Tianwen-1 (Chinese:天问一号) (also referred to asTW-1) is an interplanetary mission by theChina National Space Administration (CNSA) which sent a robotic spacecraft toMars, consisting of six spacecraft: anorbiter, two deployable cameras,lander, remote camera, and theZhurong rover.[22] The spacecraft, with a total mass of nearly five tons, is one of the heaviest probes launched to Mars and carries 14 scientific instruments. It is the first in a series of planned missions undertaken by CNSA as part of itsPlanetary Exploration of China program.
The mission's scientific objectives include: investigation of Martiansurface geology and internal structure, search for indications ofcurrent and past presence of water, and characterization of the space environment and the atmosphere of Mars.
The mission was launched from theWenchang Spacecraft Launch Site on 23 July 2020[23] on aLong March 5 heavy-liftlaunch vehicle. After seven months of transit through the innerSolar System, the spacecraft enteredMartian orbit on 10 February 2021.[24][10] For the next three months the probe studied the target landing sites from a reconnaissance orbit. On 14 May 2021, the lander/rover portion of the mission successfully touched down on Mars,[22] making China thethird nation[25] to make asoft landing on and establish communication from the Martian surface, after the Soviet Union and the United States.[26][a]
On 22 May 2021, theZhurong rover drove onto the Martian surface via the descent ramps on its landing platform.[29][30] With the successful deployment of the rover, China became the second nation to accomplish this feat, after the United States.[4][31][32][33] In addition, China is the second nation to orbit and the first one to carry out landing and rovering mission on Mars successfully on its maiden attempt.[34]Tianwen-1 is also the second mission to capture audio recordings on the Martian surface, after United States'Perseverance rover. The "smallsat" deployed by theZhurong rover on the Martian surface consists of a "drop camera" which photographed both the rover itself as well as theTianwen-1 lander.[35] With a mass of less than 1 kg, theTianwen-1 remote camera is thelightest artificial object on Mars as of May 2021. On December 31, 2021, theTianwen-1 orbiter deployed a second deployable camera (TDC-2) into Mars orbit which captured photographs of theTianwen-1 in orbit to celebrate its achievement of the year[21] and a selfie stick payload was deployed to its working position on orbiter to take images of the orbiter's components and Chinese flag on 30 January 2022 to celebrate theChinese New Year. In September 2022, the mission was awarded theWorld Space Award by theInternational Astronautical Federation.[36][37]
TheTianwen-1 mission was the second of three Martian exploration missions launched during theJuly 2020 window, after theUnited Arab Emirates Space Agency'sHope orbiter, and beforeNASA'sMars 2020 mission, which landed thePerseverance rover with the attachedIngenuity helicopter drone.[38] The Zhurong rover lost contact in 2023 after failing to awake from a scheduled hibernation.[39]
China's planetary exploration program is officially dubbed the "Tianwen Series". "Tianwen-1" (Chinese:天问一号) is the program's first mission, and subsequent planetary missions will be numbered sequentially.[40] The nameTianwen is fromthe poem of the same name written byQu Yuan (c.340–278 BC). The title means "Questions toTian", a Chinese term for both the sky and heavens.[41][42]Tianwen-1's rover is namedZhurong (Chinese:祝融号), aftera Chinese mytho-historical figure usually associated with fire and light.[43] The name was chosen through an online poll held from January to February 2021.[44]
China's Mars program started in partnership with Russia. In November 2011, the Russian spacecraftFobos-Grunt, destined for Mars andPhobos, was launched fromBaikonur Cosmodrome. The Russian spacecraft carried with it an attached secondary spacecraft, theYinghuo-1, which was intended to become China's first Mars orbiter (Fobos-Grunt also carried experiments from theBulgarian Academy of Sciences and the AmericanPlanetary Society). However, Fobos-Grunt's main propulsion unit failed to boost the Mars-bound stack from its initialEarth parking orbit and the combined multinational spacecraft and experiments eventually reentered theatmosphere of Earth in January 2012.[citation needed] In 2014, China subsequently began an independent Mars project.[45]
The new Mars spacecraft, consisting of an orbiter and a lander with an attached rover, was developed by theChina Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) and is managed by the National Space Science Centre (NSSC) inBeijing.[46] The mission was formally approved in 2016.[47]
On 14 November 2019, CNSA invited some foreign embassies and international organizations to witness hovering and obstacle avoidance test for the Mars Lander of China's first Mars exploration mission at theextraterrestrial celestial landing test site. It was the first public appearance of China's Mars exploration mission.[48]
As the mission preparation proceeded, in April 2020, the mission was formally named "Tianwen-1".[49]
In September 2020, theTianwen-1 orbiter deployed theTianwen-1 First Deployable Camera (TDC-1), a small satellite with two cameras that took photos of and tested a radio connection withTianwen-1.[11] Its mission was to photograph theTianwen-1 orbiter and the lander's heat shield.[11] Due to the time when it was deployed, it trajectory predicted to do a flyby of Mars with that happening around the orbit insertion date.
During its cruise to Mars, the spacecraft completed four trajectory correction maneuvers plus an additional maneuver to alter itsheliocentric orbital inclination; it also performed self diagnostics on multiple payloads.[50][51] After payload checkouts, the spacecraft began scientific operations with the Mars Energetic Particle Analyzer, mounted on the orbiter, which transmitted initial data back to ground control.[52]
The lander/rover portion of the mission began its Martian landing attempt on 14 May 2021. About nine minutes after theaeroshell housing the lander/rover combination entered the Martian atmosphere, the lander (carrying the rover) safely touched down in theUtopia Planitia region on Mars.[53][54][55] After a period spent conducting system checkouts and other planning activities (including taking engineering images of itself), the lander deployed theZhurong rover for independent surface operations.[56] This rover is powered bysolar panels and will probe the Martian surface with radar and conduct chemical analyses on thesoil; it will also look forbiomolecules andbiosignatures.[4]
This is the CNSA's first interplanetary mission, as well as its first independent probe to Mars. The primary goal is therefore to validateChina's deep space communications and control technologies, as well as the Administration's ability to successfully orbit and land spacecraft.
From a scientific point of view, the mission must meet five objectives:
Study thegeological structure of Mars and that structure's historical evolution. To do this, the probe will analyze topographical data from characteristic regions such as dry riverbeds, the reliefs ofvolcanoes, glaciers at the poles, areas affected by wind erosion, etc. The two cameras present on the orbiter are dedicated to this objective.
Study the characteristics of both the surface and underground layers of Martian soil, as well as the distribution of water ice. This is the role of the radars present on the orbiter and the rover.
Study the composition and type of rocks on the Martian surface, carbonateminerals present in ancient lakes, rivers, and other landscapes resulting from the past presence of water on the planet, and weathering mineral such ashematites, lamellarsilicates, sulphatehydrates andperchlorate. Thespectrometers on board the orbiter and the rover as well as the multispectral camera are dedicated to this objective.
Study the internal structure of Mars, itsmagnetic field, the history of its geological evolution, the internal distribution of its mass, and its gravitational field. Themagnetometers as well as the radars present on the orbiter and the rover are dedicated to this objective.[57]
The aims of the mission include searching for evidence of current and past life, producing surface maps, characterizing soil composition and water ice distribution, and examining theMartian atmosphere, particularly its ionosphere.[31]
The mission also serves as atechnology demonstration that will be needed for an anticipatedMars sample-return mission proposed for the 2030s.[58]Zhurong will also cache rock and soil samples for retrieval by the later sample-return mission, and the orbiter will make it possible to locate a caching site.[59]
The orbiter's transfer orbit and trajectory correction maneuvers (TCM)
In late 2019, the Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, a subsidiary of CASC, stated that the performance and control of the future spacecraft's propulsion system has been verified and had passed all requisite pre-flight tests, including tests for hovering, hazard avoidance, deceleration and landing. The main component of the lander's propulsion system consists of a single engine that provides 7,500 N (1,700 lbf) of thrust. The spacecraft's supersonic parachute system had also been successfully tested.[47]
CNSA initially focused on theChryse Planitia andElysium Mons regions of Mars in its search for possible landing sites. However, in September 2019 during a joint meeting inGeneva, in Switzerland, of the European Planetary Science Congress-Division for Planetary Sciences, the presenters announced that two preliminary sites in theUtopia Planitia region of Mars have instead been chosen for the anticipated landing attempt, with each site having a landing ellipse of approximately 100 by 40 kilometres.[47]
In July 2020, CNSA provided landing coordinates of 110.318° Eastlongitude and 24.748° Northlatitude, within the southern portion ofUtopia Planitia, as the specific primary landing site. The area was chosen for being both of scientific interest and being safe enough for landing attempts.[15][17] Simulated landings have been performed as part of mission preparations by the Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electricity.[60]
By 23 January 2020, theLong March 5 Y4 rocket's hydrogen-oxygen engine had completed a 100-seconds test, which was the last engine test prior to the final assembly of the launch vehicle. It successfully launched on 23 July 2020.[23]
The threeTianwen-1 spacecraft were launched byLong March 5Heavy-lift launch vehicle on 23 July 2020. Having traveled for about seven months, it entered Marsorbit on 10 February 2021 by performing a burn of its engines to slow down just enough to be captured byMars's gravitational pull. The orbiter spent several months scanning and imaging the surface of Mars to refine the target landing zone for the lander/rover.[61][62][42] It approached at about 265 km (165 mi) (periareion, orperiapse) to Mars's surface, allowing a high-resolution camera to return images to Earth and to map the landing site inUtopia Planitia, and to prepare for landing.[51]
The landing area selection was based on two major criteria:[64]
Engineering feasibility, including latitude, altitude, slope, surface condition, rock distribution, local wind speed, visibility requirements during theEDL process.
Scientific objectives, including geology, soil structure and water ice distribution, surface elements, mineral, and rock distribution, magnetic field detection.
Three initial areas were selected by the site selection team after a global survey of Mars; the three areas were:Amazonis Planitia,Chryse Planitia, andUtopia Planitia.[65] All three candidate landing areas were between five degrees North and thirty degrees North latitude.
According to the site selection team, Amazonis Planitia was dropped from consideration upon further analysis due to the area's small thermal inertias and the possible presence of thick dust in the region; Chryse Planitia was eliminated next due to its rough terrain in terms of elevations, slopes, crater densities, and rock abundances. Finally, a region measuring approximately 180 km (110 mi) x 70 km (43 mi) in Utopia Planitia and centered on24°44′53″N110°19′05″E / 24.748°N 110.318°E /24.748; 110.318 was selected as the primary target for further analysis (a backup target with about the same total area and centered on26°28′01″N131°37′34″E / 26.467°N 131.626°E /26.467; 131.626 was also selected at that time.)[65] The target landing regions in Utopia Planitia were favored by the selection team also because they present higher chances of finding evidence for the possible presence of ancient ocean on the northern lowlands of Mars.[64]
The primary target region was further constrained in extent using the high-resolution camera (HiRIC) on board the Tianwen-1 orbiter after it entered Martian orbit in February 2021. The HiRIC camera collected high resolution stereo images of the primary landing region; these images were built into mosaics of varying resolutions (e.g. digital elevation models with a resolution of 5 meters per pixel, and maps for automatic crater detection with a resolution of 0.7 meters per pixel.) The accuracy of some of the HiRIC image results were evaluated by comparing them with images generated by the cameras on theMars Reconnaissance Orbiter.[65]
(a) Hazard index map (5 m/pixel) of the main landing region and candidate landing ellipses 16 and 128; and (b) parameters for the calculation of the hazard indices for candidate ellipses 16 and 128.
Using the HiRIC mosaics, the selection team conducted various terrain analyses on potential candidate landing ellipses within the primary target region in an iterative manner; these analyses included the determination of the candidate ellipse's average slope, the percentage of slope with an angle greater than 8%, average rock abundance, the percentage of area within the candidate ellipse with a rock abundance greater than 10%, and the percentage of cratered area. A 'hazard index' is then distilled from the analyses for each candidate ellipse. Candidate ellipse 16, with the lowest hazard index, emerged as the primary target (candidate ellipse 128, with the next lowest hazard index, was the backup).[65] See the following figure produced by the landing selection team intended to illustrate the calculation of the hazard indices for candidate ellipses 16 and 128.
Ellipse 16 was selected for the attempted landing in May 2021; it is centered on25°07′08″N109°55′50″E / 25.1188°N 109.9305°E /25.1188; 109.9305 with major and minor axes of 55 km (34 mi) and 22 km (14 mi) respectively (the boundary of the ellipse is defined by a landing probability uncertainty of 3 sigmas); also, the major axis of the landing ellipse is tilted with respect to the Martian north by 1.35 degrees to the west, this is a consequence of the planned orbital descent path. On 14 May 2021 (UTC), the Zhurong rover and its landing platform touched down at25°03′58″N109°55′30″E / 25.066°N 109.925°E /25.066; 109.925, at an elevation of −4,099.4 m (−13,449 ft), about 3.1 km (1.9 mi) south of the center of landing ellipse 16.[65]
The two landing site candidates ofTianwen-1 mission are enclosed by red lines on Martian map. The one on the left is located inChryse Planitia and the one on the right inUtopia Planitia.
Entry, descent and landing (EDL) sequence ofTianwen-1 lander andZhurong rover
At 23:18 UTC, on 14 May 2021, theTianwen-1 lander successfully landed in the preselected landing area in the southern part of the MarsUtopia Planitia.[12][66] The landing phase began with the release of the protective capsule containing the lander/rover. The capsule made anatmospheric entry followed by a descent phase under parachute, after which the lander usedretro-propulsion to soft-land on Mars.[13][14][66]
On 19 May 2021, CNSA released for the first time images showing the preparation of the final transfer of theZhurong rover from the platform of the lander to the Martian soil. The photographs show the solar panels ofZhurong already deployed whileZhurong is still perched on the lander along with two circular windows on the deck under which n-undecane was stored in 10 containers that absorbs heat and melts during the daytime and solidifies and releases heat at night.[67][54][55] The long delay for the publication of the first images is explained by the short periods of time when theZhurong rover and the orbiter are in radio contact and can effectively communicate and transfer data.[68]
On 11 June 2021, CNSA released the first batch of scientific images from the surface of Mars including a panoramic image taken byZhurong and a group photo ofZhurong and theTianwen-1 lander taken by the drop camera. The panoramic image is composed of 24 single shots taken by the NaTeCam before the rover was deployed to the Martian surface. The image reveals that the topography and rock abundance near the landing site was consistent with previous anticipations from the scientist on typical southUtopia Planitia features with small but widespread rocks, white wave patterns, and mud volcanoes.[20]
Photo of lander on Mars taken by Zhurong roverZhurong selfie with lander, taken by the deployable Tianwen-1 Remote Camera.TheZhurong rover andTianwen-1 lander (above) as seen by the High Resolution Imaging Camera (HiRIC) of theTianwen-1 orbiter on 2 June 2021
On 22 May 2021 (02:40 UTC), theZhurong rover descended from its lander onto the Martian surface to begin its scientific mission. The first images received on Earth after the rover deployment showed the empty landing platform and the extended rover-descent ramps.[29][30] During its deployment, the Rover's instrument, Mars Climatic Station, recorded the sound, acting as the second martian sound instrument to record Martian sounds successfully afterMars 2020Perseverance rover's microphones.
TheZhurong rover deployed a drop camera to the surface which was able to photograph both theZhurong rover and theTianwen-1 lander.[35]The rover is designed to explore the surface for 90 sols; its height is about 1.85 m (6.1 ft) and it has a mass of about 240 kg (530 lb). After the rover deployment, the orbiter would serve as a telecommunications relay for the rover while continuing to conduct its own orbital observations of Mars.[69]
On 12 July 2021,Zhurong visited the parachute and backshell dropped onto the Martian surface during its landing on 14 May.[70][71]
On 15 August 2021,Zhurong officially completed its planned exploration tasks and will continue to drive towards the southern part of Utopia Planitia where it landed.[72] On 18 August 2021,Zhurong outlived its lifespan of 90 sols[73] and the Chinese scientists and engineers announced an extended expedition aiming to investigate an ancient coastal area on Mars.[74]
From mid-September to late October 2021, both theTianwen-1 orbiter andZhurong rover entered safe mode due to a communications blackout aroundsolar conjunction.[75] Both devices were back to active mode after the ending of the blackout.[76]
On 20 May 2022,Zhurong was put into hibernation mode to prepare for the approaching sandstorms and Martian winter, and was programmed to self-awake at an appropriate temperature and sunlight condition.[77][78] The rover never awoke from hibernation as of 2025, likely due to dust pile up affecting its solar power generation.
On 27 February 2023, the initial results of the meteorological data from the first 325 sols of the mission were published in the journalNature.[79]
To achieve the scientific objectives of the mission, theTianwen-1 orbiter is equipped with eight scientific instruments, while theZhurong rover is equipped with six, which include:[64]
The configuration and layout of payloads on board theTianwen-1 orbiterHiRIC onTianwen-1 orbiterMars image taken by MoRIC
Moderate Resolution Imaging Camera (MoRIC) with a resolution of 100 m from a 400 km altitude. It takes color photos in visible band.
High Resolution Imaging Camera (HiRIC) with a resolution of 2.5 m from a 256 km altitude in panchromatic mode, 10 m in color mode. The camera's primary mirror has a diameter of 387mm.[80]
Mars Orbiter Magnetometer (MOMAG) is used to map Martian magnetic field.
Mars Mineralogical Spectrometer (MMS) utilizes the visible and near infrared imagingspectrometer with detection wavelengths ranging from 0.45 to 3.4 μm to investigate and analyze the Martian surface composition. It also investigate the distribution of regolith types and subsurface structure of Mars.
Mars Orbiter Scientific Investigation Radar (MOSIR) aims to explore the Martian surface and subsurface water-ice by means of the dual-polarization echo characteristics of radar.
Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer (MINPA) measures the flux of ions in space environment, distinguishes the main ions and obtains their physical parameters such as the density, velocity and temperature.
Mars Energetic Particle Analyzer (MEPA) obtains the energy spectrum, flux and elemental composition of energy electrons, protons, α particles and ions.
Unknown payload, likely theMars Orbiter Status Monitoring Sensor (MOSMOS), to monitor and evaluate the condition of key components, the Chinese flag and the2022 Winter Olympics andParalympics logo on the orbiter. The selfie rod, 0.8 kg (1.8 lb) in weight and 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) long, is made from shape memory composite material, solar heat makes it extended to working position with two cameras fixed at one end and attached to orbiter on another end along with some degrees of freedom to the arm.[81][82][83][84]
The configuration and layout of payloads on board theZhurong roverMars surface captured by Zhurong rover NaTeCam
Mars Rover Penetrating Radar (RoPeR)Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), two frequencies, to image about 100 m (330 ft) below the Martian surface[31] It was one of the two very first ground-penetrating radars deployed on Mars, along with the one equipped byNASA'sPerseverance rover launched and landed in same years.[85]
Mars RoverMagnetometer (RoMAG) obtains the fine-scale structures of crustal magnetic field based on mobile measurements on the Martian surface.
Mars Climate Station (MCS) (alsoMMMI Mars Meteorological Measurement Instrument) measures the temperature, pressure, wind velocity and direction of the surface atmosphere, and a microphone to capture Martian sounds. During rover's deployment, it recorded the sound, acting as the second Martian sound instrument to record Martian sounds successfully afterMars 2020Perseverance rover's microphones.
Multispectral Camera (MSCam) Combined with MarSCoDe, MSCam investigates the mineral components to establish the relationship between Martian surface water environment and secondary mineral types, and to search for historical environmental conditions for the presence of liquid water.
Navigation and Topography Cameras (NaTeCam) With 2048 × 2048 resolution, NaTeCam is used to construct topography maps, extract parameters such as slope, undulation and roughness, investigate geological structures, and conduct comprehensive analysis on the geological structure of the surface parameters.
The lander did not have a scientific payload, but carried aMars Emergency Beacon designed to survive the force of a catastrophic crash. The beacon would have allowed critical engineering data to be collected to aid future design.[87] The lander also carried the Chinese flag and2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics mascots with it like the orbiter.
Tianwen-1 Deployable Cameras, two secondary Payloads deployed in September 2020 in deep space and 31 December 2021 in Mars orbit respectively, that took photos of and tested a radio connection withTianwen-1.[11] The first camera's mission was to photograph theTianwen-1 orbiter and the lander's heat shield while the other one had to image the orbiter and Northern Mars Ice Cap from Mars orbit.
Tianwen-1 Remote Camera, secondary Payload deployed on 1 June 2021 that took photos of and tested a wireless connection withZhurong rover like the deployable cameras did with orbiter. Its mission was to take a group selfie of theZhurong rover and theTianwen-1 lander.[88] The photo was released on 11 June 2021, confirming their Martian landing success.[20]
For their Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument, we have delivered a calibration target that is a French duplicate of a target which is on [NASA's]Curiosity [Mars rover]. The idea is to see how the two datasets compare.[90]
TheAustrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) aided in the development of a magnetometer installed on theTianwen-1 orbiter. The Space Research Institute of theAustrian Academy of Sciences inGraz has confirmed the group's contribution to theTianwen-1 magnetometer and helped with the calibration of the flight instrument.[90]
While theTianwen-1 orbiter will dispense commands to theZhurong rover, theMars Express orbiter of theEuropean Space Agency could serve as a backup.[91]
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign† indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.‡ indicates use of the planet as agravity assist en route to another destination.
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
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