Thomas Cooper (orCouper;c. 1517 – 29 April 1594) was an English bishop,lexicographer, theologian, and writer.^[1][2]

Cooper was born inOxford, England, where he was educated atMagdalen College. He became Master ofMagdalen College School and afterwards practised as a physician in Oxford.^[3]

Elizabeth I was greatly pleased with hisThesaurus, generally known asCooper's Dictionary; and its author, who had been ordained about 1559, was madeDean of Christ Church, in 1567.^[3] Two years later, on 27 June 1569, he becameDean of Gloucester; he was electedBishop of Lincoln on 4 February 1571, consecrated a bishop on 24 February 1571, then translated toWinchester on 12 March 1584.^[1]

Cooper was a stoutcontroversialist; he defended the practice and precept of theChurch of England against theRoman Catholics on the one hand and against theMartin Marprelate writings and thePuritans on the other. He took some part, the exact extent of which is disputed, in the persecution of religiousrecusants in his diocese, and died atWinchester on 29 April 1594.^[3]

Cooper's literary career began in 1548, when he compiled, or rather edited,Bibliotheca Eliotae, a Latin dictionary bySir Thomas Elyot. In 1549 he published a continuation ofThomas Lanquet'sChronicle of the World. This work, known asCooper's Chronicle, covers the period from AD 17 to the time of its writing.^[3] FollowingRobert Crowley's 1559 altered and updated version of the Chronicle which Cooper denounced, he issued an expanded and updated version in 1560 and 1565 that removed or altered most but not all of Crowley's changes and additions. In 1565 appeared the first edition of his greatest work,Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britannicae, and this was followed by three other editions.^[3]

John Aubrey in"Brief lives", gave the following glimpse into the creation of thisdictionary:

Dr.Edward Davenant told me that this learned man had a shrew to his wife, who was irreconcileably angrie with him for sitting-up late at night so, compileing his Dictionarie, (Thesaurus linguae Romanae et Britannicae, Londini, 1584; dedicated to Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, and Chancellor of Oxford). When he had halfe-donne it, she had the opportunity to gett into his studie, tooke all his paines out in her lap, and threw it into the fire, and burnt it. Well, for all that, that good man had so great a zeale for the advancement of learning, that he began it again, and went through with it to that perfection that he hath left it to us, a most usefull worke.^[4]

William Shakespeare is believed to have used Cooper'sThesaurus in the creation of his many poems and plays. (Evidence of this comes from a close statistical inspection of Shakespeare's word usage.^[5])

Cooper'sAdmonition against Martin Marprelate was reprinted in 1847, and hisAnswer in Defence of the Truth against the Apology of Private Mass in 1850.^[3] (This latter work was answered by the Jesuit controversialist Fr.John Rastell in 1565.)

• c. 1517–1559: Thomas Cooper Esq.
• 1559–1567:The Reverend Thomas Cooper
• 1567–1571:The Very Reverend Thomas Cooper
• 1571–1594:The Right Reverend Thomas Cooper

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