Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney,PC (24 February 1733 – 30 June 1800) was a British politician who sat in theHouse of Commons from 1754 to 1783 when he was raised to thepeerage asBaron Sydney. He held several important Cabinet posts in the second half of the 18th century. The cities ofSydney inNova Scotia, Canada, andSydney inNew South Wales, Australia were named in his honour, in 1785 and 1788, respectively.
Townshend was born in Frognal House,Sidcup, Kent, the son of the Hon.Thomas Townshend, who was the second son ofCharles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, also known as "Turnip" Townshend for his agricultural innovations. Thomas Townshend the younger's mother was Albinia, daughter of John Selwyn. He was educated atClare College, Cambridge.[1]
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Townshend was elected to theHouse of Commons in 1754 asWhig member forWhitchurch inHampshire, and held that seat till his elevation to the peerage in 1783. He initially aligned himself with his great-uncle theDuke of Newcastle, but later joinedWilliam Pitt the Elder in opposition toGeorge Grenville.
He held the offices of Clerk of the Household to the Prince of Wales (1756–1760) andClerk of the Green Cloth from 1761 to 1762. In 1765 he was also made a Lord of the Treasury in the firstRockingham ministry and continued in that office in the Pitt (then Lord Chatham) administration until December 1767, when he became a member of thePrivy Council and joint-Paymaster of the Forces. During the ministry of Lord Chatham and theDuke of Grafton he supported the position his cousinCharles Townshend was in with regard to the American revenue program. Townshend was forced out of office in June 1768 by Grafton who wantedRigby asPaymaster of the Forces to gain favour with theDuke of Bedford.[2]
Townshend remained in opposition until the end ofLord North's ministry and spoke frequently in theHouse of Commons against theAmerican Revolutionary War. Although he had no close party connection, he was inclined toward the Chathamites. He took office again as secretary at war in the second Rockingham ministry. WhenLord Shelburne became Prime Minister in July 1782, Townshend succeeded him asHome Secretary and becameLeader of the House of Commons.
Among the matters requiring attention that he inherited from Shelburne was a scheme for attacking the Spanish possessions in South America. A memorandum which Shelburne wrote to him at this time listing matters requiring his urgent attention said: "Preparations and Plans for W. India [Spanish America]. Expeditions require to be set forward—Major Dalrymple has a Plan against the Spanish Settlements".[3] For assistance in planning the expedition, Townshend turned to CaptainArthur Phillip.[4] The plan drawn up by Phillip and approved by Townshend in September 1782 was for a squadron of three ships of the line and a frigate to mount a raid on Buenos Aires and Monte Video, from there to proceed to the coasts of Chile, Peru and Mexico to maraud, and ultimately to cross the Pacific to join the British East Indian squadron for an attack on Manila, the capital of the Spanish Philippines.[5] The expedition sailed on 16 January 1783, under the command of Commodore SirRobert Kingsmill.[6] Phillip was given command of one of the ships of the line, the 64-gunHMS Europa, orEurope.[7] Shortly after sailing an armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain. Phillip took theEurope to India to join the British East Indian squadron, but after his return to England in April 1784, remained in close contact with Townshend (now Lord Sydney) and the Home Office Under Secretary,Evan Nepean. From October 1784 to September 1786 he was employed by Nepean, who was in charge of the Secret Service relating to the Bourbon Powers, France and Spain, to spy on the French naval arsenals at Toulon and other ports.[8]
Townshend was createdBaron Sydney of Chislehurst and entered theHouse of Lords on 6 March 1783.[9] He originally proposed his title to be Baron Sidney, in honour of his kinsman, the renowned opponent of royal tyranny,Algernon Sidney, however he was worried that other members of his family might have claims on it and then suggestedSydenham, the name of a village near his home inKent, before settling on Sydney.[10] He opposed theFox-North coalition and returned to political office with Pitt, serving as Home Secretary from 1783 to 1789.
In Canada,Sydney, Nova Scotia onCape Breton Island (now the province of Nova Scotia), was founded by British Col.Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres in 1785, and named in honour of Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney (Home Secretary in the British cabinet at the time). Lord Sydney appointed Col. DesBarres governor of the new colony of Cape Breton Island.
Following the loss of theThirteen Colonies, Sydney, as Home Secretary in the Pitt Government, was given responsibility for devising a plan to settle convicts atBotany Bay. His choice ofArthur Phillip as Governor was inspired, and Phillip's leadership was instrumental in ensuring thepenal colony survived the early years of struggle and famine. On 26 January 1788, Phillip namedSydney Cove in honour of Sydney and the settlement became known as Sydney Town. In 1789 Townshend was createdViscount Sydney.
Although the colonisation ofNew South Wales was just one among many responsibilities of the Secretary of State, Sydney was recognised as the "Originator of the Plan of Colonization for New South Wales" byDavid Collins, who dedicated hisAccount of the English Colony in New South Wales with these words. Collins wrote that Sydney's "benevolent Mind" had led him "to conceive this Method of redeeming many Lives that might be forfeit to the offended Laws; but which, being preserved under salutary Regulations, might afterward become useful to Society"; and to Sydney's "Patriotism the Plan presented a Prospect of commercial and political Advantage". In choosing the name "Sydney" when he was raised to the peerage in 1783, Thomas Townshend demonstrated his pride in descent from the Sidney family, who had been eminent opponents of Stuart absolutism. Sydney thought of himself as a Whig, by which he meant he was opposed to any increase in the power and authority of the Royal prerogative. The name "Sydney" (with special reference toAlgernon Sydney, d.1683) was a synonym in the eighteenth century political lexicon for opposition to tyranny and absolutism. It is probable that Sydney was aware of his distinguished ancestor, Algernon Sidney's characterisation of the founders of imperial Rome: “Thus we find a few Men assembling together upon the Banks of the Tiber, resolv’d to build a City, and set up a Government among themselves”.[11] Sydney was responsible for giving the new colony a constitution and judicial system suitable for a colony of free citizens rather than a prison.[12] Phillip's second commission of 2 April 1787 made him governor of a colony with a civil government, not of a penal settlement with a military government. The Governor's commission, together with the colony's charter of justice establishing the legal regime, brought into existence in New South Wales a colony whose inhabitants enjoyed all the rights and duties ofEnglish law, where slavery was illegal.[13]
Sydney marriedElizabeth, daughter of Richard Powys, MP, in 1760. He died in June 1800, aged 67, and was succeeded in his titles by his son,John. Sydney was buried in theScadbury chapel in the parish church of St Nicholas's inChislehurst in southeast London, where a large memorial tablet to him may be seen. The Viscountess Sydney died in May 1826, aged 90.[citation needed]
Their daughter,Mary (died 1821),[14] marriedJohn Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham, but had no children.
Sydney's reputation has suffered at the hands of the nationalist school of Australian historians, such asManning Clark. In his influentialA History of Australia (Melbourne University Press 1961) Clark wrote: "Mr Thomas Townshend, commonly denominated Tommy Townshend, owed his political career to a very independent fortune and a considerable parliamentary interest, which contributed to his personal no less than his political elevation, for his abilities, though respectable, scarcely rose above mediocrity." Other writers have portrayed Sydney as a cruel monster for dispatching the unfortunate convicts to the far side of the earth.
Sydney can be described, by the standards of his time, as an enlightened and progressive politician.[citation needed] He did not support theAmerican Revolution but was a strong opponent of the war which he thought was pointless and needlessly prolonged during Lord North's ministry. As Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary he was heavily involved in the development of Canada and the settling of fleeing refugees from the intolerant rebels. The city ofSydney in Nova Scotia is named after him in memory of his efforts on behalf of theloyalistsettlers of Canada. In a parallel situation for the Royal Townships of the yet-to-be-formed colony of Upper Canada the thoroughfares of the United Empire Loyalist settlement ofCornwall, Ontario were, in 1784, named Pitt Street and Sydney Street in honour of the prime minister and his foreign secretary.
In 1986, preceding celebrations of theAustralian Bicentenary, Sydney was honoured on a postage stamp issued byAustralia Post depicting his portrait.[15][1] In 1992, a monument in bronze and marble commemorating both theFirst Fleet and Viscount Sydney was unveiled in Sydney Square, outsideSydney Town Hall byQueen Elizabeth II.[16]
More recently Sydney's reputation has been revisited by Australian historians.Alan Atkinson wrote inThe Europeans in Australia (Oxford University Press, 1997): "Townshend was an anomaly in the British Cabinet, and his ideas were in some ways old-fashioned... He had long been interested in the way in which the empire might be a medium for British liberties, traditionally understood." He took the view that convicts should be given the chance to redeem themselves through self-government in penal colonies such asNew South Wales. Governor Phillip's well-known statement that "There will be no slavery in a new country and hence no slaves" is an accurate reflection of Sydney's philosophy. Sydney's papers are held by theWilliam L. Clements Library at theUniversity of Michigan.
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forWhitchurch 1754–1783 With:William Powlett 1754–1757 George Jennings 1757–1768 Henry Wallop 1768–1774 The Viscount Midleton 1774–1783 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Paymaster of the Forces 1767–1768 With:George Cooke | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Secretary at War 1782 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Home Secretary 1782–1783 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Leader of the House of Commons 1782–1783 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Home Secretary 1783–1789 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Leader of the House of Lords 1783–1789 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded byasFirst Lord of Trade | President of the Committee on Trade and Foreign Plantations 1784–1786 | Succeeded byasPresident of the Board of Trade |
| New office | President of the Board of Control 1784–1790 | Succeeded by |
| Legal offices | ||
| Preceded by | Justice in Eyre south of the Trent 1789–1800 | Succeeded by |
| Peerage of Great Britain | ||
| New creation | Viscount Sydney 1789–1800 | Succeeded by |
| Baron Sydney 1783–1800 | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
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