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Tiki Formation

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Coordinates:23°54′N81°24′E / 23.9°N 81.4°E /23.9; 81.4

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Geologic formation in India

Tiki Formation
Stratigraphic range:Carnian-Norian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Gondwana Group
Sub-units	Lower & Upper members
Lithology
Primary	Mudstone
Other	Claystone,sandstone
Location
Coordinates	23°54′N81°24′E / 23.9°N 81.4°E /23.9; 81.4
Approximate paleocoordinates	42°36′S51°06′E / 42.6°S 51.1°E /-42.6; 51.1
Region	Madhya Pradesh
Country	India
Type section
Named for	Tiki village
Tiki Formation (India) Show map of India Tiki Formation (Madhya Pradesh) Show map of Madhya Pradesh

TheTiki Formation is aLate Triassic (Carnian toNorian) geologicformation inMadhya Pradesh, northernIndia.Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specificgenus.^[1]Phytosaur remains attributable to the genusVolcanosuchus have also been found in the Tiki Formation.^[2]

The generaTikiodon,Tikitherium andTikisuchus and speciesRewaconodon tikiensis,Hyperodapedon tikiensis andParvodus tikiensis have been named after the Tiki Formation.

Paleobiota

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Color key

Taxon

Reclassified taxon

Taxon falsely reported as present

Dubious taxon or junior synonym

Ichnotaxon

Ootaxon

Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are insmall text;~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Cynodonts

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Cynodonts of the Tiki Formation
Genus	Species	Material	Notes
Gondwanadon^[3]^[4]	G. tapani	A single molar	Amorganucodont
Inditherium^[5]	I. floris^[5]	Three postcanine teeth	Adromatheriid
Rewaconodon^[3]	R. indicus^[5]	A partial jaw and three postcanine teeth	Adromatheriid
Rewaconodon^[3]	R. tikiensis^[6]		Adromatheriid
Ruberodon^[3]^[7]	R. roychowdhurii	Five partial jaws	Atraversodontid
Tikiodon^[3]	T. cromptoni	A single postcanine tooth	Amammaliamorph
Tikitherium^[3]^[8]	T. copei	A single postcanine tooth	Amammaliaform. Initially described as a basal mammaliaform related toDocodonta, but later redescribed as aNeogene shrew fossil that was reworked into the older deposit.^[9]
Cynodontia indet.

Reptiles

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Reptiles of the Tiki Formation
Genus / Taxon	Species	Material	Notes
Colossosuchus^[10]	C. techniensis^[10]	Known from multiple skeletons, all likely died together	A very largemystriosuchine phytosaur
Hyperodapedon^[11]^[6]	H. huxleyi		Ahyperodapedontine rhynchosaur
Hyperodapedon^[11]^[6]	H.tikiensis^[12]	Various cranial and postcranial elements	Ahyperodapedontine rhynchosaur
Parasuchus^[13]^[6]	P. hislopi	Two articulate skeletons and isolated skulls	A basal (non-mystriosuchine)phytosaur
Tikisuchus^[13]	T. romeri	The skull and some postcranial elements of a young individual	A putativerauisuchid
Volcanosuchus^[14]	V. statisticae^[14]	A skull	A mystriosuchinephytosaur
Ornithischia indet.^[15]^[6]
Phytosauria indet.^[15]^[16]
Pseudosuchia indet.^[17]
Sphenodontia indet.^[18]^[15]^[6]
Theropoda indet.^[13]

Amphibians

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Amphibians of the Tiki Formation
Genus	Species	Material	Notes
Eodiscoglossus^[6]	E. sp		Prehistoricfrog
Compsocerops	C. tikiensis		AChigutisaurid Temnospondyl
Metoposaurus^[13]	M. sp.		ATemnospondyl
Panthasaurus	P. maleriensis		ATemnospondyl

Fish

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Fishes of the Tiki Formation
Genus	Species	Material	Notes
Cladodus^[6]	C. sp.	An isolated tooth	ACladoselachid
Lissodus^[6]	L. duffini	An isolated tooth	AHybodontid
Parvodus^[6]	P. tikiensis	Teeth	AHybodontid
Actinopterygii indet.^[6]
Coelacanthidae indet.^[6]

Flora

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Correlations

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The Tiki Formation is considered a temporal equivalent of theLower Maleri Formation. The majority of the Tiki Formation correlates with theIschigualasto Formation of Argentina, the upper part of theSanta Maria Formation, and the overlying lowerCaturrita Formation of Brazil, theIsalo II Beds of Madagascar,Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland, and the lowerTecovas Formation of theChinle Group of North America.

References

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^Weishampel et al., 2004, "Dinosaur distribution", pp. 517-607
^Chatterjee, 1978
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eBhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances".Journal of Paleontology.95 (2):376–393.doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95.S2CID 228836405.
^Datta & Das, 1996
^^a ^b ^cBhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances".Journal of Paleontology.95 (2):376–393.doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^kKumar & Sharma, 2019
^Ray, S. (2015). "A new Late Triassic traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from India".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.35 (3): e930472.Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E0472R.doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.930472.S2CID 86368800.
^Datta, P. M. (2005). "Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.25 (1):200–207.doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0200:EMWTEU]2.0.CO;2.
^Averianov, Alexander O.; Voyta, Leonid L. (March 2024)."Putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei is a Neogene shrew".Journal of Mammalian Evolution.31 (1).doi:10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w.ISSN 1064-7554.
^^a ^bDatta, D.; Ray, S. (2023). "A giant phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India with new insights on phytosaur migration, endemism and extinction".Papers in Palaeontology.9 (1). e1476.Bibcode:2023PPal....9E1476D.doi:10.1002/spp2.1476.S2CID 257103850.
^Lydekker, 1885
^Mukherjee, Debarati; Ray, Sanghamitra (2014). Benson, Roger (ed.)."A newHyperodapedon (Archosauromorpha, Rhynchosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for rhynchosaur phylogeny".Palaeontology.57 (6):1241–1276.Bibcode:2014Palgy..57.1241M.doi:10.1111/pala.12113.ISSN 0031-0239.
^^a ^b ^c ^dChatterjee & Majumdar, 1987
^^a ^bDatta, Debajit; Ray, Sanghamitra; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati (2021)."Cranial morphology of a new phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for phytosaur phylogeny and biostratigraphy".Papers in Palaeontology.7 (2):675–708.Bibcode:2021PPal....7..675D.doi:10.1002/spp2.1292.ISSN 2056-2802.S2CID 213698017.
^^a ^b ^cDatta et al., 2005
^Mukherjee & Ray, 2012
^Huene, 1940
^Singh, Y. Priyananda; Sharma, K. Milankumar; Tiwari, Raghavendra Prasad; Patnaik, Rajeev; Singh, Nongmaithem Amardas; Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (27 March 2023)."Lepidosauromorphs and associated vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa, Gondwana basin, India: implication for paleoenvironment and paleobiogeography".Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy.89 (2):325–346.doi:10.1007/s43538-023-00162-0.ISSN 0370-0046. Retrieved27 December 2024 – via Springer Nature Link.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^hPal, 1984

Bibliography

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Kumar, J.; Sharma, K. M. (2019). "Micro and mega-vertebrate fossils from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India: palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographic implications".Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India.64:151–168.
Mukherjee, D.; Ray, S. (2012). "Taphonomy of an Upper Triassic vertebrate bonebed: A new rhynchosaur (Reptilia; Archosauromorpha) accumulation from India".Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.333–334:75–91.Bibcode:2012PPP...333...75M.doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.010.
Datta, P. M.; Das, D. P.; Luo, Z.-X. (2004)."A late Triassic dromatheriid (Synapsida: Cynodontia) from India".Annals of Carnegie Museum.73 (2):72–84.doi:10.5962/p.215151.
Weishampel, David B.;Dodson, Peter;Osmólska, Halszka, eds. (2004).The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–880.ISBN 0-520-24209-2. Retrieved2019-02-21.
Datta, P. M.; Das, D. P. (1996). "Discovery of the oldest fossil mammal from India".Indian Minerals.50:217–222.
Chatterjee, S.; Majumdar, P. K. (1987). "Tikisuchus romeri, a new rauisuchid reptile from the Late Triassic of India".Journal of Paleontology.61 (4):787–793.Bibcode:1987JPal...61..787C.doi:10.1017/S0022336000029139.
Pal, P.K (1984). "Triassic plant megafossils from the Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India".The Palaeobotanist.32:253–309.
Chatterjee, S (1978). "A primitive parasuchid (Phytosaur) reptile from the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India".Palaeontology.21:83–127.
Huene, F. von (1940). "The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Triassic Maleri Beds".Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India Palaeontologia Indica. New Series.32:1–42.
Lydekker, R (1885). "The Reptilia & Amphibia of the Maleria & Denwa Groups".Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palaeontologia Indica, Series IV. Indian Pretertiary Vertebrata.1:1–38.