Tiananmen Square duringQing Dynasty, viewed from Zhengyangmen Gate (Qianmen Gate) with the Gate of China, later removed in 1954 to make room for the present-dayMao Zedong Mausoleum. The "corridor of a thousand steps" is visible (behind the Gate of China) and Tiananmen Gate is in the distance.Tiananmen Square during theMay Fourth movement in 1919(video) Two shots of the namesake gate to the north followed by a shot of inside Tiananmen Square in 2017
TheTiananmen ("Gate of Heavenly Peace"), a gate in the wall of theImperial City, was built in 1417 during theMing dynasty. During the 17th century, fighting betweenLi Zicheng's rebel forces and the forces of theManchu-ledQing dynasty caused heavy damage to, or even destroyed, the gate. Tiananmen Square was designed and built in 1651 and was enlarged fourfold in the 1950s.[8][9]
The gate historically known as the "Great Ming Gate", the southern gate to the Imperial City stands near the center of the square. It was renamed the "Great Qing Gate" during the Qing dynasty, and the "Gate of China" during theRepublican era. Unlike the other gates in Beijing, such as the Tiananmen and theZhengyang Gate, this was a purely ceremonial gateway, with three arches but no ramparts, similar in style to the ceremonial gateways found in theMing tombs. This gate had a special status as the "Gate of the Nation", as can be seen from its successive names. It normally remained closed, except when theemperor passed through. Commoner traffic was diverted to side gates at the western and eastern ends of the square, respectively. Because of this diversion in traffic, a busy marketplace, called "Chess Grid Streets", was developed in the large fenced square to the south of this gate.[citation needed]
In 1860, during theSecond Opium War, when British and French troops occupied Beijing, they pitched camp near the gate and briefly considered burning down the gate and the Forbidden City. Ultimately, they decided to spare the Forbidden City and instead burn down theOld Summer Palace. TheXianfeng Emperor eventually agreed to letWestern powers barrack troops – and later establish diplomatic missions – in the area, hence there was theLegation Quarter immediately to the east of the square. When the forces of theEight-Nation Alliance besieged Beijing during theBoxer Rebellion in 1900, they badly damaged the office complexes and burnt down several ministries. After the Boxer Rebellion ended, the area became a space for the Eight-Nation Alliance to assemble their military forces.[citation needed]
In Beijing, Tiananmen was re-developed from an insular imperial quarter to a larger public space viewed as consistent socialist political.[10]: 110 Over the 1950s, the square was quadrupled in size.[10]: 110
In 1954, theGate of China was demolished to allow for the enlargement of the square. In November 1958, a major expansion of Tiananmen Square started, which was completed after only 11 months, in August 1959. This followed the vision ofMao Zedong to make the square the largest and most spectacular in the world and intended to hold over 500,000 people. In that process, a large number of residential buildings and other structures were demolished.[11] On its southern edge, theMonument to the People's Heroes has been erected. Concomitantly, as part of theTen Great Buildings constructed between 1958 and 1959 to commemorate the ten-year anniversary of the People's Republic of China (PRC), theGreat Hall of the People and the Revolutionary History Museum (now theNational Museum of China) were erected on the western and eastern sides of the square.[11]
For the first decade of the PRC, eachNational Day (October 1) was marked by a large military parade in Tiananmen Square, in conscious emulation of the annual Soviet celebrations of the Bolshevik Revolution. After the disaster of the Great Leap Forward, the CCP decided to cut costs and have only smaller annual National Day celebrations in addition to a large celebration with a military parade every 10 years. However, the chaos of the Cultural Revolution almost prevented such an event from taking place on National Day in 1969 but did take place in 1966 and 1970.[citation needed]
In 1971, large portraits ofKarl Marx,Friedrich Engels,Vladimir Lenin,Joseph Stalin,Sun Yat-sen, and Mao Zedong were erected in the square, painted by artistGe Xiaoguang, who is also responsible for producing the famous portrait of Mao that hangs over the Gate of Heavenly Peace. In 1980, with the downgrading of political ideology following Mao's death, the portraits were taken down and thenceforth only brought out on Labor Day (May 1) and National Day.[citation needed]
Ten years later, in 1979, the CCP again decided against a large-scale celebration, coming at a time when Deng Xiaoping was still consolidating power and China had suffered a rebuff in a border war with Vietnam early in the year. By 1984, with the situation much improved and stabilized, the PRC held a military parade for the first time since 1959. The aftermath of the Tiananmen Square massacre prevented any such activities in October 1989, but military parades have been held in 1999 and 2009, on the 50th and 60th anniversaries of the PRC's founding.[12]
One year after Mao's death, amausoleum was built near the site of the former Gate of China along the main north–south axis of the square. In connection with this project, the square was further increased in size to become fully rectangular and being able to accommodate 600,000 people.[11]
In 1989, Tiananmen Square was the site of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests that culminated in violence and a crackdown by thePeople's Liberation Army.[13][14] Following the crackdown, many of the student leaders escaped to the United States with the help of foreign intelligence agencies and other parties throughOperation Yellowbird.[15]
The urban context of the square was altered in the 1990s with the construction ofNational Grand Theater in its vicinity and the expansion of the National Museum.[11]
1967 satellite image of Tiananmen Square with the Tian'anmen gate to the north. Further work on the square was carried out in the 1970s to extend the open plaza by demolishing the buildings immediately to the south of the square.
Used as a venue for mass gatherings since its creation, its flatness is contrasted by both the 38-meter (125 ft)-high "Monument to the People's Heroes" and the "Mausoleum of Mao Zedong".[8] The square lies between two ancient, massive gates: the Tiananmen to the north and the Zhengyangmen, known asQianmen, to the south. Along the west side of the square is the Great Hall of the People. Along the east side is the National Museum of China dedicated to Chinese history predating 1919.
Erected in 1989, Liberty, a statue representing the western icon previously held her torch over the square.[16]
^Ruan, Lotus; Knockel, Jeffrey; Ng, Jason Q.; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi (December 2016)."One App, Two Systems". figure 9.Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved30 September 2019.
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