The Lord Lynedoch | |
|---|---|
%2c_Baron_Lynedoch_by_Thomas_Lawrence_1.jpg) | |
| Member of Parliament forPerthshire | |
| In office 1794–1807 | |
| Preceded by | James Murray |
| Succeeded by | Lord James Murray |
| Majority | Unanimous |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 19 October 1748 |
| Died | 18 December 1843 (aged 95) |
| Party | Whig |
| Spouse | Mary Cathcart |
| Alma mater | Christ Church, Oxford |
| Occupation | Member of Parliament, Soldier |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Great Britain United Kingdom |
| Branch/service | British Army |
| Years of service | 1793–1814 |
| Rank | General |
| Battles/wars | |
GeneralThomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch,GCB, GCMG (19 October 1748 – 18 December 1843) was aBritish Army officer and politician. After his education atOxford, he inherited a substantial estate inScotland, married and settled down to a quiet career as a landowning gentleman. However, with the death of his wife, when he was aged 42, he immersed himself in a military (and later political) career, during theFrench Revolutionary Wars and theNapoleonic Wars. The historianJames Taylor described Graham as "tall, square-shouldered, and erect, his limbs sinewy and remarkably strong. His complexion was dark, with full eyebrows, firm-set lips, and an open, benevolent air. His manners and address were frank, simple, and polished".[1]
Thomas Graham was the third and only surviving son of Thomas Græme of Balgowan, inPerthshire and Lady Christian Hope, a daughter of the1st Earl of Hopetoun and sister to the2nd Earl of Hopetoun.[2] He was born in 1748, and was educated at home by the Reverend Fraser, minister ofMoneydie, and afterwards byJames Macpherson, the collector and translator ofOssian's poems. He went up toChrist Church, Oxford, in 1766, and the following year he inherited the family estate following the death of his father.[3]
On leaving college, he spent several years on theContinent, where he learntFrench,German andSpanish.[4] On his return to Scotland he applied himself to the management and improvement of his estate,enclosing his lands, erecting farmhouses and offices, granting leases to his tenants, encouraging them to implement improved methods of husbandry, and to cultivatepotatoes andturnips on a large scale, which had hitherto been regarded as garden plants. He also set himself to cultivate improved breeds ofhorses,cattle, andsheep.[3]
In 1785, he purchased the estate ofLynedoch or Lednock, situated in the valley of theAlmond, where he planted trees and oak coppices, and improved the sloping banks bordering the stream.[3] Fond of horses and dogs, and distinguished for his skill in country sports, he rode with the foxhounds, and accompanied theDuke of Atholl—who subsequently became his brother-in-law—in grouse-shooting anddeer-stalking on the Atholl moors. He later said that he owed much of that education of the eye with reference to ground and distances, a useful talent for a military man, to his deer-hunting at this period of his life in the Forest of Atholl.[5]
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In a 1772by-election, Graham stood as aWhig a candidate forPerth, in opposition toJames Murray of Strowan, brother of theDuke of Atholl, but was defeated by a majority of only six votes out of 100.[6] He remained active in the political field but withdrew shortly before thegeneral election of 1774, having become engaged to theHonorable Mary Cathcart, second daughter of the9th Lord Cathcart and Jane Hamilton, Mary's sister was betrothed to the3rd Duke of Atholl's son and heir.[7]
In 1774, Graham marriedMary Cathcart and on the same day her elder sister Jane became Duchess of Atholl. "Jane," wrote9th Lord Cathcart, "has married, to please herself, John, Duke of Atholl, a peer of the realm; Mary has married Thomas Graham of Balgowan, the man of her heart, and a peer among princes." A solicitous husband, when his wife discovered on the morning of an Edinburghball that she had left her jewel-box at Balgowan, Graham rode the 90 miles (140 km) to and from Balgowan using relays of horses to ensure that his wife would have her jewellery at the ball.[8]
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Her portrait byThomas Gainsborough was highly acclaimed when exhibited at theRoyal Academy in 1777. The paintingPortrait of Mrs Mary Graham was covered over by Graham after her death. The painting now hangs in theNational Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh.[9]
Graham spent the next eighteen years as a quiet country gentleman, spending his time on riding and sports, studying theclassics and making occasional visits toLondon andEdinburgh. When he was driving to a party with his wife and her sister Duchess of Atholl, his carriage was stopped inPark Lane, London by ahighwayman demanding money, jewels, and watches at gunpoint, while two accomplices seized the horses' heads, Graham, who was on the opposite side of the carriage, leapt across the ladies to the carriage-door, and collaring the assailant, threw him to the ground. Then, drawing his sword, which at the time formed part of a dress suit, he threatened to run the man through if his associates, who were holding the horses' heads, attempted to come to his assistance. They immediately fled, and the prostrate highwayman was arrested.[10]
Mary Graham's health began to decline, and in the spring of 1792, on the recommendation of her medical adviser, she went to the south of France with her husband and sister. However, during the voyage she died off the coast nearHyères, France, on 26 June 1792.[11] Her sorrowing husband hired a barge to take the casket to Bordeaux though there were some logistical struggles. He closed the casket and returned home to deposit her remains in a mausoleum, which he built in the churchyard ofMethven. Graham would himself be laid in the same tomb fifty years later.[10][12]
Mary Graham is commemorated in a four-part Scottish fiddle tune composed in her honor, entitled "The Honourable Mrs. Graham of Balgowan."
The loss of his wife preyed deeply upon Graham's mind, and first he set out for twelve months of foreign travel. However, still overwhelmed by great sorrow, and now in his forty-third year, he tried to drown the thought of his loss by adopting a military career.[11] Before the incident with Mary's coffin near Toulouse, Graham had sympathised with the French and their revolutionary ideals but from that point on he detested them and saw his military career as a way to take revenge.[12]
SirWalter Scott, in hisThe Vision of Don Roderick, refers to the romantic motive which led the grieving husband of Mrs. Graham to devote himself to a military career:[11]
- 'Nor be his praise o'erpast who strove to hide
- Beneath the warrior's vest affection's wound;
- Whose wish Heaven for his country's weal denied;
- Danger and fate he sought, but glory found.
- From clime to clime, where'er war's trumpets sound
- The wanderer went; yet Caledonia! still
- Thine was his thought in march and tented ground:
- He dreamed 'mid Alpine cliffs of Athole's hill,
- And heard in Ebro's roar his Lynedoch's lovely rill.
In early 1793 he wrote toCharles O'Hara, seeking passage to Gibraltar, of which the latter was lieutenant-governor and sailed aboard theResistance withLord St Helens, ambassador toSpain. After France declared war on Great Britain and theDutch Republic on 1 February 1793, the British fleet under AdmiralSamuel Hood assembled at Gibraltar.[13] On his arrival there, Graham volunteered and went with the navy toToulon, where he acted asaide-de-camp toLord Mulgrave and fought in thedefence of the town. According to SirGilbert Elliot, Graham "left the highest character possible both for understanding and courage".[7]
At Toulon, Graham distinguished himself by his courage and energy: for instance, on one occasion, when a private soldier was killed, Graham snatched up his musket and took his place at the head of the attacking column. In a general order referring to the repulse of an attack by the French on an important fort, Mulgrave expressed "his grateful sense of the friendly and important assistance which he had received in many difficult moments from Mr. Graham, and to add his tribute of praise to the general voice of the British and Piedmontese officers of his column, who saw with so much pleasure and applause the gallant example which Mr. Graham set to the whole column, in the foremost point of every attack".[14]
It was also at Toulon that Graham first became acquainted with his lifelong friend,Rowland Hill, then a captain, who ultimately became Viscount Hill, and commander-in chief of the British army.[14]
After returning home in November 1793, with the support ofHenry Dundas,Secretary of State for War, who had married his first cousin the previous year, he was given the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel and raised the first battalion of the90th Regiment of Foot (Perthshire Volunteers), (Balgowan's 'Grey Breeks,' as they were called), although the addition of a second battalion was to put significant pressure on his finances.[7] Rowland Hill became a major in the regiment, which was first deployed as part of the 1795Quiberon Expedition. The following year they were dispatched to support the French Royalist Lieutenant-generalFrançois de Charette in his struggle with the Republicans.[15]
In late 1795 the regiment went to Gibraltar on garrison duty, a role Graham soon tired of. He obtained permission to join theAustrian army on theRhine as British Commissioner. In this capacity he shared in the disastrous campaign of 1796, and afterward assistedWurmser in the defence ofMantua, when it was besieged by the French underNapoleon. The garrison was reduced to the greatest extremities from want of provisions, and Graham undertook the perilous duty of conveying intelligence to the Imperial GeneralAlvinzi, atBassano, 50 miles (80 km) distant, of their desperate situation.[16]
He left the fortress wearing a country cloak over his uniform and on 24 December, amid rain and sleet, he crossed theMincio in a boat that was repeatedly stranded due to the darkness. He travelled by foot during the night, wading through deep swamps, and crossing numerous watercourses and thePo, in constant danger of losing his way, or of being shot by the French pickets. At daybreak he concealed himself until nightfall, when he resumed his journey. After surmounting numerous hardships and perils, he at length reached in safety, on 4 January, the headquarters of the Austrian general. However, on the 14th the Austrians were defeated and soon after Mantua was forced to surrender.[17]
On the political front, with the support of theDuke of Atholl, in 1796 he was returned to parliament unchallenged, despite Dundas' wishing to secure the seat for his own son. Graham insisted that Atholl's support had no effect on his independence and he later wrote that at the time he remained firmly in support of the war but "at the same time never to abandon thoseWhig principles which had brought about therevolution of 1688."[7]
Colonel Graham now returned to Scotland, but in the autumn of 1797 he rejoined his regiment atGibraltar. In the following year he took part, under SirCharles Stuart, in thecapture of Minorca, where he greatly distinguished himself.[17]
He then travelled toSicily and, at an audience with the King and Queen ofNaples, he received royal thanks for his effective actions on their behalf. In 1798 he was appointed to take charge of the operations against the important island ofMalta, which was at that timeoccupied by the French. Promoted to the local rank ofbrigadier-general, he had under his command the30th and89th Regiments of foot,Alexander Hamilton as his Brigade Major and some corps embodied under his immediate direction.[17][18]
Owing to the great strength of the island, he chose to enforce a blockade, and after asiege lasting nearly two years, the garrison were compelled by famine to surrender in September 1800. The island became part of theBritish Empire, a position it retained until it achieved independence in 1964. Colonel Graham's services were barely acknowledged by the Government of that day, who reserved their patronage and honours for the officers belonging to their own political party.[17]
In the summer of 1801 he travelled toEgypt, where his regiment, the 90th, had already distinguished itself under SirRalph Abercromby, but he did not arrive until the campaign had been completed by the capitulation of the French army. He took the opportunity, however, to make a tour of Egypt and subsequently also visited Turkey. He spent some time inConstantinople and then travelled on horseback toVienna. He would later recall the journey as one of the most agreeable rides he had ever enjoyed.[19]
Returning to spending some time in the discharge of hisparliamentary duties, and in attending to the improvement of his estates, Graham was sent toIreland with his regiment, after which he was deployed to theWest Indies, where he remained for three years. In 1807, the government known as theMinistry of "All the Talents" was dismissed for their desire to provideRoman Catholics in the country with equal privileges to other citizens. Graham was supportive of the policy, and publicly denounced the cry of "No Popery" raised byMr. Perceval as hypocrisy. However, his support for the attitude of theWhig Ministry for Roman Catholic emancipation was not in line with the electors of Perthshire, at the time a small body of men, and on the dissolution of Parliament in May 1807, he declined to seek re-election. In his stead, LordJames Murray was returned without opposition.[20]
In 1808, Graham served as aide-de-camp toSir John Moore, initially in Sweden, and then in Spain. He served with Moore throughout the whole of the campaign up to the retreat after theCorunna. Graham was particularly commended for his services in the retreat. AsSheridan said in the House of Commons, "In the hour of peril Graham was their best adviser; in the hour of disaster Graham was their surest consolation".[20]
When Sir John Moore received his fatal wound at the battle of Corunna, Graham was at his right hand, with his left hand on the mane of Sir John's horse. Immediately, he rode away to get medical assistance. Before he had returned, Moore noted his absence, and anxiously asked, "Are Colonel Graham and my aides-de-camp safe?". This was some of his last words. On his death, Moore's body was taken to Graham's quarters, and Graham was one of the chosen company that were witness to Moore's burial on the rampart of the citadel of Corunna.[20]
On his return to England, Graham was promoted to the rank ofmajor general and was appointed, in the summer of 1809, to command a division underLord Chatham. He was sent to join Chatham as part of an attack onWalcheren but a bout ofmalaria forced him to return home. Raised to the rank oflieutenant general on his recovery, he was sent to Spain with a new commission, to take command of the British and Portuguese troops inCádiz, at that time surrounded by a large French force. The British Government attached great importance to the possession of Cádiz, as it was Britain's last stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula. However, the challenge was not simply a military one. AsWilliam Napier remarked, while "money, troops, and a fleet—in fine, all things necessary to render Cádiz formidable, were collected, yet to little purpose, because procrastinating jealousy, ostentation, and a thousand absurdities, were the invariable attendants of Spanish armies and government".[21]
To raise the siege, Graham decided to launch an attack on the rear of theinvesting army, and in February 1811, he sailed from Cádiz with a force of approximately 11,000 soldiers, including 7,000 Spanish troops under GeneralLa Pena. For the sake of expediency, Le Pena was named in command. After assembling atTarifa, in theStraits of Gibraltar, the allied force marched northward and arrived, on the morning of 5 March, at the hills of Barrosa, which lie to the south of Cádiz and so were south of the lines of the French forces.[22]
On the instructions of the Spanish general to secure the communication across the Santi Petri river, Graham moved his troops down from the heights of Barossa to the Torre de Bermeja, which lay halfway to the river. While marching through the wood towards the Bermeja, Graham was told that the enemy was advancing in force towards the height of Barrosa, which launched theBattle of Barrosa. Seeing that the higher position was the key of that of Santi Petri, Graham immediately countermarched with the aim to support the troops left for its defence. However, before the British force could emerge from the wood, he was shocked to see the Spanish troops under La Pena retreating from the French left wing, which was rapidly advancing up the hill.[22]
Seeing that his own right wing was vulnerable to enemy fire, Graham said, "A retreat in the face of such an enemy, already within reach of the easy communication by the sea-beach, must have involved the whole allied army in all the danger of being attacked during the unavoidable confusion of the different corps arriving on the narrow ridge of the Bermeja at the same time. Trusting to the known heroism of British troops, regardless of the numbers and position of the enemy", Graham instead decided to launch an immediate attack.[22]
Under bombardment by Major Duncan'sbattery of ten guns, a division of the French troops underGeneral Leval advanced on Graham's forces. It was stopped by a determined charge of the British left wing and the eagle of the 8th regiment oflight infantry was captured by the British along with ahowitzer. A reserve was formed up beyond the narrow valley which pursued the retreating French soldiers so that they were also defeated. At the same time, the British right wing confronted a division commanded byGeneral Ruffin. Confident of success, the French troops advanced up the hill but were driven from the heights in disarray, leaving two pieces of cannon behind to be captured by the British.[23]
"No expressions of mine", said Graham, in his despatch to theSecretary of State for War and the Colonies, theEarl of Liverpool, "could do justice to the conduct of the troops throughout. Nothing less than the almost unparalleled exertions of every officer, the invincible bravery of every soldier, and the most determined devotion to the honour of his Majesty's arms in all, could have achieved this brilliant success against such a formidable enemy so posted". "The contemptible feebleness of La Pena", according toWilliam Napier, "furnished a surprising contrast to the heroic vigour of Graham, whose attack was an inspiration rather than a resolution—so sure, so sudden was the decision, so swift, so conclusive was the execution".[24]
The French lost about three thousand men in this action, and six pieces of cannon and an eagle were captured, along with nearly five hundred prisoners, among whom were Generals Ruffin and Rosseau. The loss on the side of the victors was two hundred killed, and upwards of nine hundred were wounded. Had it not been for the actions of the Spanish general, the victory might have had the effect of raising the blockade of Cádiz. "Had the whole body of the Spanish cavalry", wrote Graham, "with the horse artillery, been rapidly sent by the sea-beach to form on the plain, and to envelop the enemy's left; had the greatest part of the infantry been marched through the pine wood to the rear of the British force, to turn his right, he must either have retired instantly, or he would have exposed himself to absolute destruction; his cavalry greatly encumbered, his artillery lost, his columns mixed and in confusion; and a general dispersion would have been the inevitable consequence of a close pursuit. But the movement was lost".[24]
Lord Wellington, in adispatch to General Graham, says "I beg to congratulate you and the brave troops under your command on the signal victory which you gained on the 5th instant. I have no doubt whatever that their success would have had the effect of raising the siege of Cádiz, if the Spanish troops had made any effort to assist them; and I am equally certain, from your account of the ground, that if you had not decided with the utmost promptitude to attack the enemy, and if your attack had not been a most vigorous one, the whole allied army would have been lost".[25]
The Spanish general, in order to screen himself from criticism, circulated less damning accounts of his own role in the battle, which General Graham refuted by publishing in Spanish, as well as in English, his dispatch to Lord Liverpool, along with a letter to the British envoy, in vindication of his conduct. Lord Wellington mentions that La Pena was to be brought to a court-martial, where he was acquitted but stripped of command. The Cortes voted to General Graham the title of grandee of the first class; he, however, declined the honour. For his brilliant victory at theBattle of Barrosa he received the thanks of Parliament, in his place as a member of the House of Commons.[26]
Shortly afterwards Graham joined the army under Wellington, and was appointed second in command. In January 1812, he took part in the siege and capture ofCiudad Rodrigo, and Wellington declared that he was much indebted to him for the success of the enterprise. Three months later he and his friendGeneral Hill received theOrder of the Bath. A problem with his eyes, from which he had been suffering for some time, made it necessary for Graham to return home at this juncture. "I cannot avoid feeling the utmost concern," wrote Wellington to him, "that this necessity should have become urgent at this moment, and that I should now be deprived of your valuable assistance".[26]
At the general election in October 1812, Graham contested the county ofPerth withMr. Drummond (afterwardsViscount of Strathallan), but though he was supported by a number of influentialTories, he lost the election by seven votes.[26]
His visit to Scotland had the effect of restoring his eyesight, and in May 1813, he rejoined the army at Frinada, on the frontiers of Portugal, bringing with him the insignia of theOrder of the Garter to Lord Wellington. On 22 May the British force quit Portugal and moved upon Vitoria in three divisions. The left wing, which was commanded by Sir Thomas Graham, had to cross three large rivers—the Douro, the Esla, and the Ebro—and had to force positions of great strength among the passes of the mountains, continually pressing round the right wing of the retiring French army. General Graham took a prominent part in thebattle of Vitoria (21 June), when the French were beaten "before the town, in the town, about the town, and out of the town"; and, by carrying the villages of Gamarra and Abechuco at the point of the bayonet, he intercepted the retreat of the enemy by the high road to Bayonne, and compelled them to turn to that leading to Pampeluna.[27]
He was shortly after directed to conduct thesiege of the strong fortress ofSan Sebastian, which was defended with great gallantry and skill byGeneral Rey. The first assault, which took place on 25 July, was repulsed with heavy loss, and the siege had in consequence to be raised for a time. It was renewed, however, after the defeat ofMarshall Soult in thebattles of the Pyrenees, and a second attempt to carry the fortress by storm was made on 31 August. The breach was found to present almost insuperable obstacles, and the storming party strove in vain to effect alodgement. In this almost desperate state of the attack, General Graham ordered a heavy fire of artillery to be directed against thecurtain wall, passing only a few feet over the heads of the British troops in the breach. This novel expedient was completely successful. Taking advantage of an explosion on the rampart caused by the fire of the guns, which created confusion among the enemy, the assailants gained a footing on the wall, and after a bloody struggle, which lasted two hours, forced their way into the town.[28]
On 31 August the French troops were forced to retreat from the town to their stronghold on the hill and fortress Urgull. When it seemed that damage to the town and its dwellers was limited, many of the allied rank-and-file as evidenced by local witnesses went on a rampage spree, taking to killing (estimated 1,000 civilians),[29] looting, raping the women and burning almost the whole town to the ground,[30] a mayhem lasting for a week.[citation needed] On 9 September the Governor Rey surrendered the citadel, and the garrison, reduced to one-third of their number, marched out with the honours of war. The reduction of this important place cost the British three thousand eight hundred men in killed and wounded. A candle-lit memorial event is held nowadays every 31 August, mourning these tragic days.[28]
At the crossing of theBidasoa separating France and Spain, General Graham commanded the left wing of the British army, and, after an obstinate conflict, succeeded in establishing his troops on French territory. However, the return of the complaint in his eyes, and the general state of his health, obliged him to resign his command and return home. In return for his services, for the third received the thanks of Parliament, and the freedom of the cities of London and Edinburgh was conferred upon him.[28]
His eyes and general health recovered and in 1814 he was able to take the command of the British forces in the Netherlands, during which period he successfully supportedBülow's attack onHoogstraten. On 8 March Graham's attempt to carry the strong fortress ofBergen op Zoom by a night attack ended in failure. In his dispatch to Downing Street he wrote:
"My Lord, It becomes my painful task to report to your Lordship, that an attack on Bergen-op Zoom, which seemed at first to promise complete success, ended in failure, and occasioned a severe loss to the1st Division, and to Brigadier-General Gore's brigade. It is unnecessary for me to state the reasons which determined me to make the attempt to carry such a place by storm, since the success of two of the columns, in establishing themselves on the ramparts, with very trifling loss, must justify the having inclined the risk for the attainment of so important an object, as the capture of such a fortress."[31]
On 3 May 1814, he was raised to the peerage with the title ofBaron Lynedoch ofBalgowan in the County of Perth,[32] but, in keeping with his disinterested and high-minded character, he declined the grant of £2,000 a year, to himself and to his heirs, which was voted as usual to accompany the title. British and foreign honours followed: a Knight Grand Cross of theOrder of St. Michael and St. George, of theSpanish Order of St. Ferdinand, and of the PortugueseOrder of the Tower and Sword. He was raised to the full rank of general in 1821 and nominated colonel of the58th Foot in 1823, followed by the14th Foot in 1826, which he exchanged in 1834 for the colonelcy of theRoyals. He was elected Rector of theUniversity of Glasgow in 1813, and in 1829 appointed Governor ofDumbarton Castle.[33]
He was noted for his vigour in his old age. He travelled frequently, visiting Italy, Germany, France, Denmark, Sweden, and Russia. In 1841, aged 94, he travelled through France to Genoa and Rome. His riding-horses were sent on to Rome, and he rode frequently in the Campagna.[34] He died at his London home inStratton Street on 18 December 1843, aged 95, after a very short illness: he rose and dressed himself on the day of his death.[1] He was buried near his family home in a large and specially commissioned stone vault inMethven churchyard. The barony of Lynedoch died with him.
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The names ofLyndoch township and theBarossa Valley inSouth Australia are derived from "Lynedoch Vale" and the "Barrosa Ranges", named by ColonelWilliam Light, Surveyor General of South Australia, in December 1837 in recognition of his esteemed friend, Lord Lynedoch, who was his commander at theBattle of Barrosa. Both names were mis-spelt on early maps, resulting in the unique names Lyndoch and Barossa.[35]
Graham has ahouse named after him at the Scottish private schoolMorrison's Academy inCrieff, Perthshire near his home ofBalgowan. There is a house named after him at the EnglishPrivate schoolWellington College.[citation needed]
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Media related toThomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch at Wikimedia Commons| Parliament of Great Britain | ||
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| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forPerthshire 1794–1800 | Succeeded by Parliament of the United Kingdom |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
| Preceded by Parliament of Great Britain | Member of Parliament forPerthshire 1801–1807 | Succeeded by |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by | Colonel of the1st, or The Royal Regiment of Foot 1834–1843 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Colonel of the14th (Buckinghamshire) Regiment 1826–1834 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Colonel of the58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot 1823–1826 | Succeeded by |
| New regiment | Colonel of the90th Regiment of Foot 1794–1823 | Succeeded by Hon. Robert Meade |
| Academic offices | ||
| Preceded by | Rector of the University of Glasgow 1813–1815 | Succeeded by |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| New creation | Baron Lynedoch 1814–1843 | Extinct |
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| Siege of Malta | |||||||
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