Thomas Pinckney
Portrait bySamuel Morse,c. 1820
Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromSouth Carolina's1st district
In office November 23, 1797 – March 3, 1801
Preceded by	William Smith
Succeeded by	Thomas Lowndes
2ndUnited States Minister toGreat Britain
In office August 9, 1792 – July 27, 1796
President	George Washington
Preceded by	John Adams
Succeeded by	Rufus King
36th Governor of South Carolina
In office February 20, 1787 – January 26, 1789
Lieutenant	Thomas Gadsden
Preceded by	William Moultrie
Succeeded by	Charles Pinckney
Personal details
Born	(1750-10-23)October 23, 1750 Charles Town, Province of South Carolina, British America
Died	November 2, 1828(1828-11-02) (aged 78) Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.
Party	Federalist
Education	Christ Church, Oxford (BA) Special Military School of St. Cyr Inner Temple
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	Continental Army United States Army
Years of service	1775–1783 (Continental) 1812–1815 (United States)
Rank	Major (Continental) Major General (United States)
Unit	1st South Carolina Regiment
Battles/wars	American Revolutionary War  • Battle of Camden War of 1812

Thomas Pinckney (October 23, 1750 – November 2, 1828) was an American statesman, diplomat, and military officer who fought in both theAmerican Revolutionary War and theWar of 1812, achieving the rank of major general. He served asGovernor of South Carolina and as the U.S. minister toGreat Britain.

Born into a prominent family inCharles Town in theProvince of South Carolina, Pinckney studied in Europe before returning to America. He supported the independence cause and worked as an aide to GeneralHoratio Gates. After the Revolutionary War, Pinckney managed his plantation and won election as Governor of South Carolina, serving from 1787 to 1789. He presided over the state convention which ratified theUnited States Constitution. In 1792, he accepted PresidentGeorge Washington's appointment to the position of minister to Britain, but was unable to win concessions regarding theimpressment of American sailors. He also served as an envoy toSpain and negotiated theTreaty of San Lorenzo, which defined the border between Spain and the United States.

Following his diplomatic success in Spain, the Federalists chose Pinckney asJohn Adams's running mate in the 1796 presidential election. However, under the rules then in place, the individual who won the most electoral votes became president, while the individual who won the second most electoral votes became vice president. Although Adams won the presidential election,Democratic-Republican candidateThomas Jefferson won the second most electoral votes and therefore, won election as vice president. After the election, Pinckney served in theUnited States House of Representatives from 1797 to 1801. His brother,Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, was the Federalist vice presidential nominee in 1800 and the party's presidential nominee in1804 and1808. During the War of 1812, Pinckney was commissioned as a major general.

Pinckney was elected as a member of theAmerican Philosophical Society in 1797.^[1]

Pinckney was born on October 23, 1750, inCharlestown in theProvince of South Carolina. His father,Charles Pinckney, was a prominent colonial official, while his mother,Eliza Lucas, was known for her introduction of indigo culture to the colony. Pinckney was the second of three siblings to survive to adulthood; his older sister, Harriott, later married a wealthy South Carolina planter, while his older brother,Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, became a prominent leader in South Carolina. When Pinckney was 3, his father took the family toGreat Britain on colonial business, but the elder Pinckney died in 1758. His mother kept the family in Great Britain, and Pinckney studied atWestminster School,Christ Church, Oxford, and theMiddle Temple. Pinckney was admitted to the bar in November 1774 and almost immediately left for South Carolina.^[2]

Though he had spent the majority of his life in England, Pinckney sympathized with thePatriot cause in theAmerican Revolutionary War. Along with his brother, Charles, he became a captain in theContinental Army in June 1775.^[3] After seeing much action, he became anaide-de-camp to GeneralHoratio Gates, and was captured by the British at the disastrousBattle of Camden in 1780.^[4] By that time he had married and had an infant child. He was allowed to recuperate from his wounds at his mother-in-lawRebecca Brewton Motte's plantation outside Charleston. In 1781 he and his family traveled to Philadelphia, where he was released by the British in a prisoner exchange. Pinckney returned to the South and that year fought under the Marquis de Lafayette in Virginia.

After the war, Pinckney focused on his plantations and his legal practice. In 1787, he ran for the position ofGovernor of South Carolina at the urging of his friend,Edward Rutledge. Pinckney was elected governor with little opposition. He strongly favored ratification of theUnited States Constitution and presided over the state convention that ratified the Constitution.^[5] He served in theSouth Carolina House of Representatives forSt. Philip's and St. Michael's Parish from January 3 to December 20, 1791.

Pinckney initially declined appointment to a federal position, but in 1792 he agreed to serve as PresidentGeorge Washington's ambassador to Britain. As Pinckney was unable to get the British to reach an agreement on various issues, including the practice ofimpressment or the evacuation of British forts in American territory, Washington dispatchedJohn Jay as a special envoy to Britain. Pinckney helped Jay conclude theJay Treaty, which addressed some issues between the U.S. and Britain but proved divisive in the United States. In 1795, while he continued to serve as the ambassador to Britain, Pinckney was sent toSpain to negotiate a treaty regarding boundaries and U.S. navigation on theMississippi River. In the resultingTreaty of San Lorenzo, Spain agreed to allow Americans to export goods through the Mississippi River.^[6]

Upon his return to the United States, Pinckney joined with his mother-in-law,Rebecca Motte in developing a rice plantation known asEldorado on the Santee River outside Charleston. She lived there with him and her daughter and grandchildren in her later years.

Pinckney's diplomatic success with Spain made him popular at home, and on his return theFederalist party nominated him as a candidate in the1796 presidential election. The Federalists were strongest in the region ofNew England, and they hoped that Pinckney'sSouthern roots would help him win votes in his home region. Pinckney would be the ostensible running mate of Vice PresidentJohn Adams, but under the electoral rules in place prior to the ratification of theTwelfth Amendment, each member of theElectoral College cast two votes for president with no distinction made between presidential votes and vice presidential votes. Pinckney, Adams, and the mainDemocratic-Republican candidates,Thomas Jefferson andAaron Burr, each had a potential chance at winning the presidency.^[7]

Alexander Hamilton clashed with Adams over control of the Federalist Party, and he may have worked to elect Pinckney as president over Adams.^[7] Many Democratic-Republicans held favorable views of Pinckney, who had not been closely identified with the Federalist Party before 1796. Some Democratic-Republicans hoped that Pinckney could bridge partisan divides. Thus, Pinckney could potentially attract electors who would not consider voting for Adams.^[8]

In the election, most New England electors voted for the Federalist candidates, most Southern electors voted for Democratic-Republican candidates, and the two parties each received support from electors in the middle states. South Carolina split its vote between Jefferson and Pinckney, awarding each candidate 8 electoral votes. However, several New England electors, fearing the possibility of Pinckney's election over Adams, refused to vote for Pinckney. Adams finished with 71 electoral votes, Jefferson with 68 electoral votes, and Pinckney with 59 electoral votes. Adams became president and, under the rules then in place, the runner-up, Jefferson, became vice president.^[7]

Pinckney was elected to theUnited States House of Representatives in September 1797, and served until March 1801. His service was frequently affected by poor health, and he declined to seek another term in 1800. While in Congress, he supported theAlien and Sedition Acts.^[9] He also served as one of theimpeachment managers appointed by the House in 1798 to conduct theimpeachment proceedings againstWilliam Blount.

After leaving Congress, Pinckney once again focused on developing his plantations. At the request of PresidentJames Madison, he returned to military service during theWar of 1812. He did see battle during the war, but served as an administrator of American forces in theSouthern United States. In 1826, he succeeded his brother as the president of theSociety of the Cincinnati, an organization made up of veteran officers of the American Revolutionary War.^[10]

In 1822, news was reported of a massive planned slave uprising, to be led byDenmark Vesey, a literate free man of color. Vesey and numerous other free blacks and slaves were quickly arrested in a roundup and suppression of rebellion by authorities. Slaves constituted the majority of the population in Charleston, where there was a substantial population offree people of color. Whites long feared just such an uprising. In closed court proceedings, Vesey and numerous other suspects were convicted; they were soon executed as conspirators. Arrests continued, with some suspects deported from the country.

Pinckney published a pamphlet listing factors that he thought led to the rebellion conspiracy and should be prevented in the future.

• 1st: The example ofSaint-Domingue (nowHaiti), where slaves were freed by the victors in theFrench Revolution of 1804. Many of the freed slaves and their families resettled in the Charleston area. Vesey planned an insurrection onBastille Day, July 14, 1822.
• 2nd: The indiscreet zeal in favor of universal liberty, expressed by many of our fellow citizens in the States north and east of Maryland; aided by the black population of those states.
• 3rd: The idleness, dissipation, and improper indulgences permitted among all classes of negroes in Charleston, and particularly among the domestic being taught to read and write. Being taught to read and write is the most dangerous.
• 4th: The facility of obtaining money afforded by the nature of their occupations to those employed as mechanics, draymen, fisherman, butchers, porters and hucksters.
• 5th: The disparity of numbers between the white and black inhabitants of the city.^[11]

Pinckney died in Charleston, South Carolina, on November 2, 1828.^[12]

• From at least 1801 through 1825, he and his second wife Frances Pinckney lived at a town house they built at 14 George Street, in Charleston. It is now preserved as theMiddleton-Pinckney House and listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.
• Pinckneyville, Georgia, was named after General Thomas Pinckney, after he traveled through the area. That town no longer exists, as its residents left to found the nearbyNorcross. Pinckneyville is the name of aMiddle School in Norcross.
• Pinckney, New York, was named after him.^{[citation needed]}
• Pinckney was portrayed by Hugh O'Gorman in the miniseriesJohn Adams, though he is erroneously portrayed as a United States Senator instead of Ambassador to Great Britain during the George Washington administration

His father,Charles Pinckney, was Chief Justice of South Carolina. His mother,Eliza Lucas, was prominent for introducing the cultivation of indigo to the colonies.His brotherCharles Cotesworth Pinckney and his cousinCharles Pinckney were signers of theUnited States Constitution.

Pinckney first married Elizabeth Motte in 1779, a daughter of Jacob andRebecca Brewton Motte, a planter and merchant family. After her death, he married in 1797 her younger sister, Frances, the widow of John Middleton. (He was a cousin ofArthur Middleton.) The Mottes were patriots in the Revolution.

Pinckney's elder son, Colonel Thomas Jr. (1780–1842), married Elizabeth Izard (1781–1862), a cousin twice removed of South Carolina CongressmanRalph Izard.^{[citation needed]}

His younger son, named Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (1789–1865) after his brother, married Phoebe Caroline Elliott, a daughter of a South Carolina State Representative, William Elliott, and Phoebe Waight. That son served as Lt. Governor of South Carolina between 1832 and 1834.

The Pinckneys' daughter Elizabeth marriedWilliam Lowndes, son of Revolutionary War-eraSouth Carolina GovernorRawlins Lowndes. He became a leadingDemocratic-Republican voice in the House of Representatives from 1812 until his death in 1822. Lowndes's connection to the Pinckneys, despite their contrasting political affiliation, helped gain the younger man's election to Congress in 1811.^[13]

• Buchanan, John (1997).The Road to Guilford Courthouse. John Wiley & Sons.ISBN 9780471327165.
• Heidenreich, Donald E. (2011). "Conspiracy Politics in the Election of 1796".New York History.92 (3):151–165.JSTOR 23185122.
• Pasley, Jeffrey L. (2013).The First Presidential Contest: 1796 and the Founding of American Democracy. University Press of Kansas.ISBN 978-0-7006-1907-8.
• Purcell, L. Edward (1993).Who Was Who in the American Revolution. Facts on File.ISBN 0-8160-2107-4.
• Scherr, Arthur (April 1975). "The Significance of Thomas Pinckney's Candidacy in the Election of 1796".The South Carolina Historical Magazine.76 (2):51–59.JSTOR 27567304.
• Southwick, Leslie (1998).Presidential Also-Rans and Running Mates, 1788 through 1996 (Second ed.). McFarland.ISBN 0-7864-0310-1.
• Williams, Francis Leigh (1978).A Founding Family: The Pinckneys of South Carolina. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.ISBN 978-0151315031.

• Congressional biography of Thomas Pinckney
• SCIway Biography of Thomas Pinckney
• NGA Biography of Thomas Pinckney
• Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University:Pinckney family papers, 1823–1864

• 1750 births
• 1828 deaths
• 18th-century American diplomats
• 18th-century owners of plantations in the United States
• 19th-century owners of plantations in the United States
• Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
• Ambassadors of the United States to the Kingdom of Great Britain
• American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Great Britain
• Continental Army officers from South Carolina
• Federalist Party United States representatives from South Carolina
• Federalist Party state governors of the United States
• Governors of South Carolina
• People educated at Westminster School, London
• Pinckney family
• Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina
• United States Army generals
• Candidates in the 1796 United States presidential election
• People of the Creek War
• United States representatives who owned slaves
• 18th-century United States representatives
• 19th-century United States representatives
• 18th-century South Carolina politicians
• Members of the American Philosophical Society
• Owners of plantations in colonial South Carolina
• State governors of the United States who owned slaves
• Slave owners from South Carolina

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