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Tibet Area 西藏地方 བོད་ལྗོངས
Area of theRepublic of China (1912–1951) Area of thePeople's Republic of China (1951–1965)
1912–1965
Map of thede jure Tibet Area within the ROC
Capital	Lhasa
Area
• 1953	1,221,600 km2 (471,700 sq mi)
Population
• 1953	1,274,969
History
• Tibet Area claimed by theROC Provisional Government	1 January 1912
• Established	1951
• Seventeen Point Agreement	23 May 1951
• Replacement ofKashag with the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region after the1959 Tibetan rebellion	1959
• Sino-Indian War	20 October 1962
• Establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region	22 April 1965
Preceded by Succeeded by Tibet under Qing rule Tibet Tibet Autonomous Region
Today part of	China ∟Tibet Autonomous Region

TheTibet Area (Chinese:西藏地方;pinyin:Xīzàng Dìfāng, also translated asTibet Region in the1954 Sino-Indian Agreement) was a province-level administrative division of China in the 20th century. It wasde jure created after the establishment of theRepublic of China in 1912,^[1] and nominally includes theÜ-Tsang (central Tibet) andNgari (western Tibet) areas, but not theAmdo andKham areas.^[2][3][4] The territories were merely claimed by the ROC, but actually controlled by an independentTibet with a government headed by theDalai Lama inLhasa. At this time, the scope ofde facto independent Tibet included the "Tibet area" and the Chamdo area west of theJinsha River, which claimed by China.^[5] The ROCretreated toTaiwan and lost control ofmainland China to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949; afterwards, the ROC continued to claim Tibet.

The PRCannexed Tibet in 1951 and continued to call it Tibet Area.^[6] It merged with theChamdo Region and was transformed toTibet Autonomous Region in 1965 after the1959 Tibetan uprising.^[7]

Tibet became a protectorate ofQing China in the 18th century;^[8] imperial authority was symbolized by a Qing resident calledamban inLhasa. After the Chinese1911 Revolution and the end of the Qing Empire, Tibet expelled the Chinese delegation and became independent.^[9] The ROC claimed Tibet as a province. It considered Tibet be part of the "Five Races under One Union"^[8] and held that "Tibet was placed under the sovereignty of China" following theSino-Nepalese War (1788–1792).^[10] TheNationalist government'sMongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission (MTAC) was established in 1928 to nominally govern those regions.^[11] In 1934, diplomatic relations between Tibet and China resumed. ROC proposed that Tibet recognize Chinese sovereignty. Tibet rejected the proposal but agreed to host a Chinese mission in Lhasa; a MTAC mission was established in 1939. It was expelled in July 1949 to make it more difficult for the Chinese Communists to establish an official presence.^[9]

The PRC received early insight into the politics of Tibet by recruiting from MTAC members after theKuomintang was defeated during theChinese Civil War.^[12] In 1949, Tibet opened negotiations with the Chinese Communists, who were expected to win the civil war, and through them, with the future PRC. As with the ROC, Tibet refused to accept Communist demands that Tibet recognize Chinese sovereignty.^[13] Following some border skirmishes, the PRC invaded Tibet in October 1950; the Chinese defeated the Tibetans at theBattle of Chamdo, Chamdo being part ofXikang rather than Tibet Area from the Chinese point of view. They stopped to allow further negotiations.^[14] Tibet was unable to secure international support, and military resistance was hopeless. In 1951, the PRC formally annexed Tibet through theSeventeen Point Agreement.^[15] In the first few years, the Chinese focused on creating an administration independent of the Tibetan government; the latter was unable to cope with the work demanded by the Chinese and became increasingly redundant.^[16] Social reform was not emphasized due to the difference in culture and the dependence of PRC institutions on local resources. Basic services, trade, and technology were introduced to win over the population and the ruling elite. Tibetan opposition built around the two prime ministers of the Tibetan government, and was strengthened by the Chinese criticism of those officers.^[17]

The Preparatory Committee for the Autonomous Region of Tibet (PCART) was formed in 1955 as an interim governing body. It replaced the Chinese Tibet Military Commission, which frequently opposed the Tibetan government and was viewed with hostility by the Tibetans. The PRC hoped that Tibetan integration would be easier with the Chinese–Tibetan PCART. The relevance of the native Tibetan government continued to erode; theKashag continued to meet but its influence was mainly symbolic.^[18]

TheTibet Autonomous Region was created in 1965 after the1959 Tibetan uprising.^[19]

After Chinese Civil War, and the ROC retreated toTaiwan. It continued to claim Tibet.

Chiang Kai-shek responded to the 1959 uprising with a Letter to Tibetan Compatriots (Chinese:告西藏同胞書;pinyin:Gào Xīzàng Tóngbāo Shū), which set the ROC's policy of aiding Tibetan rebels against the PRC. ROC continued to operate MTAC, which undertook propaganda work among theTibetan diaspora inIndia. In the following years, 400 Tibetans were recruited to work and study in Taiwan.^[20][21][22]

The ROC's position on Tibet shifted after the former's democratization in mid-1990s. In 2007, ROC PresidentChen Shui-bian spoke at the International Symposium on Human Rights in Tibet and stated that his offices no longer treated exiled Tibetans as Chinese mainlanders.^[23] In 2017, theTsai Ing-wen administration announced that MTAC would be dissolved and its remaining functions transferred to the Department of Hong Kong, Macao, Inner Mongolia, and Tibet Affairs of theMainland Affairs Council as well as theMinistry of Foreign Affairs.^[24]

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• Administrative divisions setup by the Preparatory Committee for theTibet Autonomous Region

• Tibet (1912–1951)
• Sino-Tibetan War (1930–1932)
• Qinghai–Tibet War (1932)
• Central Tibetan Administration (established 1959)
• Tibetan sovereignty debate
• Outer Mongolia

• Shakya, Tsering (1999).The Dragon in the Land of Snows. New York, New York: Penguin Compass.ISBN 0140196153.
• Yu, Fu-Lai Tony; Kwan, Diana S. (2020),Social Construction of National Reality: Taiwan, Tibet and Hong Kong, Rowman & Littlefield,ISBN 978-1-4985-9243-7

• States and territories established in 1951
• States and territories disestablished in 1965
• Provinces of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
• Territorial disputes of the Republic of China
• Former administrative divisions of China
• 1920s in Tibet
• 1930s in Tibet
• 1940s in Tibet
• 1950s in Tibet
• 1960s in Tibet
• Autonomous governments in exile

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