Theodore Stratelates | |
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| Great Martyr | |
| Born | 281 Achaea,[1] Roman Empire |
| Died | 319 Heraclea Pontica, Roman Empire |
| Venerated in | |
| Feast |
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| Attributes | Dressed as a warrior, with spear and shield, or as a civilian |
| Patronage | soldiers,Federal Bailiffs Service (Russia)[2] |
Theodore Stratelates (Ancient Greek:Ἅγιος Θεόδωρος ὁ Στρατηλάτης,transl. 'the General' or 'Military Commander';Coptic:ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲣⲟⲥ), also known asTheodore of Heraclea (Ancient Greek:Θεόδωρος Ἡρακλείας; AD 281–319) orTheodore of Arabia, was amartyr andwarrior saint in theEastern Orthodox,Catholic andOriental Orthodox Churches.
There is much confusion as to whether he and St.Theodore of Amasea were the same person, as the stories about their lives later diverged into two separate traditions.
OfGreek origin,[4] Theodore was born in the city ofEuchaita in Asia Minor. He killed a giant serpent living on a precipice in the outskirts of Euchaita. The serpent had terrorised the countryside. Theodore armed himself with a sword and vanquished it.[5] According to some of the legends, because of his bravery, Theodore was appointed military-commander (stratelates) in the city ofHeraclea Pontica, during the time the emperorLicinius (307–324) began a fiercepersecution of Christians. Theodore invited Licinius to Heraclea, having promised to offer a sacrifice to thepagan gods. He requested that all the gold and silverstatues of the gods which they had in Heraclea be gathered up at his house. Theodore then smashed them into pieces which he then distributed to the poor.
Theodore was arrested and subjected to torture and crucified. His servant Varos (also venerated as a saint), witnessed this and recorded it.[5] In the morning the imperial soldiers found him alive and unharmed. Not wanting to flee a martyr's death, Theodore voluntarily surrendered to Licinius, and was beheaded by the sword. This occurred on 8 February 319, on a Saturday, at the third hour of the day. His "life" is listed inBibliotecha Hagiographica Graeca 1750-1754.[6]
Numerous conflicting legends grew up about the life and martyrdom ofTheodore of Amasea so that, in order to bring some consistency into the stories, it seems to have been assumed that there were two different venerated individuals, St Theodore Tiron of Amasea and Theodore Stratelates of Heraclea. The earliest text referring to the two saints is the Laudatio ofNiketas David of Paphlagonia in the 9th century. It was said that his Christianity led to many conversions in the Roman army, which was the reason that Licinius was so concerned.[7] Christopher Walter treats at length of the relationship between these saints.[8]
It is suggested that Theodore Tiron as a recruit and ordinary foot soldier was viewed by the people of Byzantium as a patron of common soldiers and that the military aristocracy sought a patron of their own rank.[9]
Another possibility is that he was in fact originally derived from a third Theodore called Theodore Orientalis from Anatolia.[10]
In art bothTheodore of Amasea and Theodore Stratelates are shown with thick black hair and pointed beards. In older works they were often distinguished by the beard having one point for Theodore Tiron of Amasea and two points for Stratelates as in the fresco from theZemen Monastery below.[11]
There is much confusion between them and each of them is sometimes said to have had a shrine at Euchaita in Pontus. In fact the shrine existed before any distinction was made between the saints. The separate shrine of Stratelates was at Euchaneia (the modern Çorum in Turkey), a different place about 35 km west of Euchaita (the modern Avkhat).[12]
However, it is now generally accepted, at least in the west, that there was in fact only one Theodore.[13] Delehaye wrote in 1909 that the existence of the second Theodore had not been historically established,[14] while Walter in 2003 wrote that "the Stratelates is surely a fiction".[7]
BeforeSaint Mark's relics were (according to tradition) brought to Venice in 828, Theodore was the patron saint of the city. TheDoge of Venice's original chapel was dedicated to that saint, though, after the translation ofSaint Mark's relics, it was superseded as his chapel bySt Mark's Basilica.[15] This may be either Theodore of Amasea or Theodore Stratelates, but the Venetians do not seem to have distinguished between them.
Gregory of Nyssa, brother of Basil the Great (also known asBasil of Caesarea), who is venerated as a saint inCatholicism,Eastern Orthodoxy,Oriental Orthodoxy,Lutheranism andAnglicanism, held a different opinion. This is because, although the two Theodores were born in close territories and martyred in parallel, their names were involved in the confusion between two pilgrimage sites. Theodore Stratelates was from Euchaneia whileTheodore Tiron (Ἅγιος Θεόδωρος ὁ Τήρων) was fromEuchaita (territories close to each other[16]). Usually mostly western researchers by mistake interpret the lack of reference to two Theodores in the valley of Irida (or Iris) inYeşilırmak River (up to the 9th century, which was the date that their names were established) as proof that they both were one and the same person.[17] Unfortunately this is not the case since, in fact, each of the saints had his own pilgrimage site. What causes western researchers to get confused is at that time (9th century) the pilgrimage site of Euchaita had declined but that of Euchaneia was starting to flourish.[18] Also, Avgaros or Uarus (Ancient Greek:Αὔγαρος orΟὔαρος) the personal secretary of Theodore Stratelates wrote his biography, which clearly differs from the one Gregory of Nyssa wrote for Theodore Tiron.
Theodore is known in Egypt as "Saint Theodore of Shotep", "Saint Tadros of Shotep" or "Prince Theodore" (Coptic:ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲣⲟⲥ;Arabic:الأمير الشهيد تادرس الشطبي,lit. ''Martyr Prince Tadros El Shatby''). He was born to a soldier in the Roman army named John, an Egyptian from the city of Shateb inUpper Egypt. His mother Oussawaia was the daughter of a prince. John married her when he went toAntioch to fight against the Persians. When his wife learned that he was aChristian, she attempted to make him deny his faith and become apagan. When John refused, she drove him out of the house. Later, anangel appeared to John and assured him in regards to Theodore, saying that he would be the reason for the faith of many people inChrist. John rejoiced at what he heard and decided to return to his home inUpper Egypt.
The days passed and Theodore grew. He was awarded the title of prince, because his grandfather was a prince and his mother as well, and because of his father's high position in the army. Theodore's mother sent him to the army to become a soldier, and over the years he became famous for his courage and skill. Through his friends he learnt that his father was a Christian, and so he returned to his mother and told her what he had heard, and was angry because she had lied to him and said that his father had died in the war.
At this point, Theodore decided to become a Christian. He went to the priest called Olgianus and asked to rely on the name of Christ. A priest taught him the foundations of Christian faith. Over time he became a brilliant military commander and when Diocletian heard about him, he appointed him a commander over five hundred knights, and called him Prince Theodore the Esphehlar (i.e. brave commander).
Life continued and one day, the saint wanted to meet his father. He took a search to know his father's home and decided to go and met him. He travelled toAlexandria and from there to Shotep. He went to the church of the city and prayed, and then asked for a person named John, and the people told him where he was and that he was suffering from a severe illness. Theodore went to John's house and met him. His father was very glad to meet him and thanked God for achieving his request, and they talked together. Five days later, John died. Theodore and the people buried him, and the people offered consolation to Theodore. He told them that when he died, they must bury him next to his father John.[19][20] A war was raging between the Persians and the Romans, and the emperor called Theodore to go to Antioch for war. The prince left the village, travelled to Antioch and metTheodore of Amasea. Here the story is similar to the above-mentioned.[1][21] Many churches have been built in his name since the time of EmperorConstantine, and he currently has many churches named after him throughout Egypt, and for the great fame of the saint inEgypt, including an archaeological monastery in his name in Madinet Al Hawamdeyah,Giza. It is said that the body of the saint rests there. After he was attended by his mother when he became a Christian in the reign of Emperor Constantine,[22] an area inAlexandria was named by that name the region became known as Alexandria "Shatby" attributed to him.[1][20][21][23]
His annualfeast day is commemorated on 8 February or 7 February in theLatin Rite, though this is no longer liturgically celebrated in the Roman Catholic church.
One of the few ceramicicons in existence, dated to c. 900, shows Saint Theodore. It was made by thePreslav Literary School and was found 1909 nearPreslav,Bulgaria (nowNational Archaeological Museum,Sofia).
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