Thomas Arundel | |
|---|---|
| Archbishop of Canterbury | |
 Late-14th-century illumination depicting Arundel[1] | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Appointed | 25 September 1396 |
| Term ended | 19 February 1414 |
| Predecessor | William Courtenay |
| Successor | Henry Chichele |
| Other posts | |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 9 April 1374 by William Whittlesey |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1353 (1353) Etchingham, Sussex, Kingdom of England |
| Died | 19 February 1414(1414-02-19) (aged 60–61) |
Thomas Arundel (1353 – 19 February 1414) was an English clergyman who served asLord Chancellor andArchbishop of York during the reign ofRichard II, as well asArchbishop of Canterbury in 1397 and from 1399 until his death, an outspoken opponent of theLollards. He was instrumental in the usurpation of Richard by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke, who becameHenry IV.
Arundel was born, probably inEtchingham, Sussex, England, a younger son ofRichard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel andEleanor of Lancaster. His elder brothers wereRichard Fitzalan, 4th Earl of Arundel, who was executed for his opposition to Richard II, andJohn FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel, who drowned at sea in an expedition to aid theDuke of Brittany.
Arundel studied atOriel College, Oxford, until papally provided asBishop of Ely on 13 August 1373[2] entirely by reason of his father's status and financial leverage with the Crown during the dotage ofEdward III, and happily abandoning his student days at Oxford, from which he gained little pleasure. A hugely wealthy near-sinecure, Ely seems to have captured the young bishop's genuine interest until his brother Richard's political opposition to Richard II's policies both at home and towards France grew rancorous and dragged him in. In an extremely grave crisis, teetering towards civil war during the years from 1386 through 1388, the bishop found himself, at least in formal terms, right at the front of the dangerous attempts by five leading temporal lords to purge the king's advisors and control future policy.
On 3 April 1388, Arundel was elevated to the position ofArchbishop of York[3] at a time when Richard II was, in effect, suspended from rule. Given Ely's wealth and ease, this promotion was clearly as much to do with status and consolidating the conspirators' control in the north as with remuneration.
Arundel served twice asLord Chancellor during the reign of King Richard II, first from 1386 to 1389, and again from 1391 to 1396.[4] Throughout his life Arundel was more trustful than was good for him, as shown by the king's ability, after working his way astutely back into real authority, to assure Arundel of his confidence right until the "counter-coup" of 1397, when the archbishop was deceived into bringing his brother Richard out of hiding under a royal safe conduct—to his death.
Despite his political preoccupations, which certainly led to him being largely absent from York, he has been credited with sponsoring a lively revival of personal religious piety in the northern province. Besides, as was to prove the case at Canterbury too, he was also a very good spotter of administrative talent.
On 25 September 1396, Arundel was made Archbishop of Canterbury.[5] The king's nomination seemed to wish him nothing but success. Yet, within a year, he was exiled by the king during Richard's fierce counter-attack against his enemies of ten years earlier, and was replaced byRoger Walden.[5]
Arundel spent his exile inFlorence, where in 1398, at Richard II's request, the RomanPope Boniface IX translated him to becomeBishop of St. Andrews, a cruel, empty fate because Scotland during theWestern Schism recognised thepope in Avignon, already had a bishop in place and would probably never have accepted him anyway, even in peaceful times.
However, shortly afterwards, he joined up with his fellow exileHenry Bolingbroke. They invaded England together and forced Richard to yield the crown to Henry.Arundel played a prominent part in the usurpation and may have been the most hawkishly determined of all that the king should be removed entirely: whether he actually lied under oath to Richard II to lure him out ofConwy Castle remains open to debate. The new regime secured the reversal of several of Richard's acts, including the pope's installation of Walden at Canterbury. Arundel returned to his primacy,[5] while Walden—with the support of Arundel—was eventually translated to the important see ofLondon.[6]
As Henry IV collapsed into ill health from 1405, Arundel returned to the forefront of government. At one point, he even took the sick king into Lambeth Palace itself for care.
In 1405–06 he had to deal with the crisis with the papacy provoked by the king's decision to execute the archbishop of York,Richard Scrope, who had participated in thePercy rebellion.[7]Formally, under Henry IV, Arundel served twice asLord Chancellor, first in 1399 and again from 1407 to 1410.[4] Following the accession ofHenry V, Arundel's influence at court decreased.
Arundel was a vehement opponent of theLollards, the followers ofJohn Wycliffe, who in his 1379 treatiseDe Eucharistia had opposed the dogma ofTransubstantiation and whose theology ofdominium denied the legitimacy of any secular and clerical authorities concluded to be in mortal sin.
King Henry IV passed theDe heretico comburendo statute in 1401, which recited in its preamble that it was directed against a certain new sect "who thought damnably of the sacraments and usurped the office of preaching."[8] It empowered the bishops to arrest, imprison, and examine offenders and to hand over to the secular authorities such as had relapsed or refused to abjure. The condemned were to be burnt "in a high place" before the people.
This act was probably pushed through by the authoritative Arundel. Its passing was immediately followed by the burning ofWilliam Sawtrey, curate of St Margaret's, Lynn. He had previously abjured but had relapsed, and he now refused to declare his belief in transubstantiation or to recognise the authority of the Church.[8]
In 1407, Arundel presided at a synod at Oxford, which passed a number of constitutions to regulate preaching, the translation and use of the Scriptures, and the theological education at schools and the university.[8] In 1410, a body of Oxford censors condemned 267 propositions collected out of Wycliffe's writings. These different measures seem to have been successful at least as far as the clergy were concerned, and Lollardy came to be more and more a lay movement, often connected with political discontent.[8]
The death penalty was seldom carried out. Until 1410, no further Lollards were executed. The 1414Oldcastle Revolt saw a minority of the seventy or so who were hanged also burned. Thereafter, executions were again few until theTudor period.
Arundel had a stroke which left him unable to speak shortly afterwards. Henry V (his sister Joan's grandson), who had had uneasy relations with Arundel, installedHenry Chichele in his place.
Arundel died on 19 February 1414,[5] and was buried inCanterbury Cathedral. It has been suggested that the tomb originally designated for him during his lifetime had been given up to KingHenry IV of England in the previous year, and that his own tomb was hastily built and was destroyed during the 17th century. Its remnants were discovered under the nave during archaeological excavations in the 1990s.[9]
In 2005/2006,BBC History Magazine chose Thomas Arundel as the 15th century's entry for their Ten Worst Britons poll,[10][11] in which he tied in ninth place withHugh le Despenser.[12] InWho Killed Chaucer?Terry Jones argued that Arundel was responsible for the death ofGeoffrey Chaucer.[13] Arundel appears as the antagonist in the 2014Doctor Who audio dramaThe Doctor's Tale played by John Banks.[14]
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Lord Chancellor 1386–1389 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Lord Chancellor 1391–1396 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Lord Chancellor 1399 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Lord Chancellor 1407–1410 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Lord Chancellor 1412–1413 | Succeeded by |
| Catholic Church titles | ||
| Preceded by | Bishop of Ely 1373–1388 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Archbishop of York 1388–1397 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Archbishop of Canterbury 1397–1398 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Anti-Bishop of St Andrews 1398–1399 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Archbishop of Canterbury 1399–1414 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
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| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
