InHinduism, thetilaka (Sanskrit:तिलक), colloquially known as atika, is a mark usually adorning the forehead, at the point of theajna chakra (third eye or spiritual eye) and sometimes other parts of the body such as the neck, hand, chest, or the arm.[1] Thetilaka may be applied daily for decorative purposes, as a symbol of religious affiliation, for rites of passage, or other special spiritual and religious occasions, dependent on regional custom.[2][3] It is also used to honour and welcome someone upon arrival.[4]
Tilakas come in an assortment of styles or shapes and are adorned using various substances such as "ash fromsacrificial fire orcow dung,sandalwood paste,turmeric, clay, charcoal orred lead."[5][6][7]
Different Hindu denominations use different materials and shapes to make the tilaka.[6]
Traditionally, a staunch Vaishnavite would mark twelve parts of the body with tilakas and other symbols, but the most prominent tilaka is displayed on the forehead. The Vaishnava tilaka, also known asurdhva pundra, consists of a two or three vertical lines starting from just below the hairline to almost the end of one's nose tip, and intercepted in the middle by an elongated U. The style of theurdhva pundra varies in eachVaishnavite sect throughout India and can be made with sandalwood paste or various other materials.[3][7]
According to Dr. Vijay Prakash Sharma, the known styles include:[8]
Additional styles include: Vallabha Sampradaya Tilaka, Sri Tilaka of Rewasa Gaddi, Ramacharandas Tilaka, Srijiwarama tilaka, Sri Janakraja Kishori Sharan Rasik Aliji tilaka, Sri Rupkalajee tilaka, Rupsarasji tilaka, Ramasakheeji tilaka, Kamanendu Mani tilaka, Karunasindhuji tilaka, Swaminarayana Tilaka, Nimbarka tilaka, and Madhva tilaka.[10]
TheVasudeva Upanishad, a Vaishnava tradition text, explains the significance of three vertical lines inurdhva pundra tilaka to be a reminder of Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva; the Vedic scriptures – Rigveda, Yajurveda and Samaveda; three worlds Bhu, Bhuva, Svar; the three syllables ofOm –a,u,m; three states of consciousness – awake, dream sleep, deep sleep; three realities –Maya,Brahman andAtman; the three bodies –sthula,sukshma, andkarana.[11][12]
TheTripundra or Rudra-tilaka is the other major tilaka variant, often worn by the followers ofShiva.[13][14] It consists of three horizontal bands across the forehead with a single vertical band or circle in the middle. This is traditionally done with sacred ash from sacrificial fires, also known asvibhuti. The use ofvibhuti is symbolic of detachment to the world or renunciation.[15] This variant is the more ancient of the two and shares many common aspects with similar markings worn across the world.[3]
Chapter 2 of theKalagni Rudra Upanishad, a Shaiva traditional text, explains the three lines of a Tilaka as a reminder of various triads: threesacred fires, three syllables inOm, threegunas, three worlds, three types ofatman (self), three powers in oneself, first threeVedas, three times of extraction of the Vedic drinkSoma.[16][17]
These lines, represent Shiva's threefold power of will (icchāśakti), knowledge (jñānaśakti), and action (kriyāśakti).[18] The Tripuṇḍra described in this and other Shaiva texts also symbolises Shiva's trident (trishula) and thedivine triad of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.[18]
Shaktas, worshippers of the various forms of the Goddess (Devi), wear a red dot on the forehead in the middle of three horizontal lines or a semicircular line.[1][19]
Followers ofGanapatya use red sandal paste (rakta candana).[20]
Jains wear the tilaka to mark the forehead of Jaina images with sandalwood paste, during puja ceremonies.[21] It may also be used, for the same reason, to mark idols at the start of apuja (worship), to mark a rock or tree before it is cut or removed from its original place for artisan work, or to mark a new piece of property.[4][22]
Althoughbindi is related to tilaka there are a few notable differences. Bindi is a stick-on alternative worn by women of theIndian religions on the forehead - not by men. Generally, married women will wear red/maroon symbolizing good fortune. Today, bindis are offered in an assortment of colors and shapes to better co-ordinate with Indian dress.[23][24]
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