The termThird World arose during theCold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with eitherNATO or theWarsaw Pact. TheUnited States,Canada,Taiwan,Japan,South Korea, theSouthern Cone,Western European countries and other allies represented the "First World", while theSoviet Union,China,Cuba,North Korea,Vietnam, and their allies represented the "Second World". This terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on political divisions. Due to the complex history of evolving meanings and contexts, there is no clear or agreed-upon definition of the Third World.[1] Strictly speaking, "Third World" was a political, rather than economic, grouping.[2]
Since most Third World countries were economically poor and non-industrialized, it became astereotype to refer todeveloping countries as "third-world." In political discourse, the term Third World was often associated with being underdeveloped. China was labeled "Third World" for several decades in the 20th century before its robust development of the 21st century. Some countries in theEastern Bloc, such asCuba, were often regarded as Third World. The Third World was normally seen to include many countries withcolonial pasts inAfrica,Latin America,Oceania, andAsia. It was also sometimes taken as synonymous with countries in theNon-Aligned Movement. In thedependency theory of thinkers likeRaúl Prebisch,Walter Rodney,Theotônio dos Santos, and others, the Third World has also been connected to theworld-systemic economic division as"periphery" countries dominated by the countries comprising theeconomic "core".[1]
In the Cold War, some European democracies (Austria,Finland,Ireland,Sweden, andSwitzerland) were neutral in the sense of not joining NATO, but were prosperous, never joined theNon-Aligned Movement, and seldom self-identified as part of the Third World.
The demographer, anthropologist, and historianAlfred Sauvy, in an article published in the French magazineL'Observateur, August 14, 1952, coined the termthird world (tiers monde), referring to countries that were playing a small role in international trade and business.[3] His usage was a reference to theThird Estate (tiers état), the commoners of France who, before and during theFrench Revolution, opposed the clergy and nobles, who composed the First Estate and Second Estate, respectively (hence the use of the older formtiers rather than the moderntroisième for "third"). Sauvy wrote, "This third world ignored, exploited, despised like the third estate alsowants to be something."[4] In the context of theCold War, he conveyed the concept of politicalnon-alignment with either the capitalist or communist bloc.[5] Simplistic interpretations quickly led to the term merely designating these unaligned countries.[6]
The "Three Worlds Theory" developed byMao Zedong is different from the Western theory of the Three Worlds or Third World. For example, in the Western theory, China and India belong respectively to the second and third worlds, but in Mao's theory both China and India are part of the Third World which he defined as consisting of exploited nations.[citation needed]
Many times there is a clear distinction between First and Third Worlds. When talking about theGlobal North and Global South, the majority of the time the two go hand in hand. People refer to the two as "Third World/South" and "First World/North" because the Global North is more affluent and developed, whereas the Global South is less developed and often poorer.[9]
To counter this mode of thought, some scholars began proposing the idea of a change in world dynamics that began in the late 1980s, and termed it theGreat Convergence.[10] AsJack A. Goldstone and his colleagues put it, "in the twentieth century, theGreat Divergence peaked before the First World War and continued until the early 1970s, then, after two decades of indeterminate fluctuations, in the late 1980s, it was replaced by the Great Convergence as the majority of Third World countries reached economic growth rates significantly higher than those in most First World countries".[11]
Others have observed a return to Cold War-era alignments (MacKinnon, 2007;Lucas, 2008), this time with substantial changes between 1990–2015 in geography, the world economy and relationship dynamics between current and emerging world powers; not necessarily redefining the classic meaning ofFirst,Second, andThird World terms, but rather which countries belong to them by way of association to which world power or coalition of countries, such as theG7, theEuropean Union,OECD;G20,OPEC,N-11,BRICS,ASEAN; theAfrican Union, and theEurasian Union.
Most Third World countries are formercolonies. Having gained independence, many of these countries, especially smaller ones, were faced with the challenges ofnation- and institution-building on their own for the first time. Due to this common background, many of these nations were "developing" in economic terms for most of the 20th century, and many still are. This term, used today, generally denotes countries that have not developed to the same levels asOECD countries, and are thus in the process ofdeveloping.
In the 1980s, economistPeter Bauer offered a competing definition for the term "Third World". He claimed that the attachment of Third World status to a particular country was not based on any stable economic or political criteria, and was a mostly arbitrary process. The large diversity of countries considered part of the Third World, ranged widely from economically primitive to economically advanced and from politically non-aligned to Soviet- or Western-leaning. An argument could also be made for how parts of the U.S. are more like the Third World.[12]
The only characteristic that Bauer found common in all Third World countries was that their governments "demand and receive Western aid," which he strongly opposed. The aggregate term "Third World" was challenged as misleading even during the Cold War period, because it had no consistent or collective identity among the countries it supposedly encompassed.
A map of the world withLeast Developed Countries, as designated by theUnited Nations, highlighted in red and countries formerly considered least developed highlighted in yellow
During the Cold War, unaligned countries of the Third World[1] were seen as potential allies by both the First and Second World. Therefore, the United States and the Soviet Union went to great lengths to establish connections in these countries by offering economic and military support to gain strategically located alliances (e.g., the Soviet Union in Cuba).[1] By the end of the Cold War, many Third World countries had adopted capitalist or communist economic models and continued to receive support from the side they had chosen. Throughout the Cold War and beyond, the countries of the Third World have been the priority recipients of Westernforeign aid and the focus ofeconomic development through mainstream theories such asmodernization theory anddependency theory.[1]
By the end of the 1960s, the idea of the Third World came to represent countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that were considered underdeveloped by the West based on several characteristics: low economic development, lowlife expectancy, high rates of poverty and disease, and others.[6] These countries became the targets for aid and support from governments,non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and individuals from wealthier nations. One popular model, known asRostow's stages of growth, argued that development took place in five stages: traditional society, pre-conditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and age of high mass consumption.[13]W. W. Rostow argued that "take-off" was the critical stage with which the Third World was struggling, which some argued could be facilitated through foreign aid.[13]
Since 1990 the term "Third World" evolved to denote countries with less economic development. The term "Third World" is increasingly perceived to be politically incorrect or outdated, as it is a historical term that isn't as relevant in modern daygeopolitics. Around the early 1960s, the term "underdeveloped countries" was frequently used to refer to roughly the same group of countries. This term was in turn replaced by 'developing' and 'less-developed' countries, as politicians[which?] found that the earlier term contributed to stereotypes or disrespect of this group of countries.[14]
The general definition of the Third World can be traced back to the history that nations positioned as neutral and independent during the Cold War were considered as Third World Countries, and normally these countries are defined by high poverty rates, lack of resources, and unstable financial standing.[15] However, based on the rapid development of modernization and globalization, some countries previously considered to be Third World countries, such asBrazil,India, andIndonesia, achieved large economic growth and are no longer considered poor nations in the 21st century.[citation needed]
The differences among nations of the Third World are continually growing throughout time, and it will be hard to use the Third World to define and organize groups of nations based on their common political arrangements since most countries live under diverse creeds in this era, such asMexico,El Salvador, andSingapore, which each have their distinct political systems.[16] The Third World categorization becomes anachronistic since its political classification and economic system are distinct to be applied in today's society. Based on the Third World standards, any region of the world can be categorized into any of the four types of relationships among state and society, and will eventually end in four outcomes:praetorianism, multi-authority, quasi-democratic and viable democracy.[17]
^Nash, Andrew (1 January 2003)."Third Worldism and Internationalism".African Sociological Review.7 (1).doi:10.4314/asr.v7i1.23132.ISSN1027-4332.Third Worldism can be defined roughly as the political theory and practice that saw the major faultline in the global capitalist order as running between the advanced capitalist countries of the West and the impoverished continents of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and saw national liberation struggles in the Third World as the major force for global revolution. Third Worldism was the form of internationalism specific of an age in which colonial rule was coming to an end -an age in which the economic power of western capital remained intact, but its global political dominance was contested. It was the internationalism of an age in which the capitalist divide between economic and political power was in the process of being globalised but was not yet firmly established, in which formal equality among nation-states accompanied continuing and thengrowing inequality in the global economy.
^Mimiko, Oluwafemi (2012). "Globalization: The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business".Carolina Academic Press: 49.
Chaouad, Robert. (2016)Emergence: genesis and circulation of a notion that has become a category of analysis, International and Strategic Review, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 55-66.
Melkote, Srinivas R. & Steeves, H. Leslie. (1991).Communication for development in the Third World: Theory and practice for Empowerment . New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
