TheThomas J. Watson Research Center is the headquarters forIBM Research. Its main laboratory is inYorktown Heights, New York, 38 miles (61 km) north ofNew York City. It also operates facilities inCambridge, Massachusetts andAlbany, New York.
The center, headquarters ofIBM'sResearch division, is named for bothThomas J. Watson, Sr. andThomas Watson, Jr., who led IBM as president and CEO, respectively, from 1915 when it was known as theComputing-Tabulating-Recording Company, to 1971.
The research is intended to improve hardware (physical sciences andsemiconductors research), services (business modeling, consulting, and operations research), software (programming languages, security,speech recognition, data management, and collaboration tools), systems operating systems and server design, and the mathematics and science that support theinformation technology industry.
The center was founded atColumbia University in 1945 as the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, on116th Street inManhattan, expanding to 115th Street in 1953. More labs were later opened inWestchester County, New York beginning in the late 1950s with the temporary facility and research headquarters at the former Robert S. Lamb estate[1] inCroton-on-Hudson, New York, with others in Yorktown Heights, and downtown Ossining.[2][3] The new headquarters were finally located with a new lab on Kitchawan Road in Yorktown Heights designed by architectEero Saarinen completed in 1961, with the 115th Street site closing in 1970. IBM later donated the New York City buildings to Columbia University; they are now known as the Casa Hispanica and Watson Hall.[4] The lab expanded to Hawthorne in 1984.
Notable staff have included the mathematiciansBenoît Mandelbrot,Ralph E. Gomory,Shmuel Winograd,Alan Hoffman,Don Coppersmith,Gregory Chaitin, physicist and presidential advisorRichard Garwin, inventorRobert Dennard, roboticistMatthew T. Mason, authorClifford A. Pickover, computer scientistsFrances E. Allen,John Cocke,Stuart Feldman,Ken Iverson,Irene Greif, andMark N. Wegman,Barry Appelman,Wietse Venema,Harry Markowitz (Economics Nobel Prize, 1990), electrical engineerJeffrey Kephart, chemistGábor A. Somorjai, and physicistsLlewellyn Thomas,Rolf Landauer,Charles H. Bennett,Elliott H. Lieb,J. B. Gunn,Leroy Chang,Leo Esaki (Physics Nobel Prize, 1973),Jay Gambetta,Uri Sivan (president of theTechnion – Israel Institute of Technology), andZvi Galil (former president ofTel Aviv University).
In 2009, the work done at the center from 1960 to 1984 was named anIEEE Milestone.[5]
As of November 2010, the center houses threeTOP500 supercomputers;[6] the oldest and still fastest of which, aBlueGene/L system designed forprotein folding simulations, calledBGW (Blue Gene Watson), entered the list in the 06/2005 issue, then positioned second behind fellow Blue Gene/L inLLNL.[7]
Another well-known installation isWatson, anartificial intelligence system capable of answeringnatural language questions, which won severalJeopardy! games against human contestants in February 2011 on the site, and defeatedJeopardy! super-championsKen Jennings andBrad Rutter.[8]
The Yorktown Heights building, housing the headquarters ofIBM Research, was designed by the architectEero Saarinen and built in 1956–1961. Situated on private land not generally accessible to the public, it is a large crescent-shaped structure consisting of three levels with 40 aisles each, radiating out from the center of the circle described by the crescent. Due to this construction, none of the offices have windows. The lowest level is partially underground in some areas toward the shorter side of the crescent, which also leads to the employee parking lots. A large overhang protrudes from the front entryway of the building, and faces the visitor parking lot. The building houses a library, an auditorium and a cafeteria. The original building named Mohansic, for the area, was in Yorktown Heights; this building is in Yorktown proper. The Mohansic building was the temporary area for Research while the TJ Watson building was being constructed.
The facility can be found at 257 Fuller Rd, Albany, New York; it is located in facilities owned by theState University of New York's Polytechnic Institute's Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (SUNY-CNSE) which also hosts the Center for Semiconductor Research (CSR).[9] The IBM occupied portion of the site is the main facility ofIBM Research's Semiconductor Group. The group focuses on next generation semiconductor technology research, and is the group most associated with a number of innovations related to semiconductor scaling, including the introduction of a 7 nm test chip in 2015,[10] a 5 nm test chip in 2017.[11] and a 2 nm test chip in 2021.[12] This group operates an advancedextreme ultraviolet lithography enabled research line which is used to support their research both in support of and beyond traditional scaling. This work is done in a collaborative ecosystem based environment which includes academic and industrial partners.[13][14]
The Cambridge research lab can be found at 75 Binney Street inCambridge, Massachusetts; it is located in the IBM Watson Health HQ. Research at Cambridge focuses on AI.
The Hawthorne building was a leased facility located on Skyline Drive, which is part of an industrial park shared by several area businesses. In 2012 the Hawthorne lease was closed by IBM and remaining employees were relocated to the Yorktown Heights site. The Hawthorne building (located at 19 Skyline Drive) is easily recognizable by its mirrored facade and large blue pole. Located approximately 25 miles north of New York City, the Hawthorne site was smaller than its sister site at Yorktown Heights (with none of thewet lab space found in the Yorktown Heights facility). The primary focus at Hawthorne was software- and services-related research, whereas Yorktown Heights focuses on chemistry, mathematics, physics, silicon technology, and electrical engineering research, as well as some software and services. The building also contained a cafeteria, presentation center and library. The site, opened in 1984, was designed by Michael Harris Spector. The building is now part ofNew York Medical College[15]
41°12′37″N73°48′11″W / 41.2102°N 73.803°W /41.2102; -73.803
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