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Inmartial arts, athrow is agrappling technique that involves off-balancing or lifting an opponent, and throwing them to the ground. Throws are a subset oftakedown (grappling). InJapanese martial arts throws are referred to asnage waza, 投げ技, "throwing technique(s)".
There are several major types of throws. Most throws are named by describing the circumvention point of the throw (e.g., hip throw, shoulder throw, wrist throw etc.), or the nature of effect of the throw on the opponent (e.g., heaven and earth throw, valley drop, body drop) with variations being given descriptive names. The names used here are attributed toJujutsu throws (and hence judo/Aikido throws) are descriptions in Japanese. It is conventional for the Japanese to name their throws in this manner, and many western martial artdojos have given English names to the throws feeling that it is easier for English speaking students to remember the names of throws if they can associate the throws by the descriptive nature of the throw name.
Judo has the most developed throwing techniques and throws are considered its specialty. In Judo, throws are divided into six categories—hand techniques, leg techniques, hip techniques, shoulder techniques, as well as sacrifice throws to the rear and side.
Ashoulder throw involves throwing an opponent over the shoulder. A shoulder throw which lifts the opponent from the ground is inJapanese referred to asseoi-nage (背負い投げ, "shoulder throw" or "over the back throw"), while a throw which involves upsetting the opponent’s balance and pulling the opponent over the shoulder is referred to asseoi-otoshi (背負落とし, "shoulder drop").[1] Seoi-nage is one of the most used throws in judo competition. One study indicated that approximately 56% ofjudokas implemented the technique.[2]
A common shoulder throw is judo'sippon seoinage ("single-handed shoulder throw")[3] or the similarflying mare inwrestling.[4]
In aleg reap, the attacker uses one of their legs to reap one or both of their opponent's legs off the ground. Generally the opponent's weight is placed on the leg that is reaped away. This coupled with the attacker controlling the opponent's body with their hands causes the opponent to fall over. Common leg reaps are judo'so uchi gari,ko uchi gari,o soto gari, andko soto gari. There are similar techniques in wrestling, including the inside and outside trips.
Somewhat similar to leg reaps involve a hooking or lifting action with the attacking leg instead of a reaping action. The border between the two types of throw can be unclear, and many throws will exhibit characteristics of both reaps and trips, however, the difference is that a reap is one smooth move, like that of ascythe, whereas a hook is pulling the opponents leg up first, and then swinging it away. Common leg trips are hooking variations of Ouchi Gari and Osoto Gari along withKosoto Gake, referred to as inside and outside trips in Western wrestling.
Sacrifice throws require the thrower to move into a potentially disadvantageous position in order to be executed, usually involving the thrower falling to the ground themselves. The momentum of the falling body adds power to the throw and requires less physical strength than some other throws. In Judo (and some other martial arts) these throws are called by the Japanese termsutemi waza (捨身技) and are further divided into rear (ma sutemi waza) and side (yoko sutemi waza) sacrifice throws. In Judo, these throws are limited to a specific grade and higher due to the element of danger that is placed upon both the uke (receiver) and the tori (thrower).[5]
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Ahip throw involves using the thrower's hip as a pivot point, by placing the hip in a lower position than an opponent's center of gravity. There are several types of hip throws such asO Goshi, which is often taught first to novices. Hip throws in Judo are called Koshi Waza, and inAikido orSumo they are called koshinage.
Pickups involve lifting the opponent off the ground and then bringing them down again. Common pick-ups are lifting variations of the double legtakedown, Judo'sTe Guruma orsukui nage (both classified as hand throwsGanseki otoshi) and thesuplex from wrestling, in which the attacker lifts their opponents body vertically and throws the opponent over their own center of gravity while executing a back fall (usually accompanied by a back arch). Variations of the suplex are common in most forms ofwrestling and sometimes used inmixed martial arts competition. In Judo, theura-nage throw is a version of the suplex, but it is classified as a sacrifice throw.
Some of the more common throwing techniques are listed below. This is not an exhaustive list and the techniques may be referred to by other names in different styles. An English translation and a commonJapanese equivalent are given.
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