Tianlong-3 (Chinese:天龙三号;pinyin:Tiānlóng sān hào;lit. 'Heavenly Dragon 3',TL-3) is a medium-liftorbital launch vehicle developed by the Chinese private aerospace manufacturerSpace Pioneer. It is designed to be partially reusable, with the first stage capable of performing an autonomous vertical landing and being reused up to 10 times. Tianlong-3 is part of Space Pioneer's efforts to develop low-cost, reusable launch vehicles to compete in the growing commercial launch market. It aims to provide launch services for medium-sized payloads tolow Earth orbit (LEO) andsun-synchronous orbit (SSO).^[1][2][3]

The first stage of the Tianlong-3 is equipped with 9Tianhuo-12 (TH-12) liquid oxygen/kerosene engines. Each engine has a vacuum thrust of 1,350 kN, a vacuum specific impulse of 335 s, a sea-level thrust of 1,090 kN, a sea-level specific impulse of 285 s, a throttling range of 40%~110%, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 163. The engines utilize a gas generator cycle and feature pump-fed gimbaling.^[2][4]

The first stage propellant tanks have a diameter of 3.8 meters and use the same triangular grid-stiffened shell structure as the 3.35-meter-diameter tanks of theTianlong-2 first stage.^[4]

The second stage of the Tianlong-3 is equipped with a single vacuum-optimized version of the Tianhuo-12 engine, designated as TH-12V.^[4]

The standard payload fairing of the Tianlong-3 has a diameter of 4.2 m, a height of 12 m, and can accommodate payloads with a diameter of up to 3.8 m and a height of up to 10 m. An enhanced version of the fairing, with a diameter of 5.2 m and a height of 14 m, is also available.^[4]

The Tianlong-3 is designed to achieve high orbital insertion accuracy, with a semi-major axis deviation of ≤ 5 km, an orbital inclination deviation of ≤ 0.07°, an eccentricity deviation of ≤ 0.003, an attitude angle deviation of ≤ 0.5°, and an attitude angular velocity deviation of ≤ 0.5°/s.^[5]

On July 24, 2023, the Tianhuo-12 (TH-12) engine, designed for the Tianlong-3 rocket, successfully completed a full-duration hot fire test. The test utilized an engine in the flight configuration of the first Tianlong-3 rocket and was conducted at rated conditions for a single burn duration of 100 seconds, accumulating a total test duration of 200 seconds. This test demonstrated that the engine met the flight requirements for the Tianlong-3 rocket.^[6]

In early January 2024, the TH-12 engine completed a calibration hot fire test for the first flight batch. The test, conducted using an engine in the flight configuration of the first Tianlong-3 rocket, subjected the engine to a 50-second process verification test at rated conditions. During the test, the engine demonstrated rapid startup, smooth operation, and normal shutdown.^[7]

Later in January 2024, the TH-12 engine underwent a spot check hot fire test for the first flight batch, fully simulating the flight conditions of the inaugural Tianlong-3 launch. The test involved 6 consecutive ignitions of the engine without removal from the test stand, accumulating a total test duration exceeding 1,000 seconds. Notably, the single engine operating time during the test surpassed the planned flight duration by a factor of 6.^[8]

On June 30, 2024, a Tianlong-3 first stage detached from its stand during astatic fire test due to a structural failure, resulting in an unintentional liftoff.^[9][10] The errant stage crashed and exploded in the mountains 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) southwest of the test stand at the Gongyi Engine Test Facility, and no casualties were reported.^[11] The test stand was 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the centre ofGongyi, a city of 800.000 inhabitants, and less than 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) from a smaller village.^[12]

A patent issued in 2023 for the test stand, previously used forTianlong-2, describes a maximum load-bearing capacity of 600 tonnes-force (5.9 MN; 1,300,000 lbf).^[13]: 9Space Pioneer stated that the nine-engine first stage had reached a thrust of 820 tonnes-force (8.0 MN; 1,800,000 lbf) prior to failure with 200 tonnes (440,000 lb) of fuel remaining, suggesting the partially-fueled first stage's net thrust may have exceeded the test stand's designed capacity.^[10][14][15]

The maiden flight of the Tianlong-3 rocket is planned to launch from theWenchang Commercial Spaceport's LC-2 launch complex. The rocket is expected to carry a payload destined for a sun-synchronous orbit (SSO). Although the first stage of the rocket is designed for reusability, it is not planned to be recovered during this inaugural launch.^[16] The booster completed a successful static fire test on September 15, 2025.^[17]

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