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His Grace The Duke of Norfolk KGPC
1907 copy of a contemporary depiction
Lord High Treasurer
In office 16 June 1501 – 4 December 1522
Monarchs	Henry VII Henry VIII
Preceded by	John Dynham, 1st Baron Dynham
Succeeded by	Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
Earl Marshal
In office 1509–1524
Preceded by	The Duke of York
Succeeded by	The Duke of Suffolk
Member of theHouse of Lords Lord Temporal
In office 1514 – 21 May 1524 Hereditary Peerage
Preceded by	The 1st Duke of Norfolk
Succeeded by	The 3rd Duke of Norfolk
Personal details
Born	1443 Stoke-by-Nayland,Suffolk
Died	21 May 1524(1524-05-21) (aged 80–81) Framlingham Castle,Suffolk
Spouses	Elizabeth Tilney ​ ​ (m. 1472; died 1497)​ Agnes Tilney ​ (m. 1497)​
Children	Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk Sir Edward Howard Lord Edmund Howard Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham Lord Thomas Howard Dorothy Stanley, Countess of Derby 11 more
Parents	John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk (father) Katherine Moleyns (mother)

Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of NorfolkKG PC (1443 – 21 May 1524), styledEarl of Surrey from 1483 to 1485 and again from 1489 to 1514, was anEnglishnobleman, soldier and statesman who served four monarchs. He was the eldest son ofJohn Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Catharina de Moleyns. The Duke was the grandfather of both QueenAnne Boleyn and QueenCatherine Howard and the great-grandfather ofQueen Elizabeth I. In 1513, he led the English to victory over the Scots at the decisiveBattle of Flodden, for which he was richly rewarded byKing Henry VIII, then away in France.

Thomas Howard was born in 1443 atStoke-by-Nayland,Suffolk, the only surviving son ofJohn Howard, later 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Katherine, the daughter ofSir William Moleyns (died 8 June 1425) and his wife Margery.^[1] He was educated atThetford Grammar School.^[2]

While a young man, he entered the service of KingEdward IV as ahenchman. Howard took the King's side when war broke out in 1469 with theEarl of Warwick, and took sanctuary atColchester when the King fled to Holland in 1470. Howard rejoined the royal forces at Edward's return to England in 1471, and was severely wounded at theBattle of Barnet on 14 April 1471.^[2] He was appointed anesquire of the body in 1473. On 14 January 1478 he wasknighted by Edward IV at the marriage of the King's second son, the youngDuke of York, andLady Anne Mowbray (died 1481).^[3]

After the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, Thomas Howard and his father John supportedRichard III. Thomas bore theSword of State at Richard's coronation and served as steward at the coronation banquet. Both Thomas and his father were granted lands by the new King, and Thomas was also granted an annuity of £1000. On 28 June 1483, John Howard was createdDuke of Norfolk, while Thomas was createdEarl of Surrey.^[2] Surrey was also sworn of thePrivy Council and invested with theOrder of the Garter. In the autumn of that year Norfolk and Surrey suppresseda rebellion against the King by theDuke of Buckingham.^[3] Both Howards remained close to King Richard throughout his two-year reign, and fought for him at theBattle of Bosworth in 1485, where Surrey was wounded and taken prisoner, and his father killed. Surrey wasattainted in the first Parliament of the new King,Henry VII, stripped of his lands, and committed to theTower of London, where he spent the next three years.

Howard was offered an opportunity to escape during the rebellion of theEarl of Lincoln in 1487, but refused, perhaps thereby convincing Henry VII of his loyalty. In May 1489 Henry restored him to theearldom of Surrey, although most of his lands were withheld, and sent him to quell arebellion in Yorkshire. Surrey remained in the north as the King's lieutenant until 1499.^[3] He and his family lived inSheriff Hutton Castle while in the North. In 1496/7 he was given a command against invading Scots and took his sons Thomas and Edward with him. Surrey knighted both of them on 30 September 1497 atAyton Castle, on the same day thetreaty of Ayton was signed at thenearby church.^[4]

In 1499, Surrey was recalled to court, and accompanied the King on a state visit toFrance in the following year. In 1501 he was again appointed a member of the Privy Council, and on 16 June of that year was madeLord High Treasurer. Surrey,Richard Foxe (Bishop of Winchester andLord Privy Seal) andWilliam Warham (Archbishop of Canterbury andLord Chancellor), became the King's "executive triumvirate".^[3] He was entrusted with a number of diplomatic missions. In 1501, he was involved in the negotiations forKatherine of Aragon's marriage toArthur, Prince of Wales, and in 1503 conductedMargaret Tudor toScotland for her marriage to KingJames IV.^[3] Margaret found Howard rude and overbearing on the journey and resented his monopolisation of her new husband after the wedding.^[5]

Surrey was an executor of the will of King Henry VII when the King died on 21 April 1509, and played a prominent role in the coronation of KingHenry VIII, in which he served asEarl Marshal. He challengedThomas Wolsey in an effort to become the new King's first minister, but eventually accepted Wolsey's supremacy. Surrey expected to lead the 1513 expedition to France, but was left behind when the King departed for Calais on 30 June 1513. Shortly thereafter KingJames IV of Scotland launched an invasion into England, and Surrey, with the aid of other noblemen and his sonsThomas andEdmund, crushed James's much larger force at theBattle of Flodden, nearBranxton, Northumberland, on 9 September 1513. The Scots may have lost as many as 10,000 men, and King James was killed. The victory at Flodden brought Surrey great popular renown and royal rewards. On 1 February 1514, at the age of 71, he was created 2nd Duke of Norfolk, his late father's title, and his son Thomas was made Earl of Surrey. Both were granted lands and annuities, and the Howard arms wereaugmented in honour of Flodden with an inescutcheon bearing the lion of Scotland pierced through the mouth with an arrow.^[3]

In the final decade of his life, Norfolk continued his career as a courtier, diplomat and soldier. In 1514 he joined Wolsey and Foxe in negotiating the marriage ofMary Tudor to KingLouis XII of France, and escorted her to France for the wedding. On 1 May 1517, he led a private army of 1,300retainers into London to suppress theEvil May Day riots. In May 1521 he presided asLord High Steward over the trial ofEdward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, father of Norfolk's daughter-in-law,Elizabeth. According to David M. Head, "he pronounced the sentence of death with tears streaming down his face".^[3]

By the spring of 1522, Norfolk was almost 80 years of age and in failing health. He withdrew from court, resigned asLord Treasurer in favour of his son in December of that year, and after attending the opening ofParliament in April 1523, retired to hisducal castle atFramlingham inSuffolk where he died on 21 May 1524. His funeral and burial on 22 June atThetford Priory were said to have been "spectacular and enormously expensive, costing over £1300 and including a procession of 400 hooded men bearing torches and an elaborate bier surmounted with 100 wax effigies and 700 candles", befitting the richest and most powerful peer in England.^[6] After the dissolution of Thetford Priory, the Howard tombs were moved to theChurch of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham. A now-lost monumental brass depicting the 2nd Duke was formerly in theChurch of St. Mary at Lambeth.^{[citation needed]}

On 30 April 1472, Howard marriedElizabeth Tilney, the daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney ofAshwellthorpe, Norfolk, and widow of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, slain atBarnet, son and heir apparent of SirJohn Bourchier, 1st Baron Berners.^[7] They had issue:

• Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk^[2]
• Sir Edward Howard^[8]
• Lord Edmund Howard, father of Henry VIII's fifth Queen,Katherine Howard^[9]
• Sir John Howard 1482-1530^[2]
• Henry Howard^[2]
• Charles Howard^[2]
• Henry Howard (the younger)^[2]
• Richard Howard^[2]
• Elizabeth Howard, marriedThomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and was mother of QueenAnne Boleyn, and grandmother ofQueen Elizabeth.^[10]
• Muriel Howard (died 1512), married firstlyJohn Grey, 2nd Viscount Lisle (died 1504), and secondly SirThomas Knyvet^[11]

Norfolk's first wife died on 4 April 1497, and on 8 November 1497 he married, by dispensation dated 17 August 1497, her cousin,Agnes Tilney, the daughter of Hugh Tilney ofSkirbeck andBoston, Lincolnshire and Eleanor, a daughter of Walter Tailboys. They had issue:

• William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham^[12]
• Lord Thomas Howard (1511–1537)^[13]
• Richard Howard (died 1517)^[14]
• Dorothy Howard, marriedEdward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby^[15]
• Anne Howard, marriedJohn de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford^[16]
• Katherine Howard, married firstly,Rhys ap Gruffydd. Married secondly,Henry Daubeney, 1st Earl of Bridgewater.
• Elizabeth Howard (died 1536), marriedHenry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex.

Note: Thomas Howard indeed had two living daughters named Elizabeth Howard and two living sons named Thomas Howard. It is unclear if he had two sons named Richard as well or if it was the same person. In the Dukes of Norfolk family tree, there is clearly a mistake. Richard Howard is there linked to Agnes Tilney (2nd wife of Thomas Howard), yet is said to born in 1487, which is impossible to be true, as at the time Thomas Howard was married to Elizabeth Tilney.

• Cokayne, George Edward (1912).The Complete Peerage edited by the Honourable Vicary Gibbs. Vol. II. London: St. Catherine Press.
• Cokayne, George Edward (1916).The Complete Peerage edited by the Honourable Vicary Gibbs. Vol. IV. London: St. Catherine Press.
• Cokayne, George Edward (1936).The Complete Peerage, edited by H.A. Doubleday. Vol. IX. London: St. Catherine Press.
• Cokayne, George Edward (1945).The Complete Peerage, edited by H.A. Doubleday. Vol. X. London: St. Catherine Press.
• Cokayne, George Edward (1953).The Complete Peerage, edited by Geoffrey H. White. Vol. XII, Part I. London: St. Catherine Press.
• Davies, Catherine (2008).Howard (née Tilney), Agnes, duchess of Norfolk (b. in or before 1477, d. 1545), noblewoman.Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived fromthe original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved12 March 2011.
• Gunn, S.J. (2008).Knyvet, Sir Thomas (c.1485–1512), courtier and sea captain.Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived fromthe original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved13 March 2011.
• Head, David M. (2008).Howard, Thomas, second duke of Norfolk (1443–1524), magnate and soldier.Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived fromthe original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved12 March 2011.
• Hughes, Jonathan (2007).Boleyn, Thomas, earl of Wiltshire and earl of Ormond (1476/7–1539), courtier and nobleman.Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved13 March 2011.
• Knafla, Louis A. (2008).Stanley, Edward, third earl of Derby (1509–1572), magnate.Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived fromthe original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved13 March 2011.
• Loades, David (2008).Howard, Sir Edward (1476/7–1513), naval commander.Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived fromthe original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved13 March 2011.
• McDermott, James (2008).Howard, William, first Baron Howard of Effingham (c.1510–1573), naval commander.Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived fromthe original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved12 March 2011.
• Richardson, Douglas (2004).Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company Inc.ISBN 9780806317502. Retrieved17 March 2011.
• Riordan, Michael (2004).Howard, Lord Thomas (c.1512–1537), courtier.Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived fromthe original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved12 March 2011.
• Ridgard, John (1985).Medieval Framlingham. Vol. 27. Woodbridge: Suffolk Record Society.
• Warnicke, Retha M. (2008).Katherine (Catherine; nee Katherine Howard) (1518x24-1542), queen of England and Ireland, fifth consort of Henry VIII.Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived fromthe original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved13 March 2011.
• Weir, Alison (1991).The Six Wives of Henry VIII. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.

Attribution:

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Mandell, Creighton (1891). "Howard, Thomas II (1473-1554)". InLee, Sidney (ed.).Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 64–67.

• Harris, Barbara. "Marriage Sixteenth-Century Style: Elizabeth Stafford and the Third Duke of Norfolk,"Journal of Social History, Spring 1982, Vol. 15 Issue 3;
• Head, David M.Ebbs & Flows of Fortune: The Life of Thomas Howard, Third Duke of Norfolk (1995), 360pp; the standard scholarly biography of the third duke

Tucker, Melvin J., "The Life of Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey and second Duke of Norfolk (1964), 170pp' out of print but the only serious biography

• Flodden: Scotland's Greatest Defeat

• Dukes of Norfolk
• Barons Mowbray
• Barons Segrave
• Howard family (English aristocracy)
• Earls of Surrey
• People of the Wars of the Roses
• Lord High Stewards
• Lord high treasurers of England
• Earls Marshal
• Garter Knights appointed by Richard III
• People educated at Ipswich School
• 1443 births
• 1524 deaths
• Prisoners in the Tower of London
• People educated at Thetford Grammar School
• 16th-century English politicians

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