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Japan'sThree Non-Nuclear Principles (非核三原則,Hikaku San Gensoku) are a parliamentaryresolution (never adopted into law) that have guidedJapanese nuclear policy since their inception in the late 1960s, and reflect general public sentiment and national policy sincethe end of World War II. The tenets state thatJapan shall neither possess nor manufacturenuclear weapons, nor shall it permit their introduction into Japaneseterritory. The principles were outlined byPrime MinisterEisaku Satō in a speech to theHouse of Representatives in 1967 amid negotiations over the return ofOkinawa from theUnited States. TheDiet formally adopted the principles in 1971.
After theatomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japanese public sentiment grew firmly opposed to the presence of nuclear weapons on Japanese soil, or even in Japanese waters.[1] DuringEisaku Satō's first term as prime minister, this opposition became a major obstacle to his campaign pledge to end the U.S. occupation ofOkinawa, returning the island to Japanese control. The U.S. military was thought to keep nuclear weapons on the island, though it did not confirm or deny such weapons, and Satō faced opposition to reacquisition unless the nuclear presence was removed. As a compromise, Satō appeased the United States by bringing Japan into theNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in exchange for a nuclear-free, Japan-controlled Okinawa.
In the years leading up to this agreement, Satō was forced to appease public concerns that his administration might favor a nuclear weapons program; to this end, he introduced the Three Non-Nuclear Principles in a December 11, 1967, address to the Diet. (Actually, the principles of nonproduction, nonpossession, and nonintroduction had been stated by Defense Agency Director-generalKaneshichi Masuda that May.) Satō worried, though, that the principles might produce too great a restraint on Japan's defense. To lessen their restrictive effect on the military, in a speech the following February he placed the principles within the broader framework of hisFour-Pillars Nuclear Policy. The pillars, in mimicry of the three pillars of the NPT, were
The fourth pillar left room for policy change in the future, calling for Japan to abide by the principles "under the circumstances where Japan's national security is guaranteed by the other three policies".
The Diet passed a resolution formally adopting the principles in 1971, though they were not made law. Eisaku Satō was presented with theNobel Peace Prize in 1974, in large part for his work toward Japan's entry into the NPT. In his Nobel Lecture (on the seventh anniversary of his original statement to the Diet), Satō reiterated and discussed the Three Non-Nuclear Principles and expressed hope and confidence that future governments would adopt them as well.
Every Prime Minister of Japan since Satō has publicly reaffirmed the Three Non-Nuclear Principles. However,Japanese government-sponsored studies have been carried out in the past—and are suspected by some[by whom?] to be ongoing—to assess the feasibility of developing a nuclear weapons program. In recent years public officials and nuclearization advocates have been unprecedentedly vocal in questioning the principles, but the public remains committed to them.[citation needed]
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