Thethermal cycler (also known as athermocycler,PCR machine orDNA amplifier) is alaboratory apparatus most commonly used to amplify segments ofDNA via thepolymerase chain reaction (PCR).^[1] Thermal cyclers may also be used in laboratories to facilitate other temperature-sensitive reactions, includingrestriction enzyme digestion or rapid diagnostics.^[2] The device has athermal block with holes where tubes holding the reaction mixtures can be inserted. The cycler then raises and lowers the temperature of the block in discrete, pre-programmed steps.

The earliest thermal cyclers were designed for use with theKlenow fragment ofDNA polymerase I. Since this enzyme is destroyed during each heating step of the amplification process, new enzyme had to be added every cycle. This led to a cumbersome machine based on an automatedpipettor, with open reaction tubes. Later, the PCR process was adapted to the use ofthermostable DNA polymerase fromThermus aquaticus, which greatly simplified the design of the thermal cycler. While in some old machines the block is submerged in an oil bath to control temperature, in modern PCR machines aPeltier element is commonly used. Quality thermal cyclers often containsilver blocks to achieve fast temperature changes and uniform temperature throughout the block. Other cyclers have multiple blocks with high heat capacity, each of which is kept at a constant temperature, and the reaction tubes are moved between them by means of an automated process. Miniaturized thermal cyclers have been created in which the reaction mixture moves via channel through hot and cold zones on amicrofluidic chip. Thermal cyclers designed forquantitative PCR have optical systems which enable fluorescence to be monitored during reaction cycling.

Modern thermal cyclers are equipped with a heated lid that presses against the lids of the reaction tubes. This prevents condensation of water from the reaction mixtures on the insides of the lids. Traditionally, a layer ofmineral oil was used for this purpose. Some thermal cyclers are equipped with a fully adjustable heated lid to allow for nonstandard or diverse types of PCR plasticware.^[3]

Some thermal cyclers are equipped with multiple blocks allowing several differentPCRs to be carried out simultaneously. Some models also have agradient function to allow for different temperatures in different parts of the block. This is particularly useful when testing suitable annealing temperatures for PCRprimers.

• OpenPCR, an open-source PCR thermal cycler

• Molecular biology laboratory equipment
• Polymerase chain reaction

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