The Third Way is a reconceptualization ofsocial democracy. It supportsworkfare instead ofwelfare, work training programs, educational opportunities, and other government programs that give citizens a 'hand-up' instead of a 'hand-out'. The Third Way seeks a compromise between a less interventionist economic system as supported byneoliberals andKeynesianSocial democratic spending policy supported bysocial democrats andprogressives.
The Third Way was born from a reevaluation of political policies within various centre to centre-leftprogressive movements in the 1980s in response to doubt regarding the economic viability of the state and the perceived overuse ofeconomic interventionist policies that had previously been popularised byKeynesianism, but which at that time contrasted with the rise of popularity forneoliberalism and theNew Right starting in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s.[3]
The Third Way has been promoted bysocial liberal[4] andsocial-democratic parties.[5] In the United States, a leading proponent of the Third Way wasBill Clinton, who served as the country's president from 1993 to 2001.[6] In the United Kingdom, Third Way social-democratic proponentTony Blair claimed that thesocialism he advocated was different from traditional conceptions of socialism and said: "My kind of socialism is a set of values based around notions ofsocial justice. ... Socialism as a rigid form ofeconomic determinism has ended, and rightly."[7] Blair referred to it as a "social-ism" involving politics that recognised individuals as socially interdependent and advocated social justice, social cohesion, equal worth of each citizen and equal opportunity.[8]
Third Way social-democratic interpreterAnthony Giddens has said that the Third Way rejects thestate socialist conception of socialism and instead accepts the conception of socialism as conceived of byAnthony Crosland as an ethical doctrine that views social democratic governments as having achieved a viableethical socialism by removing the unjust elements of capitalism by providing social welfare and other policies and that contemporary socialism has outgrown theMarxist claim for the need of the abolition ofcapitalism as a mode of production.[9] In 2009, Blair publicly declared support for a "new capitalism".[10]
Policies supported by self-described Third Way supporters vary by region, political circumstances, and ideological leanings. Third Way advocates generally supportpublic-private partnerships, acommitment to fiscal conservatism,[11] combiningequality of opportunity withpersonal responsibility, improvinghuman andsocial capital, andprotection of the environment.[12] But even in pursuit of these ends, Third Way advocates differ in their policies, owing to conflicting priorities. Anthony Giddens, for example – believing that society should be more inclusive to the elderly – called for abolishing the retirement age so people could exit the workforce whenever they have saved enough;[13]Emmanuel Macron did the exact opposite, raising the retirement age to balance the budget.[14] TheBill Clinton administration, influenced by the works of the controversial political scientistCharles Murray,[15] was less friendly to the welfare state than Tony Blair.[16]
As a term, thethird way has been used to explain a variety of political courses and ideologies in the last few centuries.[23] These ideas were implemented byprogressives in the early 20th century. The term was picked up again in the 1950s by Germanordoliberal economists such asWilhelm Röpke, resulting in the development of the concept of thesocial market economy. Röpke later distanced himself from the term and located the social market economy as first way in the sense of an advancement of thefree-market economy.[24]
During thePrague Spring of 1968, reform economistOta Šik proposed third way economic reform as part of politicalliberalisation anddemocratisation within the country. In historical context, such proposals were better described as liberalisedcentrally-planned economy rather than the socially-sensitive capitalism that Third Way policies tend to have been identified with in the West. In the 1970s and 1980s,Enrico Berlinguer, leader of theItalian Communist Party, came to advocate a vision of a socialist society that was more pluralist than thereal socialism which was typically advocated byofficial communist parties whilst being more economically egalitarian than social democracy. This was part of the wider trend ofEurocommunism in the communist movement and provided a theoretical basis for Berlinguer's pursuit of theHistoric Compromise with theChristian Democrats.[25]
Third Way politics is visible in Anthony Giddens' works such asConsequences of Modernity (1990),Modernity and Self-Identity (1991),The Transformation of Intimacy (1992),Beyond Left and Right (1994) andThe Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (1998). InBeyond Left and Right, Giddens criticisesmarket socialism and constructs a six-point framework for a reconstitutedradical politics that includes the following values:[26]
InThe Third Way, Giddens provides the framework within which the Third Way, also termed by Giddens as theradical centre, is justified. In addition, it supplies a broad range of policy proposals aimed at what Giddens calls the "progressivecentre-left" in British politics.[27]
[S]omething different and distinct from liberal capitalism with its unswerving belief in the merits of the free market and democratic socialism with its demand management and obsession with the state. The Third Way is in favour of growth, entrepreneurship, enterprise and wealth creation but it is also in favour of greater social justice and it sees the state playing a major role in bringing this about. So in the words of ... Anthony Giddens of the LSE the Third Way rejects top down socialism as it rejects traditional neo liberalism.[29][2]
The Third Way has been often hard to holistically summarize, partly due to its flexible nature of putting ends before means, that is prioritizing achieving social justice rather than focusing on the methods by which one achieves social justice. Often cited as the easiest summary of the Third Way is 'rights with responsibilities'—for example, pairing theright to education with the responsibility to put effort towards achieving good grades. On economics specifically, a great deal of emphasize of the Third Way is placed on tax revenue, and the means by which it is generated. The Third Way argues that wealth must be enticed in a globalized economy, and that anycapital flight caused by high taxes is counterproductive to generating tax revenue, for future tax revenue will be lost. The Third Way argues that growth is the best way to raise tax revenue, and that growth can be achieved through a free market economy, fiscal discipline and a healthy human capital stock.
The Third Way has been advocated by proponents as competition socialism, an ideology in between traditional socialism and capitalism.[30] Anthony Giddens, a prominent proponent of the Third Way, has publicly endorsed a modernized form of socialism within the social democracy movement. However, he argues that traditional socialist ideology, specifically referring to state socialism involving economic management and planning, is flawed. Giddens asserts that as a theory of the managed economy, it barely exists any longer.[31]
In defining the Third Way,Tony Blair once wrote: "The Third Way stands for a modernised social democracy, passionate in its commitment to social justice".[32]
Under thecentre-leftAustralian Labor Party (ALP) from 1983 to 1996, theBob Hawke andPaul Keating governments pursued many economic policies associated witheconomic rationalism such asfloating theAustralian Dollar in 1983, reductions in tradetariffs,taxation reforms, changing from centralisedwage-fixing toenterprise bargaining, restrictions ontrade union activities including onstrike action andpattern bargaining, theprivatisation of government-run services and enterprises such asQantas and theCommonwealth Bank and wholesalederegulation of thebanking system. Keating also proposed aGoods and Services Tax (GST) in 1985, but this was scrapped due to its unpopularity amongst both ALP and electorate. The party also desisted from other reforms such as wholesalelabour market deregulation, the eventual GST, the privatisation ofTelstra andwelfare reform. The Hawke-Keating governments have been considered by some as laying the groundwork for the later development of both theNew Democrats in the United States andNew Labour in the United Kingdom.[33][34] One political commentator agreed that it ledcentre-left parties towards the path toneoliberalism.[35] Meanwhile, others, particularly former Labor MP and current National PresidentWayne Swan, acknowledge severaleconomically conservative reforms, but at the same time disagreed and focused on the prosperity and social equality that they provided in the "26 years of uninterrupted economic growth since 1991", seeing it as fitting well within "Australian Laborism".[36][37] Swan also mentioned the fact that the policies and reforms of the Hawke–Keating governments, described as Third Way, predated the idea by a decade or more.[38]
Both Hawke and Keating made some criticism too.[39][40] In the lead-up to the2019 federal election, Hawke made a joint statement with Keating endorsing Labor's economic plan and condemned theLiberal Party for "completely [giving] up the economic reform agenda". They stated that "[Bill] Shorten's Labor is the only party of government focused on the need to modernise the economy to deal with the major challenge of our time: human induced climate change".[41]
Former Labor Prime MinisterKevin Rudd's first speech to parliament in 1998 stated:
Competitive markets are massive and generally efficient generators of economic wealth. They must therefore have a central place in the management of the economy. But markets sometimes fail, requiring direct government intervention through instruments such as industry policy. There are also areas where the public good dictates that there should be no market at all. We are not afraid of a vision in the Labor Party, but nor are we afraid of doing the hard policy yards necessary to turn that vision into reality. Parties of the Centre Left around the world are wrestling with a similar challenge—the creation of a competitive economy while advancing the overriding imperative of a just society. Some call this the "third way". The nomenclature is unimportant. What is important is that it is a repudiation ofThatcherism and its Australian derivatives represented opposite. It is in fact a new formulation of the nation's economic and social imperatives.[42]
While critical of economists such asFriedrich Hayek,[43][44] Rudd described himself as "basically aconservative when it comes to questions of public financial management", pointing to his slashing of public service jobs as a Queensland governmental advisor.[45][46] Rudd's government has been praised and credited "by most economists, both local and international, for helping Australia avoiding a post-global-financial-crisis recession" during theGlobal Recession.[36]
Former German chancellorGerhard Schroder (1998–2005) was a proponent of Third Way policies. Throughout his campaign for chancellor, he portrayed himself as a pragmaticnewSocial Democrat who would promote economic growth while strengthening Germany's generous social welfare system.[49] During Schröder's time in office, economic growth slowed to only 0.2% in 2002 and Gross Domestic Product shrank in 2003, while German unemployment was over the 10% mark.[50] Most voters soon associated Schröder with theAgenda 2010 reform program, which included cuts in thesocial welfare system (national health insurance,unemployment payments, pensions), lower taxes, and reformed regulations on employment and payment. He also eliminated capital gains tax on the sale of corporate stocks and thereby made the country more attractive to foreign investors.[51]
Incumbent German chancellor Olaf Scholz (2021–present) has not explicitly stated support for Third way policies, but is widely seen as part of the moderate wing of within the SPD.[52] During his tenure as minister of finance in theFourth Merkel cabinet (2018–2021), Scholz prioritized not taking on new government debt and limiting public spending.[53]
The ItalianDemocratic Party is a pluralsocial democratic party including several distinct ideological trends. Politicians such as former Prime MinistersRomano Prodi andMatteo Renzi are proponents of the Third Way.[54] Renzi has occasionally been compared to formerUK Prime MinisterTony Blair for his political views.[55] Renzi himself has previously claimed to be a supporter of Blair's ideology of the Third Way, regarding an objective to synthesise liberal economics and left-wing social policies.[56][57]
Under Renzi's secretariat, the Democratic Party took a strong stance in favour ofconstitutional reform and of a newelectoral law on the road toward atwo-party system. It is not an easy task to find the exact political trend represented by Renzi and his supporters, who have been known asRenziani. The nature of Renzi'sprogressivism is a matter of debate and has been linked both toliberalism andpopulism.[58][59] According to Maria Teresa Meli ofCorriere della Sera, Renzi "pursues a precise model, borrowed from theLabour Party andBill Clinton'sDemocratic Party", comprising "a strange mix (for Italy) of liberal policy in the economic sphere and populism. This means that on one side he will attack the privileges of trade unions, especially of theCGIL, which defends only the already protected, while on the other he will sharply attack the vested powers, bankers,Confindustria and a certain type of capitalism".[60]
After the Democratic Party's defeat in the2018 general election[61] in which the party gained 18.8% and 19.1% of the vote (down from 25.5% and 27.4% in 2013) and lost 185 deputies and 58 senators, respectively, Renzi resigned as the party's secretary.[62][63][64] In March 2019,Nicola Zingaretti, a social democrat and prominent member of the party's left-wing with solid roots in theItalian Communist Party, won theleadership election by a landslide, defeatingMaurizio Martina (Renzi's former deputy secretary) andRoberto Giachetti (supported by mostRenziani).[65] Zingaretti focused his campaign on a clear contrast with Renzi's policies and his victory opened the way for a new party.[66][67]
In 1939,Harold Macmillan wrote a book entitledThe Middle Way, advocating a compromise betweencapitalism andsocialism which was a precursor to the contemporary notion of the Third Way.[76]
In 1979, theLabour Party professed a complete adherence tosocial democratic ideals and rejected the choice between a "prosperous and efficient Britain" and a "caring and compassionate Britain".[77] Coherent with this position, the main commitment of the party was the reduction ofeconomic inequality via the introduction of awealth tax.[77] This was rejected in the 1997 manifesto,[78] along with many changes in the 1990s like the progressive dismissal of traditional social democratic ideology and the transformation intoNew Labour, de-emphasising the need to tackle economic inequality and focusing instead on the expansion of opportunities for all whilst fosteringsocial capital.[79]
Former Prime MinisterTony Blair is cited as a Third Way politician.[80][54] According to a former member of Blair's staff, Blair and theLabour Party learnt from and owes a debt toBob Hawke's government in Australia in the 1980s on how to govern as a Third Way party.[81] Blair wrote in aFabian pamphlet in 1994 of the existence of two prominent variants of socialism, namely one based on aMarxist–Leninist economic determinist and collectivist tradition and the other being anethical socialism based on values of "social justice, the equal worth of each citizen, equality of opportunity, community".[82][83] Blair is a particular follower of the ideas and writings of Giddens.[54]
The Third Way stands for a modernised social democracy, passionate in its commitment to social justice and the goals of the centre-left. ... But it is a third way because it moves decisively beyond an Old Left preoccupied by state control, high taxation and producer interests; and a New Right treating public investment, and often the very notions of "society" and collective endeavour, as evils to be undone.[31]
In 2002, Anthony Giddens listed problems facing the New Labour government, namingspin as the biggest failure because its damage to the party's image was difficult to rebound from. He also challenged the failure of theMillennium Dome project and Labour's inability to deal with irresponsible businesses. Giddens saw Labour's ability to marginalise theConservative Party as a success as well its economic policy, welfare reform and certain aspects of education. Giddens criticised what he called Labour's "half-way houses", including theNational Health Service and environmental and constitutional reform.[84]
In 2008,Charles Clarke, a former United KingdomHome Secretary and the first seniorBlairite to attack Prime MinisterGordon Brown openly and in print, stated: "We should discard the techniques of 'triangulation' and 'dividing lines' with the Conservatives, which lead to the not entirely unjustified charge that we simply follow proposals from the Conservatives or the right-wing media, to minimise differences and remove lines of attack against us".[85]
The Third Way as practised under New Labour has been criticised as being effectively a new,centre-right[90] andneoliberal party.[91] Some such as Glen O'Hara have argued that while containing "elements that we could term neoliberal", New Labour was moreleft-leaning than it is given credit for.[92]
Anthony Giddens and President Clinton, two Third Way proponents
In the United States, Third Way adherents historically embracedfiscal conservatism to a greater extent than traditional economic liberals, advocated for some replacement ofwelfare withworkfare, and sometimes held a stronger preference for market solutions to traditional problems (as inpollution markets) while rejecting purelaissez-faire economics and otherlibertarian positions. The Third Way style of governing was firmly adopted and partly redefined during theadministration ofPresidentBill Clinton.[93]
As a term, it was introduced by political scientistStephen Skowronek.[94][95][96] Third Way presidents "undermine the opposition by borrowing policies from it in an effort to seize the middle and with it to achieve political dominance". Examples of this areRichard Nixon's economic policies, which were a continuation ofLyndon B. Johnson'sGreat Society, as well as Clinton'swelfare reform later.[97]
In 2013, American lawyer and former bank regulatorWilliam K. Black criticized then-extant Third Way movements: "Third Way is this group that pretends sometimes to be centre-left but is actually completely a creation ofWall Street—it's run by Wall Street for Wall Street with this false flag operation as if it were a center-left group. It's nothing of the sort".[17][18][19]
By the 2010s, social democratic parties that accepted Third Way politics such astriangulation and theneoliberal[33][34] shift in policies such asausterity,deregulation,free trade,privatisation andwelfare reforms such asworkfare experienced a drastic decline[147] as the Third Way had largelyfallen out of favour in a phenomenon known asPasokification.[148] Scholars have linked the decline of social democratic parties to the declining number of industrial workers, greater economic prosperity of voters and a tendency for these parties to shift closer to thecentre-right on economic issues, alienating their former base of supporters and voters. This decline has been matched by increased support for moreleft-wing andpopulist parties as well asLeft andGreensocial-democratic parties that rejected neoliberal and Third Way policies.[149]
Democratic socialism has emerged in opposition to Third Way social democracy[5] on the basis that democratic socialists are committed to systemic transformation of the economy from capitalism to socialism whereas social-democratic supporters of the Third Way were more concerned about challenging theNew Right and win social democracy back to power. This has resulted in analysts and critics alike arguing that in effect it endorsed capitalism, even if it was due to recognising that outspokenopposition to capitalism in these circumstances was politically nonviable; and that it was anti-social democratic in practice.[20] Others saw it as theoretically fitting with modern socialism, especiallyliberal socialism, distinguishing it from both classical socialism and traditional democratic socialism or social democracy.[150]
The Third Way has been criticized as being a vague ideology with no specific commitments:
The Third Way is no more than a crude attempt to construct a bogus coalition between the haves and the haves not: Bogus because it entices the haves by assuring them that the economy will be sound and their interests would not be threatened, while promising the have-nots a world free from poverty and injustice. Based on opportunism, it has no ideological commitment at all.[29]
After the dismantling of his country'sMarxist–Leninist government, Czechoslovakia's conservative finance ministerVáclav Klaus declared in 1990: "We want a market economy without any adjectives. Any compromises with that will only fuzzy up the problems we have. To pursue a so-called 'third way' [between central planning and the market economy] is foolish. We had our experience with this in the 1960s when we looked for asocialism with a human face. It did not work, and we must be explicit that we are not aiming for a more efficient version of a system that has failed. The market is indivisible; it cannot be an instrument in the hands of central planners".[154]
Left-wing opponents of the Third Way argue that it represents social democrats who responded to theNew Right by acceptingcapitalism. The Third Way most commonly usesmarket mechanics andprivate ownership of themeans of production and in that sense it is fundamentally capitalist.[155] In addition to opponents who have noticed this, other reviews have claimed that Third Way social democrats adjusted to the political climate since the 1980s that favoured capitalism by recognising that outspokenopposition to capitalism in these circumstances was politically nonviable and that accepting capitalism as the currentstatus quo and seeking to administer it to challengelaissez-faire liberals was a more pressing immediate concern.[156] With the rise of neoliberalism in the late 1970s and early 1980s and the Third Way between the 1990s and 2000s, social democracy became synonymous with it.[5][157] As a result, the section of social democracy that remained committed to the gradual abolition of capitalism and opposed the Third Way merged into democratic socialism.[158][159] Many social democrats opposed to the Third Way overlap with democratic socialists in their committiment to an alternative to capitalism and a post-capitalist economy and have not only criticised the Third Way as anti-socialist[91] and neoliberal,[20] but also as anti-social-democratic in practice.[91]
Democratic andmarket socialists argue that the major reason for the economic shortcomings ofcommand economies was their authoritarian nature rather than socialism itself, that it was a failure of a specific model and that therefore socialists should support democratic models rather than abandon it. EconomistsPranab Bardhan andJohn Roemer argue thatSoviet-type economies andMarxist–Leninist states failed because they did not create rules and operational criteria for the efficient operation of state enterprises in their administrative, command allocation of resources and commodities and the lack of democracy in the political systems that the Soviet-type economies were combined with. According to them, a form of competitive socialism that rejects dictatorship and authoritarian allocation in favor of democracy could work and prove superior to themarket economy.[160]
Although close toNew Labour and a key figure in the development of the Third Way, sociologist Anthony Giddens dissociated himself from many of the interpretations of the Third Way made in the sphere of day-to-day politics.[84] For him, it was not a succumbing toneoliberalism or the dominance of capitalistmarkets.[161] The point was to get beyond bothmarket fundamentalism andtop-down socialism—to make the values of thecentre-left count in aglobalising world. He argued that "theregulation offinancial markets is the single most pressing issue in theworld economy" and that "global commitment tofree trade depends upon effectiveregulation rather than dispenses with the need for it".[162]
^abLavelle, Ashley (1 December 2005). "Social Democrats and Neo-Liberalism: A Case Study of the Australian Labor Party".Political Studies.53 (4):753–771.doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00555.x.S2CID144842245.
^abHumphrys, Elizabeth (8 October 2018).How Labour Built Neoliberalism: Australia's Accord, the Labour Movement and the Neoliberal Project. Brill Academic Publishers.ISBN978-90-04-38346-3.
^Swan, Wayne."Australian Laborism: The Way Ahead".alp.org.au.Australian Labor Party (ALP).Archived from the original on 11 March 2021.The Hawke-Keating economic reforms should be more appropriately described as Australian Laborism, and nothing like the Third Way ideology embraced by some US Democrats and some in British Labour. We were first. And we did it our way, the Australian Labor way. We led the way, forcing the conservatives into policy retreat and to fight the battles on our turf.
^Robertson, Tim (20 April 2017)."We are all neoliberals now".Eureka Street. Archived fromthe original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved15 February 2020.The Left's failure is, therefore, not so much that neoliberalism has failed, but that when it did there existed no alternative that could challenge its dominance. Keating, even now, proposes no solutions; he offers, simply, a critique.
^"Sacrifices in the scramble for power".BBC News. 22 February 2000. Archived fromthe original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved18 February 2020.Some even go so far as to say New Labour is a betrayal of everything the party's founders stood for and that, to all intents and purposes, is a different party merely using the same name. They often claim it represents Margaret Thatcher's greatest victory in wiping socialism off the British political map. Under New Labour, the demand for "the common ownership of the means of production" has been dumped and the free market warmly embraced. Trade unions, who helped found the party, are now held at arms length. ... Instead, New Labour looks determined to remain firmly in the centre of British politics - even though the centre moved decidedly to the right during the Thatcher years.
^abcCammack, Paul (2004). "Giddens's Way with Words". In Hale, Sarah; Leggett, Will; Martell, Luke (eds.).The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives.Manchester University Press.ISBN978-0-7190-6598-9.
^O'Nara, Glen (20 November 2018)."New Labour was far more leftwing than it is given credit for".The Guardian. Archived fromthe original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved18 February 2020.A great deal of what Tony Blair did in power was not neoliberal at all, or had neoliberal elements but was aimed in a quite different direction, or was better thought of as social democratic or even socialist. ... The creation of a national minimum wage and a tax credits system benefitting the low paid halted the remorseless march of inequality that had so scarred Britain in the 1980s. ... No government that rebuilt the public sphere, radically improved the state healthcare system, improved maintained schools and took on homelessness can possibly be painted only in those terms.
^Harris, John F. (2005).The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House.Random House.
^Skowronek, Stephen (1993).The Politics Presidents Make. Harvard University Press.ISBN0-674-68937-2.
^Posner, Richard (17 July 2011)."The Federal Deficit Mess".The Becker-Posner Blog. Retrieved22 July 2011.Obama resembles such Presidents as Nixon and Clinton in the following respect. They are what the political scientist Stephen Skowronek calls practitioners of "third way" politics (Tony Blair was another), who undermine the opposition by borrowing policies from it in an effort to seize the middle and with it to achieve political dominance. Think of Nixon's economic policies, which were a continuation of Johnson's "Great Society"; Clinton's welfare reform and support of capital punishment; and Obama's pragmatic centrism, reflected in his embrace, albeit very recent, of entitlements reform.
^Greenberg, Stanley B. (2009).Dispatches from the War Room: In the Trenches with Five Extraordinary Leaders. Thomas Dunne Books. p. 313.ISBN9780312351526.The stories and reality increased the pressure on the government to make investments to relieve poverty, but Barak was self-consciously committed to 'Third Way' economic policies of lower spending, inflation, and interest rates that produced such growth in the United States and Britain.
^Huges, Laura (24 February 2016)."Tony Blair admits he can't understand the popularity of Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders".The Daily Telegraph. Archived fromthe original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved14 May 2019.In a jointGuardian andFinancial Times interview, Mr Blair said he believed some of Mr Sanders' and Mr Corbyn's success was due to the "loss of faith in that strong, centrist progressive position", which defined his own career. He said: "One of the strangest things about politics at the moment – and I really mean it when I say I'm not sure I fully understand politics right now, which is an odd thing to say, having spent my life in it – is when you put the question of electability as a factor in your decision to nominate a leader, it's how small the numbers are that this is the decisive factor. That sounds curious to me."
^Tarnoff, Ben (12 July 2017)."How social media saved socialism".The Guardian. Archived fromthe original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved14 May 2019.Socialism is stubborn. After decades of dormancy verging on death, it is rising again in the west. In the UK, Jeremy Corbyn just led the Labour party to its largest increase in vote share since 1945 on the strength of its most radical manifesto in decades. In France, the leftist Jean-Luc Melenchon recently came within two percentage points of breaking into the second round of the presidential election. And in the US, the country's most famous socialist – Bernie Sanders – is now its most popular politician. ... For the resurgent left, an essential spark is social media. In fact, it's one of the most crucial and least understood catalysts of contemporary socialism. Since the networked uprisings of 2011 – the year of the Arab spring, Occupy Wall Street and the Spanish indignados – we've seen how social media can rapidly bring masses of people into the streets. But social media isn't just a tool for mobilizing people. It's also a tool for politicizing them.
^Busky, Donald F. (20 July 2000).Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. pp. 7–8.ISBN978-0275968861.Democratic socialism is the wing of the socialist movement that combines a belief in a socially owned economy with that of political democracy.
^Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G., eds. (2007).Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice.SAGE Publications. p. 448.ISBN978-1412918121.Some have endorsed the concept of market socialism, a post-capitalist economy that retains market competition but socialises the means of production, and in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some holdout for a non-market, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism.
Arora, N. D. (2010).Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination. TataMcGraw-Hill Education.
Barrientos, Armando; Powell, Martin (2004). "The Route Map of the Third Way". In Hale, Sarah; Leggett, Will; Martell, Luke (eds.).The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives.Manchester University Press. pp. 9–26.ISBN978-0-7190-6598-9.
Corfe, Robert (2010).The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System. Bury St Edmunds, England: Arena Books.ISBN978-1-906791-46-9.
Garibaldo, Belisario Rodríguez (30 November 2008)."¿Qué es La Izquierda?" [What is The Left?].TuPolitica (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved23 January 2023.
Loxbo, Karl; Hinnfors, Jonas; Hagevi, Magnus; Blombäck, Sofie; Demker, Marie (9 July 2019). "The decline of Western European social democracy: Exploring the transformed link between welfare state generosity and the electoral strength of social democratic parties, 1975–2014".Party Politics.27 (3):430–441.doi:10.1177/1354068819861339.ISSN1354-0688.S2CID199148173.
Murillo, Álvaro (5 July 2017)."¿Quién podrá defender al PAC?" [Who will be able to defend the PAC?].Semanario Universidad (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved2 January 2022.
Romano, Flavio (2006).Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way. Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy. Vol. 75. London:Routledge.ISBN978-0-415-37858-1.
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