TheSASM/GNC/SRC romanization ofStandard Tibetan, commonly known asTibetan pinyin orZWPY (Chinese:藏文拼音;pinyin:Zàngwén Pīnyīn), is the officialtranscription system for the Tibetan language in China.[1] It is based on the pronunciation used byChina National Radio's Tibetan Radio,[1] which is based on theLhasa dialect. It has been used within China as an alternative to theWylie transliteration for writing Tibetan in theLatin script since 1982.[2][3]
Tibetan pinyin is a phonetic transcription, and as such its spelling is tied to actual pronunciation (although tone is not marked).[4] Wylie on the other hand is atransliteration system, where mechanical conversion to and from Tibetan and Latin script is possible. Within academic circles, Wylie transliteration (with av replacing theapostrophe) is more commonly used.
Independent onsets in the initial syllable of a word are transcribed as follows:
ཀ་ | ཁ་ ག་ | ང་ | ཅ་ | ཇ་ ཆ་ | ཉ་ | ཏ་ | ད་ ཐ་ | ན་ | པ་ | ཕ་ བ་ | མ་ | ཙ་ | ཛ་ ཚ་ | ཝ་ | ཞ་ ཤ་ | ཟ་ ས་ | ཡ་ | ར་ | ལ་ | ཧ་ | ཀྱ་ | ཁྱ་ གྱ་ | ཧྱ་ | ཀྲ་ | ཁྲ་ གྲ་ | ཧྲ་ | ལྷ་ | རྷ་ |
g | k | ng | j | q | ny | d | t | n | b | p | m | z | c | w | x | s | y | r | l | h | gy | ky | hy | zh | ch | sh | lh | rh |
For more general case, see#Onsets.
The 17vowels of the Lhasa dialect are represented in as follows:
IPA | Tibetan pinyin | IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
---|---|---|---|
i | i | ĩ | in |
e | ê | ẽ | en |
ɛ | ai/ä | ɛ̃ | ain/än |
a | a | ã | an |
u | u | ũ | un |
o | ô | õ | on |
ɔ | o | ɔ̃ | ǒn |
y | ü | ỹ | ün |
ø | oi/ö | ø̃ | oin/ön |
Ending a syllable,-r is usually not pronounced, but it lengthens the preceding vowel. In the same place,-n usually nasalises the preceding vowel. Consonants at the end of a syllable are transcribed as follows:
IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
---|---|
ʔ̞ | b/• |
ʔ | g/— |
r | r |
m | m |
ŋ | ng |
The tone of asyllable depends mostly on its initialconsonant. In this table, each initial is given in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) with the vowela and a tone mark to present tone register (high/low).
Below is a comprehensive transcription table of onsets of an initial syllable of a word. If the syllable to transcribe is not the first syllable of a word, see#Onset variation.
IPA | Wylie transliteration | Tibetan pinyin | THL |
---|---|---|---|
pá | p, sp, dp, lp | b | p |
pà | rb, sb, sbr | b | b |
mpà | lb, ’b | b | b |
pʰá | ph, ’ph | p | p |
pʰà | b | p | b |
bà | bh | bh | bh |
má | rm, sm, dm, smr | m | m |
mà | m, mr | m | m |
wà | w[note 1], db, b | w | w |
tá | t, rt, lt, st, tw, gt, bt, brt, blt, bst, bld | d | t |
tà | rd, sd, gd, bd, brd, bsd | d | d |
ntá | lth | d | |
ntà | zl, bzl, ld, md, ’d | d | d |
tʰá | th, mth, ’th | t | t |
tʰà | d, dw | t | d |
ná | rn, sn, gn, brn, bsn, mn | n | n |
nà | n | n | n |
lá | kl, gl, bl, rl, sl, brl, bsl | l | l |
là | l, lw | l | l |
l̥á | lh | lh | lh |
tsá | ts, rts, sts, rtsw, stsw, gts, bts, brts, bsts | z | ts |
tsà | rdz, gdz, brdz | z | dz |
ntsà | mdz, ’dz | z | dz |
tsʰá | tsh, tshw, mtsh, ’tsh | c | ts |
tsʰà | dz | c | dz |
sá | s, sr, sw, gs, bs, bsr | s | s |
sà | z, zw, gz, bz | s | z |
ʈʂá | kr, rkr, lkr, skr, tr, pr, lpr, spr, dkr, dpr, bkr, bskr, bsr | zh | tr |
ʈʂà | rgr, lgr, sgr, dgr, dbr, bsgr, rbr, lbr, sbr | zh | dr |
ɳʈʂà | mgr, ’gr, ’dr, ’br | zh | dr |
ʈʂʰá | khr, thr, phr, mkhr, ’khr, ’phr | ch | tr |
ʈʂʰà | gr, dr, br, grw | ch | dr |
ʂá | hr | sh | hr |
rà | r, rw | r | r |
r̥á | rh | rh | |
cá | ky, rky, lky, sky, dky, bky, brky, bsky | gy | ky |
cà | rgy, lgy, sgy, dgy, bgy, brgy, bsgy | gy | gy |
ɲcà | mgy, ’gy | gy | gy |
cʰá | khy, mkhy, ’khy | ky | khy |
cʰà | gy | ky | gy |
çá | hy | hy | hy |
tɕá | c, cw, gc, bc, lc, py, lpy, spy, dpy | j | ch |
tɕà | rby, lby, sby, rj, gj, brj | j | j |
ɲtɕà | lj, mj, ’j, ’by | j | j |
tɕʰá | ch, mch, ’ch, phy, ’phy | q | ch |
tɕʰà | j, by | q | j |
ɕá | sh, shw, gsh, bsh | x | sh |
ɕà | zh, zhw, gzh, bzh | x | zh |
ɲá | rny, sny, gny, brny, bsny, mny, nyw, rmy, smy | ny | ny |
ɲà | ny, my | ny | ny |
já | g.y | y | y |
jà | y, dby | y | y |
ká | k, rk, lk, sk, kw, dk, bk, brk, bsk | g | k |
kà | rg, lg, sg, dg, bg, brg, bsg | g | g |
ŋkà | lg, mg, ’g | g | g |
kʰá | kh, khw, mkh, ’kh | k | kh |
kʰà | g, gw | k | g |
ŋá | rng, lng, sng, dng, brng, bsng, mng | ng | ng |
ŋà | ng | ng | ng |
ʔá | —, db | — | — |
ʔ̞à | ’ | — | — |
há | h, hw | h | h |
Below is a comprehensive transcription table of rimes of a final syllable of a word, with IPA transcription for the Lhasa dialect.[5] If the syllable to transcribe is not the final syllable of a word, seeCoda variation.
Take "ཨ" to be the consonant (not "◌").
Tibetan | ཨ། | ཨའུ། | ཨར། | ཨལ། ཨའི། | ཨད། ཨས། | ཨག། ཨགས། | ཨབ། ཨབས། | ཨང༌། ཨངས། | ཨམ། ཨམས། | ཨན། |
Wylie | a | a'u | ar | al a'i | ad as | ag ags | ab abs | ang angs | am ams | an |
Pinyin | a | au | ar | ai/ä | ag | ab | ang | am | ain/än | |
IPA | [a] | [au̯] | [aː] | [ɛː] | [ɛ] | [ʌʡ] ~[ɤʡ] | [ʌʡ̆] ~[ɤʡ̆] | [aŋ] | [am] | [ɛ̃ː] |
Tibetan | ཨི། | ཨིའུ། ཨེའུ། | ཨིར། | ཨིལ། ཨའི། | ཨིད། ཨིས། | ཨིག། ཨིགས། | ཨིབ། ཨིབས། | ཨིང༌། ཨིངས། | ཨིམ། ཨིམས། | ཨིན། |
Wylie | i | i'u | ir | il a'i | id is | ig igs | ib ibs | ing ings | im ims | in |
Pinyin | i | iu | ir | i | ig | ib | ing | im | in | |
IPA | [i] | [iu̯] | [iː] | [iː] | [i] | [iʡ] | [iʡ̆] | [ɪŋ] | [ɪm] | [ĩː] |
Tibetan | ཨུ། | ཨུར། | ཨུལ། ཨུའི། | ཨུད། ཨུས། | ཨུག། ཨུགས། | ཨུབ། ཨུབས། | ཨུང༌། ཨུངས། | ཨུམ། ཨུམས། | ཨུན། | |
Wylie | u | ur | ul u'i | ud us | ug ugs | ub ubs | ung ungs | um ums | un | |
Pinyin | u | ur | ü | ug | ub | ung | um | ün | ||
IPA | [u] | [uː] | [yː] | [y] | [uʡ] | [uʡ̆] | [ʊŋ] | [ʊm] | [ỹː] | |
Tibetan | ཨེ། | ཨེར། | ཨེལ། ཨེའི། | ཨེད། ཨེས། | ཨེག། ཨེགས། | ཨེབ། ཨེབས། | ཨེང༌། ཨེངས། | ཨེམ། ཨེམས། | ཨེན། | |
Wylie | e | er | el e'i | ed es | eg egs | eb ebs | eng engs | em ems | en | |
Pinyin | ê | êr | ê | êg | êb | êng | êm | ên | ||
IPA | [e] | [eː] | [eː] | [e] | [ɛ̈ʡ] | [ɛ̈ʡ̆] | [ɛŋ] | [ɛm] | [ẽː] | |
Tibetan | ཨོ། | ཨོའུ། | ཨོར། | ཨོལ། ཨོའི། | ཨོད། ཨོས། | ཨོག། ཨོགས། | ཨོབ། ཨོབས། | ཨོང༌། ཨོངས། | ཨོམ། ཨོམས། | ཨོན། |
Wylie | o | o'u | or | ol o'i | od os | og ogs | ob obs | ong ongs | om oms | on |
Pinyin | ô | ou | ôr | oi/ö | ôg | ôb | ông | ôm | oin/ön | |
IPA | [o] | [ou̯] | [oː] | [øː] | [ø] | [ɔʡ] | [ɔʡ̆] | [ɔŋ] | [ɔm] | [ø̃ː] |
Sometimes there is intersyllabic influence:
Tibetan script | Tibetan pinyin | Wylie (EWTS) | LhasaIPA | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|---|
མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ། | Mapam Yumco | ma-pham g.yu-mtsho | [mapʰamjumtsʰo] | forward shift of prefix མ |
ཁྲ་འབྲུག་དགོན་པ། | Changzhug Gönba | khra-’brug dgon-pa | [ʈ͡ʂʰaŋʈ͡ʂ˭ukk˭ø̃p˭a] | shift of the prefix འ (ཨ་ཆུངa chung), creating a final nasal consonant |
TheIETFlanguage tag for Tibetan pinyin isbo-Latn-pinyin
.[6]
Tibetan Script | Wylie | Tibetan pinyin | THL | other transcriptions |
---|---|---|---|---|
གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ | Gzhis-ka-rtse | Xigazê | Zhikatse | Shigatse, Shikatse |
བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལྷུན་པོ་ | Bkra-shis-lhun-po | Zhaxilhünbo | Trashilhünpo | Tashilhunpo, Tashilhümpo, etc. |
འབྲས་སྤུང་ | ’Bras-spung | Zhaibung | Dräpung | Drebung |
ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མཚན་ | Chos-kyi Rgyal-mtshan | Qoigyi Gyaicain | Chökyi Gyältshän | Choekyi Gyaltsen |
ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ | Thub-bstan Rgya-mtsho | Tubdain Gyaco | Thuptän Gyatsho | Thubten Gyatso, Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso |
Tibetan names have been romanized according to the official scheme, the so-called Tibetan pinyin. The romanization is based on actual pronunciation and is not always predictable if only written form is known.