12:27 | 56,8 | 53,204 | 15,6 | 1,0 | МСК+1 | 3,5 | UTC+4 |
| Krasnodar | 12:24 | 45,0 | 38,976 | 1,4 | 0,1 | МСК | 2,6 | UTC+3 |
| Khanty-Mansiysk | 12:24 | 61,0 | 69,002 | 31,4 | 2,1 | МСК+2 | 4,6 | UTC+5 |
| Voronezh | 12:23 | 51,7 | 39,184 | 1,6 | 0,1 | МСК | 2,6 | UTC+3 |
| Lipetsk | 12:22 | 52,6 | 39,571 | 2,0 | 0,1 | МСК | 2,6 | UTC+3 |
| Ryazan | 12:21 | 54,6 | 39,692 | 2,1 | 0,1 | МСК | 2,6 | UTC+3 |
| Rostov-on-Don | 12:21 | 47,2 | 39,723 | 2,1 | 0,1 | МСК | 2,6 | UTC+3 |
| Yakutsk | 12:21 | 62,0 | 129,733 | 92,1 | 6,1 | МСК+6 | 8,6 | UTC+9 |
| Yaroslavl | 12:21 | 57,6 | 39,874 | 2,3 | 0,2 | МСК | 2,7 | UTC+3 |
| Vologda | 12:20 | 59,2 | 39,884 | 2,3 | 0,2 | МСК | 2,7 | UTC+3 |
| Maikop | 12:20 | 44,6 | 40,106 | 2,5 | 0,2 | МСК | 2,7 | UTC+3 |
| Vladimir | 12:18 | 56,1 | 40,397 | 2,8 | 0,2 | МСК | 2,7 | UTC+3 |
| Arkhangelsk | 12:18 | 64,5 | 40,543 | 2,9 | 0,2 | МСК | 2,7 | UTC+3 |
| Kostroma | 12:16 | 57,8 | 40,927 | 3,3 | 0,2 | МСК | 2,7 | UTC+3 |
| Ivanovo | 12:16 | 57,0 | 40,971 | 3,4 | 0,2 | МСК | 2,7 | UTC+3 |
| Tambov | 12:14 | 52,7 | 41,443 | 3,8 | 0,3 | МСК | 2,8 | UTC+3 |
| Stavropol | 12:12 | 45,0 | 41,973 | 4,4 | 0,3 | МСК | 2,8 | UTC+3 |
| Cherkessk | 12:12 | 44,2 | 42,058 | 4,4 | 0,3 | МСК | 2,8 | UTC+3 |
| Anadyr | 12:10 | 64,7 | 177,510 | 139,9 | 9,3 | МСК+9 | 11,8 | UTC+12 |
| Nalchik | 12:06 | 43,5 | 43,619 | 6,0 | 0,4 | МСК | 2,9 | UTC+3 |
| Nizhniy Novgorod | 12:04 | 56,3 | 44,002 | 6,4 | 0,4 | МСК | 2,9 | UTC+3 |
| Elista | 12:03 | 46,3 | 44,256 | 6,6 | 0,4 | МСК | 3,0 | UTC+3 |
| Volgograd | 12:02 | 48,7 | 44,502 | 6,9 | 0,5 | МСК | 3,0 | UTC+3 |
| Vladikavkaz | 12:01 | 43,0 | 44,668 | 7,1 | 0,5 | МСК | 3,0 | UTC+3 |
| Magas | 12:01 | 43,2 | 44,773 | 7,2 | 0,5 | МСК | 3,0 | UTC+3 |
| Penza | 12:00 | 53,2 | 45,005 | 7,4 | 0,5 | МСК | 3,0 | UTC+3 |
| Saransk | 11:59 | 54,2 | 45,175 | 7,6 | 0,5 | МСК | 3,0 | UTC+3 |
| Grozny | 11:57 | 43,3 | 45,689 | 8,1 | 0,5 | МСК | 3,0 | UTC+3 |
| Cheboksary | 11:51 | 56,1 | 47,252 | 9,6 | 0,6 | МСК | 3,2 | UTC+3 |
| Makhachkala | 11:50 | 43,0 | 47,502 | 9,9 | 0,7 | МСК | 3,2 | UTC+3 |
| Yoshkar-Ola | 11:48 | 56,6 | 47,891 | 10,3 | 0,7 | МСК | 3,2 | UTC+3 |
| Kazan | 11:44 | 55,8 | 49,122 | 11,5 | 0,8 | МСК | 3,3 | UTC+3 |
| Kirov | 11:41 | 58,6 | 49,660 | 12,0 | 0,8 | МСК | 3,3 | UTC+3 |
| Syktyvkar | 11:37 | 61,7 | 50,810 | 13,2 | 0,9 | МСК | 3,4 | UTC+3 |
| Naryan-Mar | 11:28 | 67,6 | 53,004 | 15,4 | 1,0 | МСК | 3,5 | UTC+3 |
The time variation of the average solar noon in the administrative centers of the regions can serve as an estimate of the unevenness of time zones in longitude. The unevenness of the time zones leads to a large difference in the light situation depending on the time of day in regions located at the same latitude. In general, the greater the time spread of the average afternoon, the greater the unevenness of the time zones.
In the conclusions of the research conducted under the guidance of M. F. Borisenkov, Doctor of Biological Sciences, within the boundaries of the Moscow time zone, it is argued that due to the increase in the size of time zones, a misalignment of a person'sbiological clock occurs, and this often leads to a deterioration in his well-being and health. Therefore, it is recommended to adjust the time zones to the standard size of 15°. It is also recommended to review the working hours of government agencies, especially in cities and villages located near the western borders of time zones, bringing it in line with the physiological features of the functioning of the human circadian system.[49]
Recommendations on different start times for work and study in areas outside the middle meridian of the time zone can be found in V. P. Aprelev: in areas in the east of the time zone, the working day should start earlier than on the middle meridian (in proportion to the difference between the longitude of the area and the middle meridian), and in the west — later.[50]
Until 2018, all timetables onRussian Railways (exceptSakhalin railways) followed Moscow Time. From 2018 time tables follow local time.[51][52] Airports and flights follow local time.[53]
For Russia, thetz database contains several zones in the filezone.tab.
The list below shows the 16 zones for Russia as defined in the file zone.tab of the database. The database aims to identify regions that had the same time offset rules since 1970.
Twofederal subjects are contained in more than one tz zone. The Sakha Republic is divided into three: west, central, east. Sakhalin Oblast is divided into two:Sakhalin Island withKurilsky andYuzhno-Kurilsky districts in theKuril Islands, andSevero-Kurilsky District in theKuril Islands.
On the last Sunday in October 2011,daylight-saving time ended in tzdata, but all zones moved forward one hour. In other words, the clocks did not change, but the names of the time zones reverted permanently to their standard time variants and there will be no more daylight-saving time.[citation needed]
If available, the change column lists the offset changes that caused a creation of a new zone in the tz database.
"Initial zone" means that in 1970 there was already a difference in time offset from the offsets in any other zone.
| C.c. | Coordinates | tzid | Comments | UTC offset (withoutDST, permanent since 2011) | Covered area | Split from[citation needed] | Changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU | +5443+02030 | Europe/Kaliningrad | MSK-01 – Kaliningrad | +02:00 | Kaliningrad Oblast | Initial zone | 1989-03-26 Change fromUTC+03:00 toUTC+02:00 |
| RU | +554521+0373704 | Europe/Moscow | MSK+00 – Moscow area | +03:00 | Most of European Russia. Complete list given here. | Initial zone | |
| RU | +4844+04425 | Europe/Volgograd | MSK+00 – Volgograd | +03:00 | Kirov Oblast,Saratov Oblast,Volgograd Oblast, andAstrakhan Oblast | Europe/Samara | 1992-03-29 Zone creation, causing change fromUTC+04:00 toUTC+03:00 |
| RU | +5312+05009 | Europe/Samara | MSK+01 – Samara, Udmurtia | +04:00 | Samara Oblast andUdmurtia | Initial zone | 2010-03-28 Change fromUTC+04:00 toUTC+03:00 |
| RU | +5420+04824 | Europe/Ulyanovsk | MSK+01 – Ulyanovsk | +04:00 | Ulyanovsk Oblast | Europe/Moscow | 2016-03-27 Zone creation, causing change fromUTC+03:00 toUTC+04:00 |
| RU | +5651+06036 | Asia/Yekaterinburg | MSK+02 – Urals | +05:00 | Bashkortostan,Chelyabinsk Oblast,Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug,Kurgan Oblast,Orenburg Oblast,Perm Krai,Sverdlovsk Oblast,Tyumen Oblast, andYamalia | Initial zone | |
| RU | +5500+07324 | Asia/Omsk | MSK+03 – Omsk | +06:00 | Altai Krai,Altai Republic, andOmsk Oblast |
| |
| RU | +5502+08255 | Asia/Novosibirsk | MSK+04 – Novosibirsk | +07:00 | Novosibirsk Oblast andTomsk Oblast. | ||
| RU | +5345+08707 | Asia/Novokuznetsk | MSK+04 – Kemerovo | +07:00 | Kemerovo Oblast | Asia/Novosibirsk | 2010-03-28 Zone creation, causing change from Krasnoyarsk Time to Novosibirsk Time[55] |
| RU | +5601+09250 | Asia/Krasnoyarsk | MSK+04 – Krasnoyarsk area | +07:00 | Khakassia,Krasnoyarsk Krai, andTuva Republic | ||
| RU | +5216+10420 | Asia/Irkutsk | MSK+05 – Irkutsk, Buryatia | +08:00 | Irkutsk Oblast andBuryatia | ||
| RU | +6200+12940 | Asia/Yakutsk | MSK+06 – Lena River | +09:00 | Amur Oblast,Zabaykalsky Krai, and westernSakha Republic | ||
| RU | +4310+13156 | Asia/Vladivostok | MSK+07 – Amur River | +10:00 | Jewish Autonomous Oblast,Khabarovsk Krai,Primorsky Krai, and centralSakha Republic | Initial zone | |
| RU | +4658+14242 | Asia/Sakhalin | MSK+08 – Sakhalin Island | +11:00 | Sakhalin Island, and westernKuril Islands | Asia/Magadan | 1997-03-30 Zone creation, causing change fromUTC+11 to UTC+10 |
| RU | +643337+1431336 | Asia/Ust-Nera | MSK+07 – Oymyakonsky | +10:00 | Oymyakonsky District | Asia/Yakutsk | 1981-04-01 Changed to Magadan time |
| RU | +5934+15048 | Asia/Magadan | MSK+08 – Magadan | +11:00 | Magadan Oblast | Initial zone | 2014-10-26 Split: Magadan Oblast changed to Vladivostok time, other areas using new Srednekolymsk time |
| RU | +6728+15343 | Asia/Srednekolymsk | MSK+08 – Sakha (E), N Kuril Is | +11:00 | easternKuril Islands, and easternSakha Republic | Asia/Magadan | 2014-10-26 |
| RU | +5301+15839 | Asia/Kamchatka | MSK+09 – Kamchatka | +12:00 | Kamchatka Krai | Initial zone | 2010-03-28 Change fromUTC+12:00 toUTC+11:00 |
| RU | +6445+17729 | Asia/Anadyr | MSK+09 – Bering Sea | +12:00 | Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | Initial zone |
Asia/Ulan Ude was atime zone identifier from the zone file of thetz database. The reference point wasUlan-Ude. It was added in tz version 2011e.[56] Edition 2011i did not contain it anymore. The area remained at Asia/Irkutsk.The contained data inzone.tab was:
RU+5150+10736Asia/Ulan_UdeMoscow+05 – Buryatia
The covered area wasRepublic of Buryatia.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
