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Ticonderoga-class cruiser

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Class of guided missile cruisers
This article is about an Americanguided-missile cruiser class authorized in 1978. For other uses, seeTiconderoga (disambiguation).

USSLake Champlain
Class overview
NameTiconderoga class
Builders
Operators United States Navy
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Cost~$1 billion (1994, for last ship)
Built1980–1994
In commission1983–present
Completed27
Active7
Retired20
General characteristics
TypeGuided-missile cruiser
DisplacementApprox. 9,600 long tons (9,800 t) full load
Length567 feet (173 m)
Beam55 feet (16.8 meters)
Draft34 feet (10.2 meters)
Propulsion
Speed32.5 knots (60 km/h; 37.4 mph)
Range6,000 nmi (11,000 km) at 20 kn (37 km/h); 3,300 nmi (6,100 km) at 30 kn (56 km/h).
Complement30 officers and 300 enlisted
Sensors &
processing systems
Electronic warfare
& decoys
Armament
ArmorLimitedKevlar splinter protection in critical areas
Aircraft carried2 ×MH-60R SeahawkLAMPS Mk III helicopters.

TheTiconderoga class ofguided-missile cruisers is a class ofwarships of theUnited States Navy, first ordered and authorized in the 1978fiscal year. It was originally planned as a class ofdestroyers. However, the increased combat capability offered by theAegis Combat System and thepassive phased arrayAN/SPY-1radar, together with the capability of operating as aflagship, were used to justify the change of the classification from DDG (guided-missile destroyer) to CG (guided-missile cruiser) shortly before the keels were laid down forTiconderoga andYorktown.

Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruisers are multi-role warships. TheirMk 41 VLS can fireTomahawk cruise missiles to strike land targets oranti-aircraftSM-2MR/ERs for defense against aircraft oranti-ship missiles. TheirLAMPS IIIhelicopters,RUM-139ASROCs, andsonar systems allow them to performanti-submarine missions.Ticonderoga-class ships are designed to be elements ofcarrier strike groups oramphibious ready groups, as well as perform missions such as interdiction or escort.[1] With upgrades to their AN/SPY-1 systems and their associated missile payloads as part of theAegis Ballistic Missile Defense System, members of this class have also demonstrated proficiency as mobileanti-ballistic missile andanti-satellite platforms.[citation needed]

Of the 27 completed vessels, nineteen were built byIngalls Shipbuilding and eight byBath Iron Works (BIW). All but one (Thomas S. Gates) of the ships in the class were originally named for noteworthy events in U.S. military history, although a second (originally namedChancellorsville) was renamed toUSS Robert Smalls (CG-62) in March 2023, and at least twelve share their names withWorld War II–era aircraft carriers. As of September 2025, seven ships remain active. Due to the high cost of maintenance and age, the entire class is being progressively retired; the last vessels are scheduled for decommissioning in 2027.Flight IIIArleigh Burke–class destroyers will serve as short-term role replacements until the expected commissioning ofDDG(X) destroyers in the 2030s.[2][3]

History

[edit]

TheTiconderoga class was originally ordered as guided-missile destroyers, with the designation DDG-47. UnderChief of Naval Operations AdmiralElmo Zumwalt's "high-low mix", theTiconderogas were intended to be lower-cost platforms for the newAegis Combat System by mounting the system on a hull based on that of theSpruance-class destroyer. They were to complement the much larger and more capableStrike Cruiser (CSGN) comprising the high end, which were expected to act as flagships. However, with the cancelation of the Strike Cruiser as well as the scaled-down CGN-42 (Virginia-class cruiser hull) alternative, requirements were transferred to the DDG-47. Flagship capabilities were added to the class, and it was eventually re-designated as guided-missile cruisers, CG-47, to reflect these additional capabilities.[4] TheTiconderoga-class cruiser went on to form the high end of the fleet, with the later introduction of theArleigh Burke-class destroyer forming the low end.[5]

CG-52 onwards were equipped with theMk 41 vertical launch system. As the Aegis Combat System and the additional cruiser roles added substantial weight to theSpruance-derived hull, the design had limited growth potential in terms of weight and power margin. In the 1980s, a design study known asCruiser Baseline (CGBL) was created to accommodate the capabilities of CG-52 onto a hull with design and construction techniques matching the DDG-51 (Arleigh Burke-class destroyer) for improved survivability and weight allowances.[6]

Proposed early retirement

[edit]

Due toBudget Control Act of 2011 requirements to cut theDefense Budget for FY2013 and subsequent years, plans were being considered to decommission some of theTiconderoga-class cruisers.[7] For the U.S. Defense 2013 Budget Proposal, the U.S. Navy was to decommission seven cruisers early in fiscal years 2013 and 2014.[8]

By October 2012, the U.S. Navy had decided not to retire four of the cruisers early in order to maintain the size of the fleet. FourTiconderoga-class cruisers, plus 21Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, were scheduled to be equipped foranti-ballistic missile andanti-satellite operations.[9]

In March 2019, the Navy proposed decommissioning the six oldest ships,Bunker Hill,Mobile Bay,Antietam,Leyte Gulf,San Jacinto, andLake Champlain, in 2021 and 2022, instead of dry-docking them for life-extension maintenance updates as a cost-saving measure. This would not technically be an "early retirement", as the ships would be at their originally planned 35-year life dates, but they would be able to serve longer with the upgrades. The proposal needed the approval of Congress, which is usually hesitant to approve any actions that would reduce the size of the active combat fleet.[10]

In December 2021, the House approved a bill that would allow the Navy to retire only fiveTiconderoga-class cruisers versus the Navy's request to retire seven.[11]

Proposed and Scheduled Retirements

[edit]

In December 2020, the U.S. Navy's Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels stated that the following ships were planned to be placed Out of Commission in Reserve:[12] At this time, the proposed dates were:

Proposed Inactivation Schedule
Fiscal YearTotalAffected Vessels
20226San Jacinto (CG-56),Monterey (CG-61),Hué City (CG-66),Anzio (CG-68),Vella Gulf (CG-72),Port Royal (CG-73)
20232Bunker Hill (CG-52),Mobile Bay (CG-53)
20242Antietam (CG-54),Shiloh (CG-67)
20250None
20261Robert Smalls (CG-62) (ex-Chancellorsville)

In July 2021, the Navy requested to retire seven cruisers in the Fiscal Year 2022, addingLake Champlain (CG-57) to the six listed above.[13] This request only included the Fiscal Year 2022 inactivations rather than the more common list for the next five years:

Proposed Inactivation Schedule
Fiscal YearTotalAffected Vessels
20227San Jacinto (CG-56),Lake Champlain (CG-57),Monterey (CG-61),Hué City (CG-66),Anzio (CG-68),Vella Gulf (CG-72),Port Royal (CG-73)

The final budget passed in December 2021 prohibited the Navy from using any funds "to retire, prepare to retire, inactivate, or place in storage more than 5 guided missile cruisers."[14] The budget did not specify which cruisers could be retired, and the Navy ultimately chose to retireMonterey (CG-61),Hué City (CG-66),Anzio (CG-68),Vella Gulf (CG-72), andPort Royal (CG-73).[citation needed]

In April 2022, the Navy requested to retire all 17 remaining cruisers by the end of Fiscal Year 2027.[15] The schedule was as follows:

Proposed Inactivation Schedule
Fiscal YearTotalAffected Vessels
20235Bunker Hill (CG-52),Mobile Bay (CG-53),San Jacinto (CG-56),Lake Champlain (CG-57),Vicksburg (CG-69)
20243Antietam (CG-54),Leyte Gulf (CG-55),Shiloh (CG-67)
20253Philippine Sea (CG-58),Normandy (CG-60),Lake Erie (CG-70)
20264Princeton (CG-59),Robert Smalls (CG-62),Cowpens (CG-63),Gettysburg (CG-64)
20272Chosin (CG-65),Cape St. George (CG-71)

Both the House and Senate draft budgets explicitly forbid retiringVicksburg by name, as the ship is nearing the end of a modernization as part of the Phased Modernization Program (also known as the 2-4-6 Program).[16] The House budget prohibits the Navy from using any funds "to retire, prepare to retire, inactivate, or place in storage more than four guided missile cruisers." Until the final budget is passed[when?], all retirement requests are pending.[citation needed]

In November 2024, the Department of the Navy announced that theGettysburg,Chosin, andCape St. George would have their service life extended through 2029, following extensive upgrades as part of a modernization program.[17]

Replacement

[edit]
Main article:DDG(X)
From left to right:Thomas S. Gates,Ticonderoga, andYorktown laid up in Philadelphia, May 2016

In their 2015 budget request, the Navy outlined a plan to operate eleven cruisers, while the other eleven were upgraded to a new standard. The upgraded cruisers would then start replacing the older ships, which would be retired starting in 2019.[18] This would retain one cruiser per aircraft carrier group to host the group's air warfare commander, a role for which the destroyers do not have sufficient facilities. Flight IIIArleigh Burke-class destroyers equipped with theAir and Missile Defense Radar provide enhanced coverage, but putting the radar on standard destroyer hulls does not allow enough room for extra staff and command and control facilities for the air warfare commander. Destroyers can be used tactically for air defense, but they augment cruisers that provide command and control in a carrier group and are primarily used for other missions like defending other fleet units and keeping sea lanes open. Congress opposed the plan on the grounds that it makes it easier for Navy officials to completely retire the ships once out of service. The Navy would have to retire all cruisers from the fleet by 2028 if all are kept in service, while deactivating half and gradually returning them into service could make 11 cruisers last from 2035 to 2045. Replacement of the cruisers was repeatedly delayed by funding due to commitment to theColumbia-classsubmarine, so work on a new cruiser was expected to begin in the mid-2020s and begin fielding by the mid-2030s.[19]

Due to the large overlap in size and capabilities of its guided missile cruisers and destroyers, the Navy eventually coalesced them into a single class of large multi-mission ships with an emphasis on air and missile defense called Large Surface Combatants (LSC); in 2018, the Navy stated that a future LSC would have capabilities of the Flight IIIArleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyers as a starting baseline while having future growth margins and air defense command and control of theTiconderoga class.[20] Consequently, the short-term replacement for the first decommissioned cruisers is the Flight IIIArleigh Burke class starting in the mid-2020s, while the last of theTiconderoga-class cruisers and Flights I and II of theArleigh Burke class will be replaced by theDDG(X) program in the early 2030s. The program office was established in June 2021, and design work was contracted starting in February 2022. Despite the designation, the DDG(X) is expected to be considerably larger and at least as capable as theTiconderoga class.[21][22]

Design

[edit]
Bunker Hill (rear) withLekir of theRoyal Malaysian Navy during a passing exercise in the Strait of Malacca

TheTiconderoga-class cruiser's design was based on that of theSpruance-class destroyer.[1] TheTiconderoga class introduced a new generation of guided missile warships based on theAegisphased array radar that is capable of simultaneously scanning for threats, tracking targets, and guiding missiles to interception. When they were designed, they had the most powerfulelectronic warfare equipment and the most advanced underwater surveillance system in the U.S. Navy. These ships were one of the first classes ofwarships to be built in modules, rather than being assembled from the bottom up.[1]

The greater size and equipment on the CG-47-class cruisers increased displacement from 6,900 tons of the DD-963-class destroyers to 9,600 tons of displacement for the heavier cruisers. Aegis cruisers can steam in any ocean and conduct multi-warfare operations anywhere. Some cruisers reported some structural problems in early service after extended periods in extremely heavy seas; they were generally corrected from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s. Several ships had superstructure cracks, which were repaired.[23]

These ships' superstructures were a modification of that on theSpruance-class destroyers and were required to support two deck-houses (one forward for antennas forward and starboard), and the aft deck-house housed the aft and port antenna arrays. The laterArleigh Burke-class Aegis destroyers are designed from the keel up to carry the SPY-1D radars and have them all clustered together on the forward deckhouse, saving space and weight and simplifying cooling requirements. The radar support equipment is closer together, minimizing cable runs and concentrating support equipment.[citation needed]

Ticonderoga–class cruisers (right) were built on the same hull as theSpruance-class destroyer (left).

Operations research was used to study manpower requirements for theTiconderoga class. It was found that four officers and 44 enlisted sailors could be removed from the ship's complement by removing traditional posts that had been made obsolete.[1] However, manpower savings achieved by eliminating the very manpower-intensive Mk 26 guided missile system and replacing it with the far more capable and versatile Mk 41 Vertical Launching System (VLS) were harder to emulate with theMk 45 127 mm (5") gun systems. The Aegis Cruisers are "double-enders" employing two large-caliber guns, one on each end.[citation needed]

Vertical Launching System

[edit]
See also:Vertical Launching System
An overhead view of theTiconderoga classLake Champlain, with VLS visible fore and aft as the gray boxes near the bow and stern of the ship.
The olderTiconderoga with the pre-VLS twin-arm launchers visible fore and aft.

In addition to the added radar capability, theTiconderoga-class ships built afterUSS Thomas S. Gates (CG-51) included two Mark 41Vertical Launching Systems (VLS). The two VLS allow the ship to have 122 missile storage and launching tubes that can carry a wide variety of missiles, includingTomahawkcruise missiles,Standard Missile -2MR/ER and-6surface-to-air missiles,Evolved SeaSparrow Missiles surface-to-air missiles, andRUM-139anti-submarine warfare (ASW)ASROCs. More importantly, the VLS enables all missiles to be on full standby at any given time, shortening the warship's response time before firing. The original five ships (Ticonderoga,Yorktown,Vincennes,Valley Forge, andThomas S. Gates) had Mark 26 twin-arm launchers that limited their missile capacity to a total of 88 missiles and could only fire the SM-2MR and RUM-139. After the end of theCold War, the less capable original five warships were limited to duties close to the home waters of the United States.[citation needed]

A standard VLS loadout for aTiconderoga cruiser as of 2018 is 12 SM-6s, 3 SM-2ERs, 56 SM-2MRs, 12 RIM-162 ESSMs, 10SM-3s, 32Tomahawks, and 6 RUM-139s. In addition,Ticonderogas carry 8Harpoon anti-ship missiles in standalone launchers at the fantail of the ships.[24]

In October 2024, the US Navy reported the successful testing of a prototype Transferrable Reload At-sea Method for replenishment. This method, as performed on USSChosin, intends to reduce loading time.[25]

Upgrades

[edit]

Originally, the U.S. Navy had intended to replace its fleet ofTiconderoga-class guided-missile cruisers with cruisers produced as part of theCG(X) missile cruiser program; however, severe budget cuts from the21st-century surface combatant program coupled with the increasing cost of theZumwalt-class destroyer program resulted in the CG(X) program being canceled. TheTiconderoga-class cruisers were instead to be replaced by Flight IIIArleigh Burke-class destroyers.[26]

All five of the twin-arm (Mk-26) cruisers have been decommissioned. In 2003, the newer 22 of the 27 ships (CG-52 to CG-73) in the class were upgraded to keep them combat-relevant, giving the ships a service life of 35 years. In the years leading up to their decommissioning, the five twin-arm ships had been assigned primarily home-waters duties, acting as command ships for destroyer squadrons assigned to the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic areas.[citation needed]

As of July 2013, two cruisers have completed hull, mechanical, and electrical (HM&E) upgrades, and eight cruisers have had combat systems upgrades. These include an upgrade of the Aegis computational system with new computers and equipment cabinets, theSPQ-9B radar system upgrade introducing an increased capability over only gunfire control,optical fiber data communications and software upgrades, and modifications to the vertical launching system allowing two 8-cell modules to fire the RIM-162 ESSM. The most recent upgrade packages include SM-6 and Naval Integrated Fire Control – Counter Air (NIFC-CA) capability. Another upgrade is improving theSQQ-89A(V)15 sonar with a multi-function towed array. Hull, sonar, radar, electrical, computer, and weapons systems upgrades can cost up to $250 million per ship.[27][28]

Service

[edit]
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(January 2012)

Downing of Iran Air Flight 655

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Main article:Iran Air Flight 655

USS Vincennes (CG-49) achieved notoriety in 1988 when, amid a running gun battle with Iranian Revolutionary Guard gunboats, she shot downIran Air Flight 655, resulting in 290 civilian deaths.[29][30] The commanding officer of USSVincennes,William C. Rogers III, believed the airliner to be anIranian Air ForceF-14 Tomcat fighter jet on an attack vector, based on misreported radar returns. The investigation report recommended that the Aegis large screen display be changed to allow the display of altitude information on plots and that stress factors on personnel using Aegis be studied.[31]

Interception of United States satellite USA-193

[edit]
Main article:Operation Burnt Frost

On 14 February 2008, theUnited States Department of Defense announced thatUSS Lake Erie (CG-70) would attempt to hit the dead satelliteUSA-193 over theNorth Pacific Ocean just before it would burn up on reentry.[32][33] On 20 February 2008, at approximately 22:30 EST (21 February, 03:30 UTC), an SM-3 was fired fromLake Erie, which struck the satellite. The military intended that the missile's kinetic energy would rupture thehydrazine fuel tank, allowing the toxic fuel to be consumed during re-entry.[34] The Department of Defense confirmed that the missile had directly hit the fuel tank.[35]

Downing of United States fighter F/A-18F Super Hornet

[edit]

On 22 December 2024,USS Gettysburg (CG-64) shot down aF/A-18F Super Hornet belonging toStrike Fighter Squadron 11 (VFA-11) and flying off theUSS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75).[36]USCENTCOM stated that both the pilot andweapon systems officerejected and were recovered safely shortly after, with only one receiving minor injuries after an initial assessment. TheGettysburg also fired on a second F/A-18 and missed by ~100 feet. The missile missed thanks to the pilot performing evasive maneuvers. Although the downing was claimed by aHouthi general (who had made false claims in the past), USCENTCOM maintains it wasnot the result of hostile fire.[37][38][39][40]

Ships in class

[edit]

As part of thefederal budget, the Navy had originally requested to decommission seven cruisers in thefiscal year 2022 (FY 2022), releasing a schedule of when these ships would be retired, (note that as opposed to calendar years, fiscal years run from 1 October to 30 September). When Congress passed the final budget, they limited that number of retired cruisers to five. Concerns of lawmakers included the number of ships available in the battle force, how fast retired ships could be replaced with new ones, and overall costs. The budget did not specify which ships were to be retired but did specify certain ships that could not be retired due to factors such as expenditures on recent modernization programs.[15][41]

The table below includes the proposed retirements from the latest budget request for FY 2023.[15] The retirements for the next fiscal year are proposed by the Navy, and they are not official until approved by Congress. Those for the next four years are proposed only and must be requested in that year's budget request. Until the final budget is passed, all retirement requests are pending. In November 2024, the Navy announced thatGettysburg,Chosin, andCape St. George would remain in service into 2029.[17]

NameHull no.BuilderLaid downLaunchedCommissionedDecommissionedService lifeHomeport/Reserve Fleet BerthStatus
Mark 26 twin-arm missile launcher variant
TiconderogaCG-47Ingalls Shipbuilding21 January 198025 April 198122 January 198330 September 200421 years, 252 daysScrapped 2022
YorktownCG-48Ingalls Shipbuilding19 October 198117 January 19834 July 198410 December 200420 years, 159 daysScrapped 2024
VincennesCG-49Ingalls Shipbuilding19 October 198214 January 19846 July 198529 June 200519 years, 358 daysScrapped 2011
Valley ForgeCG-50Ingalls Shipbuilding14 April 198323 June 198418 January 198630 August 200418 years, 225 daysSunk as target 2006
Thomas S. GatesCG-51Bath Iron Works31 August 198414 December 198522 August 198716 December 200518 years, 116 daysScrapped 2017
Mark 41 Vertical Launch System (VLS) Variant
Bunker HillCG-52Ingalls Shipbuilding11 January 198411 March 198520 September 198622 September 2023[42]37 years, 2 daysBremerton, WADecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
Mobile BayCG-53Ingalls Shipbuilding6 June 198422 August 198521 February 198710 August 2023[43]36 years, 179 daysBremerton, WADecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
AntietamCG-54Ingalls Shipbuilding15 November 198414 February 19866 June 198727 September 2024[44]37 years, 113 daysPearl Harbor, HIDecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
Leyte GulfCG-55Ingalls Shipbuilding18 March 198520 June 198626 September 198720 September 2024[45]36 years, 360 daysPhiladelphia, PA (formerly Norfolk)Decommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
San JacintoCG-56Ingalls Shipbuilding24 July 198514 November 198623 January 198815 September 2023[46]35 years, 235 daysPhiladelphia, PADecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
Lake ChamplainCG-57Ingalls Shipbuilding3 March 19863 April 198712 August 19881 September 2023[47]35 years, 20 daysBremerton, WADecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
Philippine SeaCG-58Bath Iron Works8 April 198612 July 198718 March 198925 September 2025[48]36 years, 191 daysPhiladelphia, PADecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
PrincetonCG-59Ingalls Shipbuilding15 October 19862 October 198711 February 1989Proposed 2026[15]San Diego, CAIn active service
NormandyCG-60Bath Iron Works7 April 198719 March 19889 December 198925 September 2025[49]35 years, 290 daysNorfolk, VADecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
MontereyCG-61Bath Iron Works19 August 198723 October 198816 June 199016 September 2022[50]32 years, 92 daysPhiladelphia, PA (formerly Norfolk)Decommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
Robert SmallsCG-62Ingalls Shipbuilding24 June 198715 July 19884 November 1989Proposed 2026[15]Yokosuka, JapanIn active service, formerly USSChancellorsville[51]
CowpensCG-63Bath Iron Works23 December 198711 March 19899 March 199127 August 2024[52]33 years, 171 daysPearl Harbor, HIDecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
GettysburgCG-64Bath Iron Works17 August 198822 July 198922 June 1991Proposed 2029[17]Norfolk, VAIn active service
ChosinCG-65Ingalls Shipbuilding22 July 19881 September 198912 January 1991Proposed 2029[17]San Diego, CAIn active service
Hué CityCG-66Ingalls Shipbuilding20 February 19891 June 199014 September 199123 September 2022[53]31 years, 9 daysPhiladelphia, PADecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
ShilohCG-67Bath Iron Works1 August 19898 September 199018 July 1992Proposed 2025[15]Pearl Harbor, HIIn active service
AnzioCG-68Ingalls Shipbuilding21 August 19892 November 19902 May 199222 September 2022[54]30 years, 143 daysPhiladelphia, PADecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
VicksburgCG-69Ingalls Shipbuilding30 May 19902 August 199114 November 199228 June 2024[55][52]31 years, 227 daysPhiladelphia, PADecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
Lake ErieCG-70Bath Iron Works6 March 199013 July 199110 May 1993Proposed 2025[15]San Diego, CAIn active service
Cape St. GeorgeCG-71Ingalls Shipbuilding19 November 199010 January 199212 June 1993Proposed 2029[17]San Diego, CAIn active service
Vella GulfCG-72Ingalls Shipbuilding22 April 199113 June 199218 September 19934 August 2022[56]28 years, 320 daysPhiladelphia, PADecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
Port RoyalCG-73Ingalls Shipbuilding18 October 199120 November 19929 July 199429 September 2022[57]28 years, 82 daysPearl Harbor, HIDecommissioned, sent toReserve Fleet
NameHull no.BuilderLaid downLaunchedCommissionedDecommissionedService lifeHomeportStatus

Status summary

[edit]
StatusCount
Active, in commission7
Decommissioned, sent to Reserve Fleet15
Decommissioned, to be disposed0
Disposed of by scrapping or sunk5
Total27

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  29. ^David, Crist (2013).The twilight war: the secret history of America's thirty-year conflict with Iran. New York.ISBN 9780143123675.OCLC 852699041.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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