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Tibetan pinyin

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Official transcription system for the Tibetan language in China

TheSASM/GNC/SRC romanization ofStandard Tibetan, commonly known asTibetan pinyin orZWPY (Chinese:藏文拼音;pinyin:Zàngwén Pīnyīn), is the officialtranscription system for the Tibetan language in China.[1] It is based on the pronunciation used byChina National Radio's Tibetan Radio,[1] which is based on theLhasa dialect. It has been used within China as an alternative to theWylie transliteration for writing Tibetan in theLatin script since 1982.[2][3]

Tibetan pinyin is a phonetic transcription, and as such its spelling is tied to actual pronunciation (although tone is not marked).[4] Wylie on the other hand is atransliteration system, where mechanical conversion to and from Tibetan and Latin script is possible. Within academic circles, Wylie transliteration (with av replacing theapostrophe) is more commonly used.

Overview

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Onsets overview

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Independent onsets in the initial syllable of a word are transcribed as follows:

ཀ་ཁ་
ག་
ང་ཅ་ཇ་
ཆ་
ཉ་ཏ་ད་
ཐ་
ན་པ་ཕ་
བ་
མ་ཙ་ཛ་
ཚ་
ཝ་ཞ་
ཤ་
ཟ་
ས་
ཡ་ར་ལ་ཧ་ཀྱ་ཁྱ་
གྱ་
ཧྱ་ཀྲ་ཁྲ་
གྲ་
ཧྲ་ལྷ་རྷ་
gkngjqnydtnbpmzcwxsyrlhgykyhyzhchshlhrh

For more general case, see#Onsets.

Vowels and final consonant

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The 17vowels of the Lhasa dialect are represented in as follows:

IPATibetan
pinyin
IPATibetan
pinyin
iiĩin
eêen
ɛai/äɛ̃ain/än
aaãan
uuũun
oôõon
ɔoɔ̃ǒn
yüün
øoi/öø̃oin/ön

Ending a syllable,-r is usually not pronounced, but it lengthens the preceding vowel. In the same place,-n usually nasalises the preceding vowel. Consonants at the end of a syllable are transcribed as follows:

IPATibetan
pinyin
ʔ̞b/•
ʔg/—
rr
mm
ŋng

Single syllable orthography

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The tone of asyllable depends mostly on its initialconsonant. In this table, each initial is given in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) with the vowela and a tone mark to present tone register (high/low).

Onsets

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Below is a comprehensive transcription table of onsets of an initial syllable of a word. If the syllable to transcribe is not the first syllable of a word, see#Onset variation.

IPAWylie transliterationTibetan pinyinTHL
p, sp, dp, lpbp
rb, sb, sbrbb
mpàlb, ’bbb
pʰáph, ’phpp
pʰàbpb
bhbhbh
rm, sm, dm, smrmm
m, mrmm
w[note 1], db, bww
t, rt, lt, st, tw, gt, bt, brt, blt, bst, blddt
rd, sd, gd, bd, brd, bsddd
ntálthd
ntàzl, bzl, ld, md, ’ddd
tʰáth, mth, ’thtt
tʰàd, dwtd
rn, sn, gn, brn, bsn, mnnn
nnn
kl, gl, bl, rl, sl, brl, bslll
l, lwll
l̥álhlhlh
tsáts, rts, sts, rtsw, stsw, gts, bts, brts, bstszts
tsàrdz, gdz, brdzzdz
ntsàmdz, ’dzzdz
tsʰátsh, tshw, mtsh, ’tshcts
tsʰàdzcdz
s, sr, sw, gs, bs, bsrss
z, zw, gz, bzsz
ʈʂákr, rkr, lkr, skr, tr, pr, lpr, spr, dkr, dpr, bkr, bskr, bsrzhtr
ʈʂàrgr, lgr, sgr, dgr, dbr, bsgr, rbr, lbr, sbrzhdr
ɳʈʂàmgr, ’gr, ’dr, ’brzhdr
ʈʂʰákhr, thr, phr, mkhr, ’khr, ’phrchtr
ʈʂʰàgr, dr, br, grwchdr
ʂáhrshhr
r, rwrr
r̥árhrh
ky, rky, lky, sky, dky, bky, brky, bskygyky
rgy, lgy, sgy, dgy, bgy, brgy, bsgygygy
ɲcàmgy, ’gygygy
cʰákhy, mkhy, ’khykykhy
cʰàgykygy
çáhyhyhy
tɕác, cw, gc, bc, lc, py, lpy, spy, dpyjch
tɕàrby, lby, sby, rj, gj, brjjj
ɲtɕàlj, mj, ’j, ’byjj
tɕʰách, mch, ’ch, phy, ’phyqch
tɕʰàj, byqj
ɕásh, shw, gsh, bshxsh
ɕàzh, zhw, gzh, bzhxzh
ɲárny, sny, gny, brny, bsny, mny, nyw, rmy, smynyny
ɲàny, mynyny
g.yyy
y, dbyyy
k, rk, lk, sk, kw, dk, bk, brk, bskgk
rg, lg, sg, dg, bg, brg, bsggg
ŋkàlg, mg, ’ggg
kʰákh, khw, mkh, ’khkkh
kʰàg, gwkg
ŋárng, lng, sng, dng, brng, bsng, mngngng
ŋàngngng
ʔá—, db
ʔ̞à
h, hwhh

Rimes

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Below is a comprehensive transcription table of rimes of a final syllable of a word, with IPA transcription for the Lhasa dialect.[5] If the syllable to transcribe is not the final syllable of a word, seeCoda variation.

Take "ཨ" to be the consonant (not "◌").

Tibetanཨ།ཨའུ།ཨར།ཨལ།
ཨའི།
ཨད།
ཨས།
ཨག།
ཨགས།
ཨབ།
ཨབས།
ཨང༌།
ཨངས།
ཨམ།
ཨམས།
ཨན།
Wylieaa'uaral a'iad asag agsab absang angsam amsan
Pinyinaauarai/äagabangamain/än
IPA[a][au̯][aː][ɛː][ɛ][ʌʡ] ~[ɤʡ][ʌʡ̆] ~[ɤʡ̆][aŋ][am][ɛ̃ː]
Tibetanཨི།ཨིའུ།
ཨེའུ།
ཨིར།ཨིལ།
ཨའི།
ཨིད།
ཨིས།
ཨིག།
ཨིགས།
ཨིབ།
ཨིབས།
ཨིང༌།
ཨིངས།
ཨིམ།
ཨིམས།
ཨིན།
Wylieii'uiril a'iid isig igsib ibsing ingsim imsin
Pinyiniiuiriigibingimin
IPA[i][iu̯][iː][iː][i][iʡ][iʡ̆][ɪŋ][ɪm][ĩː]
Tibetanཨུ།ཨུར།ཨུལ།
ཨུའི།
ཨུད།
ཨུས།
ཨུག།
ཨུགས།
ཨུབ།
ཨུབས།
ཨུང༌།
ཨུངས།
ཨུམ།
ཨུམས།
ཨུན།
Wylieuurul u'iud usug ugsub ubsung ungsum umsun
Pinyinuurüugubungumün
IPA[u][uː][yː][y][uʡ][uʡ̆][ʊŋ][ʊm][ỹː]
Tibetanཨེ།ཨེར།ཨེལ།
ཨེའི།
ཨེད།
ཨེས།
ཨེག།
ཨེགས།
ཨེབ།
ཨེབས།
ཨེང༌།
ཨེངས།
ཨེམ།
ཨེམས།
ཨེན།
Wylieeerel e'ied eseg egseb ebseng engsem emsen
Pinyinêêrêêgêbêngêmên
IPA[e][eː][eː][e][ɛ̈ʡ][ɛ̈ʡ̆][ɛŋ][ɛm][ẽː]
Tibetanཨོ།ཨོའུ།ཨོར།ཨོལ།
ཨོའི།
ཨོད།
ཨོས།
ཨོག།
ཨོགས།
ཨོབ།
ཨོབས།
ཨོང༌།
ཨོངས།
ཨོམ།
ཨོམས།
ཨོན།
Wylieoo'uorol o'iod osog ogsob obsong ongsom omson
Pinyinôouôroi/öôgôbôngômoin/ön
IPA[o][ou̯][oː][øː][ø][ɔʡ][ɔʡ̆][ɔŋ][ɔm][ø̃ː]

Intersyllable influence

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Onset variation

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Bare low aspirated variation
  • k*,q*,t*,p*,x*,s*,ky*,ch* becomeg*,j*,d*,b*,?*,?*,gy*,zh* respectively
  • pa* (་བ) andpo* (་བོ) becomewa andwo respectively

Coda variation

[edit]

Sometimes there is intersyllabic influence:

Tibetan scriptTibetan pinyinWylie (EWTS)LhasaIPAExplanation
མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ།Mapam Yumcoma-pham g.yu-mtsho[mapʰamjumtsʰo]forward shift of prefix མ
ཁྲ་འབྲུག་དགོན་པ།Changzhug Gönbakhra-’brug dgon-pa[ʈ͡ʂʰaŋʈ͡ʂ˭ukk˭ø̃p˭a]shift of the prefix འ (ཨ་ཆུངa chung),
creating a final nasal consonant

Encoding

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TheIETFlanguage tag for Tibetan pinyin isbo-Latn-pinyin.[6]

Examples

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Tibetan ScriptWylieTibetan pinyinTHLother transcriptions
གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེGzhis-ka-rtseXigazêZhikatseShigatse, Shikatse
བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལྷུན་པོ་Bkra-shis-lhun-poZhaxilhünboTrashilhünpoTashilhunpo, Tashilhümpo, etc.
འབྲས་སྤུང་’Bras-spungZhaibungDräpungDrebung
ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མཚན་Chos-kyi Rgyal-mtshanQoigyi GyaicainChökyi GyältshänChoekyi Gyaltsen
ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་Thub-bstan Rgya-mtshoTubdain GyacoThuptän GyatshoThubten Gyatso, Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^as in Namjagbarwa

References

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Citations

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  1. ^abShǎoshù mínzúyǔ dìmíng Hànyǔ pīnyīn zìmǔ yīnyì zhuǎnxiěfǎ, "少数民族语地名汉语拼音字母音译转写法...(三)藏语...说明:(1)藏语地名的音译转写,以中央人民广播电台藏语广播的语音为依靠。"
  2. ^Romanization of Tibetan Geographical NamesUNGEGN
  3. ^"一种基于拼音的藏文智能输入法".Google Patents. 2014-04-10. Retrieved2024-05-13.
  4. ^"Geographical names of Tibet AR (China)". Institute of the Estonian Language. 2018-06-03. Retrieved7 July 2020.Tibetan names have been romanized according to the official scheme, the so-called Tibetan pinyin. The romanization is based on actual pronunciation and is not always predictable if only written form is known.
  5. ^Brush, Beaumont."The Status of Coronal in the Historical Development of Lhasa Tibetan Rhymes"(PDF). SIL. Retrieved9 May 2015.
  6. ^"Language subtag registry". IANA. Retrieved15 April 2021.

Sources

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Tibetan language
Language
Scripts
Others
Tibetic languages outsideTibetan plateau
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