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Thomas Cresap | |
|---|---|
| Born | c.1702 |
| Died | c.1790 |
| Partner(s) | Hannah Johnson (1), Margaret Milburn (2) |
| Children | Michael and others |
Colonel Thomas Cresap (c.1702 –c.1790) was an English-born settler and trader in the states ofMaryland andPennsylvania. Cresap servedLord Baltimore as an agent in the Maryland–Pennsylvaniaboundary dispute that became known asCresap's War. Later, together with the Native American chiefNemacolin, Cresap improved a Native American path to theOhio Valley, and ultimately settled and became a large landowner nearCumberland, Maryland, where he was involved in further disputes nearBrownsville, Pennsylvania, including in theFrench and Indian War andLord Dunmore's War.
Cresap was born inSkipton,Yorkshire, England, and emigrated across the Atlantic Ocean to the Maryland colony when he was 15 years old. In 1723, he gave his occupation as that of a carpenter. He initially settled at the mouth of theSusquehanna River on theChesapeake, on the lower end of afloodplain called theConejohela Valley, and built boats. In 1725, Cresap married Hannah Johnson, whose father, Thomas Johnson, on 24 March 1725 had surveyed to himself Mount Johnson Island, atPeach Bottom Ferry.
Cresap also traveled at least once toVirginia, for Virginia-based trader Claiborne also traded for furs in the lower Susquehanna area of Chesapeake Bay. Cresap fled from Virginia either because of the Native American raids against white settlers in 1722, or because a dozen or more fellow settlers drove him as he cleared timber to make a dwelling and secure his land claim. As Cresap defended himself, he cleft one of his assailants with a broad-ax.
Upon returning to Maryland, Cresap secured a patent to operate a ferry over the Susquehanna at the head of tide-water from Lord Baltimore. AlthoughCaptain John Smith had traveled up the Chesapeake, possibly this far, in 1608, Virginians had ceded this area to Maryland, but Pennsylvania also claimed the area as covered by land grants to William Penn. Cresap had little formal education, but became a land surveyor, and was of great service toLord Baltimore in extending the western boundary of Maryland from the source of the south branch of the Potomac due north, thus adding at least one third more territory to Maryland.
Cresap came toConejohela Valley in March 1730, and built a block-house on the banks of the river three and one half miles below today'sWrightsville, near the site of Leber's Mill. That same year, he took out a Maryland patent for several 100 acres (400,000 m2) near the river for "Blue Rock Ferry" at same place. In 1731, Cresap was commissioned a justice of the peace forBaltimore County. While Cresap lived in the lower Susquehanna area, he visited the rich valleys 30 miles (48 km) farther up the right bank of the river, now inHellam andLower Windsor Townships. He reported the conditions toLord Baltimore, who as early as 1721 had contemplated extending the northern boundary of Maryland on the west side of the Susquehanna to the northern limits of the fortieth degree of latitude. (SeeMaryland–Pennsylvania boundary dispute)
Gradually a few settlers from Maryland moved to the Conojohela Valley. They were aggressive to the Pennsylvanians who settled near them. It was not Lord Baltimore's practice to purchase lands from the Indians; instead the Marylanders drove them away by force. The settlers treated the Indians on the west side of the river with cruelty. However, they had no one capable of holding the ground they had taken either from the Indians nor from the Pennsylvanians, who were determined to prevent Baltimore from gaining a foothold on this disputed area.
Cresap became a notorious figure in theConejohela Flats area—thelower Susquehanna Valley in the area south ofWright's Ferry—where his actions (and those of his men) as an agent on behalf of Lord Baltimore made him a wanted criminal in Pennsylvania. Cresap and his men several times used force to evict men who had considered themselves legal under Pennsylvania's Colonial Charter, but whom Cresap and Lord Baltimore considered squatters interfering with Maryland's charter. Because of the bloodshed duringCresap's War,King George II issued an edict forcing a settlement of the Maryland-Pennsylvania boundary dispute against the claims byLord Baltimore. Cresap was held a villain in Pennsylvania, and something of a hero in Maryland, which has municipalities named after him. In 1735, he took out a Maryland patent for a group of islands at Blue Rock Ferry, called the "Isles of Promise." After many attempts to capture Cresap, Pennsylvania Sheriff Samuel Smith and 24 armed men finally captured him on 25 November 1736, as his wife stood by him and fought at his side.[1][2]
By this time the Cresaps had at least two and perhaps three children, the eldest being about 9 years of age. While Pennsylvanians imprisoned Cresap, his wife and children lived with his cousin Daniel Lowe, who drove one of the German settlers from his home in Grist Valley (Kreutz Creek), nearCodorus.
Upon his release circa 1738, Cresap again moved beyond the frontier, this time along thePotomac River watershed. He patented about 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of land in Maryland alongAntietam Creek, where Cresap established a store and Indian trading post. He accumulated a large quantity of furs and pelts and shipped them to England. However, French privateers captured the vessel and Cresap lost everything. In 1739, he was granted 400 acres (1.6 km2) which he namedLong Meadows. Cresap is said to have erected a stone and log fort over a spring near the Marsh Run.[3]
Cresap then moved farther west to within two miles (3 km) of present-dayCumberland, Maryland, where he again embarked in the Indian trade. This area, theCumberland Narrowsmountain pass led into theMonongahela River valley. During the 1740s, colonials were petitioning the crown to obtain lands of the so-calledOhio Country across theAllegheny Mountains from the Indians. The Cumberland narrows is one of only five navigable routes over theAppalachian Mountainsbarrier range. Cresap founded what is nowOldtown, Maryland by building atrading post at the foot of theAmerindian trail over Wills Mountain (renamedHaystack now nearCresaptown). The colonials wanted the crown to open these possessions for settlement, and give them out under charter in the same old way, through the crown's minister. Cresap also sent traders over the pass and explored personally in Amerindian lands along the Monongahela upriver ofRedstone Old Forts. Although Maryland's land grant ended at the crest of the Appalachian mountains, both Pennsylvania and Virginia claimed their land grants continued westward, so the land claimed by Cresap and his traders west of the Appalachians ultimately became part of upperWest Virginia and western Pennsylvania.
Circa 1744, some Amerindians claimed to sell their rights east of the Appalachians to Virginia land speculators, including a stock company, theOhio Company which received a charter to 2 million acres (8,100 km2) inWestern Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia around 1748. Cresap received or earned a large land grant from theOhio Country in what much later became West Virginia. In 1748–1750, an expedition led by Cresap and theDelaware Amerindian ChiefNemacolin began widening theNemacolin Trail into freight wagon road from Cumberland toRedstone Old Fort.[4] A decade later,George Washington and his troops would further improve the same road prior toBraddock's Military Expedition during theFrench and Indian War. Redstone, on theMonongahela River becameBrownsville, Pennsylvania which dwarfedPittsburgh in growth and vibrant industrial activities until circa 1840-50s, as a center for construction and outfitting various river craft (keel boats,flat boats,steamboats) settlers used to settle not only the entire Mississippi drainage basin, but thefar west andOregon Country beyond the source waters of theMissouri River.
Cresap fought a number of skirmishes with the Indians and stood his ground, assisted by his wife and later his sons. When Cresap's stronghold was surrounded by militia fromDonegal Hannah knew how to handle amusket. She also superintended the construction of a house and the building of some flatboats, in the absence of her husband, at John Hendricks', now the upper end of Wrightsville, where forcible possession had been taken of Hendricks' plantation by Cresap. While there she saw a flatboat filled with armed men crossing the river. She mounted her horse, sounded abugle, and rode rapidly to Cresap's fort, three miles (5 km) and a half down the river. She returned at the head of the militia. Cresap was elected a representative fromFrederick County, Maryland to the Maryland legislature. When the French and their allies attempted to seize the territory west of theAllegheny Mountains from the English, Cresap and his sons at their own expense raised two companies of volunteer soldiers. During theFrench and Indian War, Cresap raised a company ofRangers.
Cresap was a large landholder. He became totally blind a few years before his death. He married a second time, to Margaret Milburn, when he was 80 years of age. He diedc. 1790 at his home inAllegany County, Maryland, aged 88.[5]
Thomas and Hannah (Johnson) Cresap had five children: three sons and two daughters.
The oldest son, Daniel Cresap, remained in Washington County, Maryland, and became a large landholder and a celebrated hunter as well as a farmer. He was about fourteen when the family left York County. As an adult, he was colonel of militia[citation needed]. By his first wife he had a son, Michael.[6]: 603 By a second wife he had seven sons and three daughters: Daniel, Joseph, Van, Robert, James, Thomas, Elizabeth, Mary and Sarah. Daniel marched in his uncle Michael's company to Boston in 1775.[6]: 603 James was for a number of years in the Maryland legislature.[6]: 603
Thomas, the second son of Col. Cresap, was killed by a Native – whom he killed at the same instant.[6][7] He left a widow and one child.
Michael, was born inFrederick County, Maryland, 29 June 1742. He succeeded his father in the Indian trade. Michael Cresap operated a large trading store at "Old Town," a few miles east of Cumberland. He was an Indian fighter from his youth. In 1774 he employed several men and descended theOhio River and was engaged in the business of erecting houses and clearing lands for the settlers.[8] While thus engaged he received a letter fromDr. Connolly, the commandant atFort Pitt, that there was danger of an Indian war. The settlers were alarmed. Michael and his party, anticipating an attack by the Indians, struck them first. Some of his men killed several Indians nearWheeling. Another group of frontiersmen, led byDaniel Greathouse, shortly afterwards killed the family of the celebrated IndianLogan and several others. Cresap was mistakenly accused of leading this action as well. Logan reacted swiftly, striking settlers on the frontier. This was followed by "Lord Dunmore's War" and theBattle of Point Pleasant along the Ohio River, which brought about a treaty of peace.
Michael Cresap was held in esteem by his neighbors. He was the first person in Maryland to raise a company of volunteer riflemen. He marched at their head to Boston in 1775, where he fought with great bravery. He took sick (tuberculosis is suspected) and was compelled to return to New York, where he died. He lies inTrinity Church Cemetery.[9] Michael Cresap left five children, two sons and three daughters.
Now, having their prisoner secure, they marched him to the city of Philadelphia,[...] He, the more to irritate them, exclaimed, "Why, this is the finest city in the state of Maryland!"
By 1749 Cresap was a member and agent of the Ohio Company, serving as trader and speculator in their newly acquired lands in the Ohio Valley. He helped the Delaware Sachem Nemacolin lay out a rugged 60-mile trail from the Potomac River to the Monongahela, opening the road to the west. Over the years the trail would come to be known by several names, including Nemacolin's Trail and Braddock's Road.
Colonel was born about 1705 and lived to the age of almost 100.
Thomas, second son of Col. Cresap, was killed by an Indian -- whom he killed at the same instant. He left a widow and one child. The Brents of Washington come from this son.
On April 23, 1756, Thomas Cresap Jr., the son of Col. Thomas Cresap, marched out ofFort Cumberland leading 40 volunteer rangers[...] About 15 miles from Fort Cumberland, at Savage River, near and on present-daySavage River State Forest, Cresap's rangers encountered and engaged the Indians. Mishaps occurred, resulting in the tragic death of Thomas Cresap Jr. His men quickly buried Cresap's body at a place near where Braddock Road crosses Savage River, and returned back to Fort Cumberland.
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