 Petermann Island from a distance | |
  Petermann Island Location of Petermann Island Show map of Antarctica Petermann Island Petermann Island (Antarctic Peninsula) Show map of Antarctic Peninsula | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Antarctica |
| Coordinates | 65°10′S64°10′W / 65.167°S 64.167°W /-65.167; -64.167 (Petermann Island) |
| Length | 2 km (1.2 mi) |
| Administration | |
| Administered under theAntarctic Treaty System | |
Petermann Island (65°10′S64°10′W / 65.167°S 64.167°W /-65.167; -64.167 (Petermann Island)) is an island 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) long, lying 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) southwest ofHovgaard Island in theWilhelm Archipelago, Antarctica.[1]
Petermann Island is off theGraham Coast of theAntarctic Peninsula.It is in theWilhelm Archipelago, southwest ofHovgaard Island andBooth Island, east of theVedel Islands and northeast of theFrench Passage.It is northwest ofMount Shackleton on the mainland.[2]
The island is 1.8 km (1.1 mi) long and 1.2 km (0.75 mi) across. It rises steeply to elevations of up to 250 m (820 ft) from a rocky coastline with raised pebble beaches. It has volcanic origins, with about half the land surface covered by a permanent,crevassedicecap. Ice-free areas have a sparse vegetation ofmosses andlichens.[3] The bedrock of the island isgranodiorite.[4]
The island has been identified as anImportant Bird Area (IBA) byBirdLife International because it supports abreeding colony of about 3,000 pairs ofgentoo penguins. Other birds nesting at the site in smaller numbers includeAdélie penguins,imperial shags,Wilson's storm petrels andsouth polar skuas.[3]
The US Defense Mapping Agency'sSailing Directions for Antarctica (1976) describes Petermann Island as follows:
PETERMANN ISLAND (Lund Island) 65°10'S., 64°09'W.) lies about 1 mile south-southwestward from Hovgaard Island, is about 1 mile in length and half as broad. Clayton Hill, a rocky mass 436 feet high, located in the northern portion of the Island, marks the highest elevation. An Iron post BEACON having a yellow and black banded cylindrical topmark stands on Clayton Hill. A beacon also stands on the southern end of the Island.
This peak is flanked on each side by low peninsulas deeply cut by small fiords. The Southwest fiord, although offering depths of 6.4m (3 1/2 fm) to 23.8m (13 fm) is not a favorable harbor because heavy swells enter as well as much drift ice. The ice cliffs at the head of the fiord frequently calve making the anchorage uncomfortable for vessels. The Ice cliffs offer no shore anchorage for moorings. The Northeast fiord offers depths of 15.5m (8 1/2 fm) but is open to prevailing winds, and ice blocks the fiord at each storm.
The eastern fiord Is called Port Circumcision (Port Circoncision), and It was here that Dr. Charcot wintered thePourquoi Pas in 1909, Two shoals with 2.7m (1 1/2 fm) of water over them lie to northward and to southward of the entrance of the harbor but do not obstruct the entrance. Vessels entering should approach from the southeastward and steer to enter midway between the entrance points; the channel between the flanking shoals has a minimum depth of 8.2m (4 1/2 fm).
The harbor offers a shelter for small vessels which may be moored alongside the rocky shores in the head of the fiord, where depths of 5.5m (3 fm) to 8.2m (4 1/2 fm) are found. Vessels wintering in this site should moor by anchor cable to suitable points on the shore as well as taking anchorage underfoot. Barriers of chain should be erected across the harbor entrance to prevent damage to the vessel by drifting ice. At least one fathom of water should be kept under the vessel for waves several feet high have been experienced here as well as a strong undertow. The fiord is exposed to northeast winds, and is not recommended for winter quarters.
An Argentine station is located on the southern shore of Port Circumcision.[5]
Petermann Island was discovered by a German expedition 1873–74, and named byEduard Dallmann forAugust Petermann, noted German geographer and founder of Petermanns Mitteilungen. The United StatesAdvisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) has rejected the name Lund Island, applied by theBelgian Antarctic Expedition (BelgAE), 1897–99, in favor of the original naming.[1]TheFrench Antarctic Expedition (FrAE) of 1908-10 underJean-Baptiste Charcot wintered over aboard ship in a cove on the southeast side of the island, named Port Circumcision because it was spotted 1 January 1909, the traditional day for theFeast of the Circumcision.[6]Huts built by the expedition are gone, although acairn remains, along with arefuge hut built byArgentina in 1955, and a cross commemorating three members of theBritish Antarctic Survey who died in a 1982 attempt to cross thesea ice from Petermann toFaraday Station.
Acairn with aleadplaque was erected on Megalestris Hill in 1909. The original plaque has since been removed to theMuseum National d’Histoire Naturelle inParis, but the cairn, with a replica plaque, has been designated aHistoric Site or Monument (HSM 27), following a proposal by Argentina, France and the United Kingdom to theAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[7]
Groussac Refuge (65°10′33″S64°08′10″W / 65.175727°S 64.136247°W /-65.175727; -64.136247) is an Argentine naval refuge (originally calledHippolyte Bouchard) in Antarctica, located on the southern coast of the Port Circumcision, on Petermann Island. The refuge was inaugurated on February 6, 1955, and is operated by theArgentine Navy and was occupied periodically by personnel of theBritish Antarctic Survey of the formerFaraday Station.The refuge is in the middle of a colony ofGentoo penguins. Its current name is in honour ofPaul Groussac, a French writer and historian who lived in Argentina and authored a plea on the Argentine claim of theMalvinas Islands and biographies of Argentine national heroes.[citation needed]
65°10′S64°11′W / 65.167°S 64.183°W /-65.167; -64.183. A point forming the northwest end of Petermann Island,. Charted by the FrAE, 1908–10, and named by Charcot for Jules Rouch, sub-lieutenant of thePourquoi-Pas?, who was responsible for the study of meteorology, atmospheric electricity and oceanography on the expedition.[8]
65°10′S64°10′W / 65.167°S 64.167°W /-65.167; -64.167. A point which marks the north extremity of Petermann Island. Discovered by the FrAE, 1908–10, and named by Charcot for René Godfrey, sub-lieutenant on the Pourquoi-Pas?, who was responsible for the expedition's study of tides and the atmosphere.[9]
65°10′S64°09′W / 65.167°S 64.150°W /-65.167; -64.150. A point marking the northeast end of Petermann Island. Discovered by the FrAE, 1908–10, and named by Charcot for J. Liouville, assistant medical officer and zoologist of the expedition.[10]
65°11′S64°10′W / 65.183°S 64.167°W /-65.183; -64.167. A point forming the south end of Petermann Island. Discovered and named by the FrAE, 1908–10, under Charcot.[11]
65°11′S64°10′W / 65.183°S 64.167°W /-65.183; -64.167. A cove indenting the southeast side of Petermann Island. Discovered on January 1, 1909, by the FrAE under Charcot, who named it for the holy day on which it was first sighted. The cove served as a base for the shipPourquoi-Pas? during the 1909 winter season.[6]
65°11′S64°10′W / 65.183°S 64.167°W /-65.183; -64.167. A hill, 125 metres (410 ft) high, in the north-central part of Petermann Island. First charted and named by the FrAE, 1908–10, under Charcot.[12]
65°11′S64°10′W / 65.183°S 64.167°W /-65.183; -64.167. A rocky hill, 35 metres (115 ft) high, in the south part of Petermann Island. First charted and named by the FrAE, 1908–10, under Charcot.Megalestris is an obsolete generic name for theSouth polar skua.[13]
65°11′S64°11′W / 65.183°S 64.183°W /-65.183; -64.183. A reef 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) southwest of Petermann Island, lying on the north side of French Passage in the Wilhelm Archipelago. First charted by the FrAE under Charcot, 1908–10. So named by the UK-APC in 1959 because this reef heralds the approach to French Passage from the east.[14]
65°11′S64°10′W / 65.183°S 64.167°W /-65.183; -64.167. A small island, the southeasternmost of the islands lying off the south end of Petermann Island. Charted by the FrAE, 1908–10, and named after M. Barbière, one of the port engineers atRecife (Pernambuco), who assisted the expedition in 1910.[15]
65°11′S64°10′W / 65.183°S 64.167°W /-65.183; -64.167. A small island lying immediately west of the south end of Petermann Island. Discovered by the FrAE, 1908–10, and named by Charcot for Monsieur Charlat, then French Vice-Consul inRio de Janeiro.[16]
65°11′S64°11′W / 65.183°S 64.183°W /-65.183; -64.183. A small island which lies next west of Charlat Island in the small group off the south end of Petermann Island.Discovered by the FrAE, 1908–10, and named by Charcot for Monsieur Thiébault, then French Minister to Argentina.[17]
65°11′S64°10′W / 65.183°S 64.167°W /-65.183; -64.167. The largest of several small islands lying off the south end of Petermann Island. Discovered by the FrAE, 1908–10, and named by Charcot, probably for Monsieur Boudet, then French Consul in Brazil.[18]
65°11′S64°10′W / 65.183°S 64.167°W /-65.183; -64.167. A small island lying off the south end of Petermann Island, between Lisboa Island and Boudet Island. Discovered and named by the FrAE, 1908–10, under Charcot.[19]
65°11′S64°11′W / 65.183°S 64.183°W /-65.183; -64.183. The southwesternmost of the small islands lying off the south end of Petermann Island. Discovered and named by the FrAE, 1908–10, under Charcot.[20]
This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Board on Geographic Names.
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