| Theodore I Komnenos Laskaris | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans | |||||||||||||||||||||
.png) Portrait of Theodore I (from a15th-century codex containing a copy of theExtracts of History byJoannes Zonaras) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Emperor of Nicaea ClaimantByzantine Emperor in exile | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 1205–1221 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Coronation | 6 April 1208 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Constantine Laskaris(possibly) Alexios V Doukas | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | John III Doukas Vatatzes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Co-emperor | Nicholas Laskaris (1208–c. 1210) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Born | c. 1175 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | November 1221 (agedc. 46) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouses | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Issue | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| House | Laskaris | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Father | Nicholas (?) Laskaris | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Greek Orthodox | ||||||||||||||||||||
Theodore I Komnenos Laskaris orLascaris (Greek:Θεόδωρος Κομνηνὸς Λάσκαρις,romanized: Theodōros Komnēnós Láskaris;[1]c. 1175 – November 1221) was the firstemperor of Nicaea—a successor state of theByzantine Empire—from 1205 to his death. Although he was born to an obscure aristocratic family, his mother was related to the imperialKomnenos clan. He marriedAnna, a younger daughter of EmperorAlexios III Angelos in 1200. He received the title ofdespot before 1203, demonstrating his right to succeed his father-in-law on the throne.
TheFourth Crusade forced Alexios III to flee from Constantinople in 1203. Theodore was imprisoned by the crusaders (commonly referred to as "Latins" by the Byzantines), but he escaped. After crossing theBosporus intoAsia Minor (in present-day Turkey), he started to organise the local Greeks' resistance against the Latins inBithynia in his father-in-law's name. He concluded an alliance with theSeljuqsultan of Rum, but he could not stop the Latins' expansion. Neither could he prevent a claimant to the imperial throne,Alexios Komnenos, from establishing a Byzantine successor state, theEmpire of Trebizond, in northern Asia Minor. Theodore's position consolidated only after TzarKaloyan of Bulgaria inflicted a crushing defeat on the Latins in theBattle of Adrianople (inThrace) in 1205.
Greeks fleeing from theLatin Empire — thecrusader state that emerged in the Byzantine core territories — swarmed to Asia Minor to live under Theodore's rule. The Latins captured Theodore's father-in-law and made an alliance with Alexios I of Trebizond, but Theodore routed their united troops. He secured the support of most Bithynian aristocrats and seized the domains of those who resisted him. In 1205, he assumed the traditional titles of the Byzantine emperors. Three years later, he convoked a Church council to elect a newOrthodox patriarch of Constantinople. The new patriarchcrowned Theodore emperor and established his seat at Theodore's capital,Nicaea. The Orthodox population of the Latin Empire regarded Theodore as the main defender of their Church, but the rulers ofEpirus—a realm that developed in the western regions of the Byzantine Empire—debated the legality of his coronation.
Theodore's father-in-law did not abandon his claim to the throne. After being released from prison, Alexios III persuaded the Seljuqs to invade Nicaea, but Theodore defeated them in 1211. The Latin EmperorHenry of Flanders captured important fortresses in western Asia Minor in 1212, but he ran out of soldiers and could not place garrisons in them. Henry implicitly acknowledged the existence of the Empire of Nicaea in his peace treaty with Theodore. Theodore conquered westernPaphlagonia on theBlack Sea coast from Alexios I of Trebizond. Around 1220, Theodore tried to persuade the Latins of Constantinople to acknowledge his rule, but they refused. Theodore established a powerful state, located in the vicinity of Constantinople, which enabled his successors to expel the Latins from the city andrevive the Byzantine Empire in 1261.
Theodore Komnenos Laskaris was born to a noble, but not particularly renowned, Byzantine family around 1175.[note 1][2] His parents' names are unknown. If Theodore followed the Byzantine custom ofgiving his father's name to his firstborn son, his father was called Nicholas.[3] Theodore's mother belonged to an unidentified branch of the imperialKomnenos family and he proudly adopted her surname.[4][5] Theodore had no fewer than six brothers —Constantine, George,Alexios,Isaac, Manuel andMichael. Manuel and Michael must have been born to a different mother, as they bore the surname Tzamantouros instead of Komnenos.[3] Theodore was also related to the aristocraticPhokas family, most likely through the marriage of one of his aunts.[6]
TheLaskaris held estates in westernAsia Minor.[6] Both Theodore and his brother, Constantine, had a seal representing Saint George and bearing the inscription Diasorites.[6][7] The seal expressed their connection to the monastery of Saint George Diasorites, located inPyrgion in the valley of the riverKaistros.[6][8]
The contemporaneous historianNiketas Choniates introduced Theodore as a "daring youth and fierce warrior" in his chronicle.[9] The slightly later historianGeorge Akropolites recorded that Theodore was "small in body but not excessively so, quite dark, and had a flowing beard forked at the end".[10] Theodore rose to prominence through his family ties with the Komnenoi. His first extant seal mentions his titles ofsebastos andprotovestiarites. The first one was a court title, originally reserved for the Byzantine emperors' relatives, but EmperorAlexios III Angelos (r. 1195–1203) started to sell it to wealthy merchants.[1] Asprotovestiarites, Theodore was the commander of a cadet unit of the guards of theimperial palace.[11]
Emperor Alexios III, who had no sons, wanted to solve the problem of succession by marrying off his two eldest daughters.[9] Late in 1200, he gave his firstborn daughter, Irene, in marriage toAlexios Palaiologos, and her younger sister,Anna, to Theodore.[9] Palaiologos was elevated to the rank ofdespot, demonstrating his right to succeed his father-in-law on the throne.[9] When Palaiologos died before 1203, Theodore received the same title.[9]
To seize the Byzantine throne, Emperor Alexios III had blinded and imprisoned his elder brother,Isaac II Angelos (r. 1185–1195).[12][13] Isaac's son,Alexios, fled from Constantinople to Germany to seek his Catholic relatives' assistance. He concluded an agreement with the leaders of theFourth Crusade, promising a large sum, 800,000hyperpyra, for their support.[14] The crusaders reached Constantinople and capturedPera on the opposite coast of theGolden Horn on 6 July 1203.[12] Theodore conducted raids against the invaders, but theylaid siege to the Byzantine capital.[15] Thewalls of Constantinople were vulnerable, and Alexios III fled in panic toThrace during the night of 17–18 July. He drained the treasury and took the imperialinsignia with him.[14][16]
Isaac II was released and his son wascrowned his co-emperor as Alexios IV.[16] Theodore was imprisoned after his father-in-law's flight, but he escaped in September 1203.[16][17] The details of his escape are unknown, but Choniates stated that Theodore left Constantinople "armed only with practical wisdom and a brave spirit".[18][19] For a while, Theodore was hiding in a church dedicated to Saint Michael.[18] Theodore himself claimed that God "miraculously removed" him from the prison and guided him across theBosporus to Asia Minor. His wife and daughters accompanied him.[18] They reachedNicaea, but the city's leadership only admitted his family, because they feared Alexios IV's revenge.[20] Theodore, as he later remembered, moved "from one region to another", avoiding the traps that his (unidentified) enemies laid for him.[21]
Alexios IV could not pay off the crusaders. They refused to leave Constantinople and raided and plundered the nearby Thracian villages. The Byzantines blamed Alexios IV for the crusaders' acts. The army rebelled and proclaimed the generalAlexios Mourtzouphlos Doukas emperor on 28 January 1204.[16][22] Isaac II had already died, and the new emperor had Alexios IV murdered, providing the crusaders with an excuse tomake a new assault on Constantinople again.[16] When they breached the walls on 12 April, Alexios V fled.[23] A group of aristocrats offered the imperial crown to Theodore's brother, Constantine, but he rejected it.[23][24] The crusaders captured Constantinople and plundered it completely.[25]
Although the Byzantine capital fell to the crusaders, neither Alexios III Angelos nor Alexios V Doukas abandoned their claim to the throne. A third claimant soon appeared on the scene: a grandson of EmperorAndronikos I Komnenos (r. 1183–1185),Alexios, seizedTrebizond on theBlack Sea coast in Asia Minor and assumed the title of emperor.[26] The crusaders elected one of their leader,Baldwin of Flanders,emperor in May 1204.[27]
By the time of Theodore's arrival, Asia Minor had been a centre of uprisings against the imperial government for decades.[28] A rebellious magnate,Theodore Mangaphas, heldPhiladelphia; another aristocrat,Sabas Asidenos, ruledSampson; andNikephoros Kontostephanos controlled the lands on the upper course of theMaeander River.[29] Theodore appeared as his father-in-law's representative and secured theBithynian towns' loyalty in Alexios III's name until the end of 1204.[17][29][30] The local Greeks acknowledged him as thestrategos (or military leader) of Bithynia.[31] He established his seat inBursa,[32] but he made frequent journeys to attend assemblies and dinners, encouraging the local Greeks' resistance against the "Latins", as the crusaders were universally called. He also took control of state revenues, and he could offer money to theSeljuqSultan of Rum,Rukn al-Din Suleiman II, in return for his assistance against the Latins.[21] Suleiman II died and his underage son,Izz al-Din Kilij Arslan III, succeeded him in June 1204.[29]
The crusaders set up a commission todistribute the Byzantine territories among them in September.[33] In Asia Minor, the "duchy of Nicaea" was granted toLouis I, Count of Blois, and the "duchy of Philadelphia" toStephen of Perche, although the Latins had not conquered these lands.[21] TheVenetians seized the port ofLampsacus on the Asian side of the Hellespont and a French knight,Peter of Bracieux, captured the nearbyPegai.[21] Emperor Alexios I of Trebizond's brother and co-emperor,David Komnenos, launched a military campaign into Paphlagonia and occupied the towns along the Black Sea coast.[34] His conquest facilitated Bracieux's invasion of Bithynia. He routed Theodore atPoemanenum on 6 December and his victory enabled him to seize Bythinian forts.[34][35]
The Latins captured and publicly executed Alexios V in Constantinople. They also arrested Alexios III inThessaly, forcing him to cede the imperial insignia to them early in 1205. A grandson of EmperorManuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180),Manuel Maurozomes, and Maurozomes's son-in-law, the deposed Sultan of Rum,Ghiyāth al-Dīn Kaykhusraw I, came to Nicaea.[35] Theodore detained them,[35] but they soon came to terms.[29] He lent money to Kaykhusraw to regain his throne in return for his promise of military support.[29] Kaykhusraw and Maurozomes hurried toKonya, the capital of Rum. They dethroned the underage Kilij Arslan in Kaykhusraw's favor in March 1205.[29][35]
By the end of 1204, the Latins had captured Thrace, Thessaly and northern Greece.[36] Emperor Alexios III's cousin,Michael Doukas, who organised the Greeks' resistance inEpirus, was forced to swear fealty toPope Innocent III to secure his protection. Emperor Baldwin dispatched his brother,Henry, to conquer Asia Minor early in 1205.[34] Henry defeated Theodore Mangaphas and Theodore Laskaris' brother, Constantine, in theBattle of Adramyttion on 19 March 1205.[35] The Latins could not follow up their victory, because TzarKaloyan of Bulgaria stirred up a rebellion in Thrace and invaded the province.[32][37] Kaloyan's invasion forced Emperor Baldwin to withdraw his knights from Anatolia.[32][35] Kaloyan inflicted a crushing defeat on the Latin army in theBattle of Adrianople on 14 April 1205.[35] Louis of Blois and Stephen of Perche perished in the battlefield.[35] Baldwin was captured and died in captivity inBulgaria.[38][39]
Theodore emerged as the main beneficiary of Kaloyan's victory.[34][40] The Latins' defeat revealed the fragility of their rule,[38] and secured Theodore's position.[41] Taking advantage of the moment, he expelled the Latin garrisons from most Anatolian fortresses,[42] and transferred his capital from Bursa to Nicaea.[40] Greeks were swarming to his realm from the European territories under Latin rule.[42] Mangaphas ceded Philadelphia to Theodore, and Asidenos's lands were also absorbed into Theodore's realm.[note 2][43][34] The local aristocrats supported Theodore against the rebellious magnates, and he awarded them with court titles.[44] Theodore extracted an oath of fealty from Michael I of Epirus's brother,Theodore Komnenos Doukas, who had settled in Asia Minor, before allowing him to leave for Epirus.[45]
David Komnenos dispatched an army to Bithynia, but Theodore defeated the invaders and their Latin allies atNicomedia.[35][46] Sultan Kaykhusraw I sent Seljuq troops to his father-in-law, Maurozomes, to invade the valley of the Maeander River in the spring of 1205, but they were soon defeated.[46][47] Theodore made a peace with Maurozomes, allowing him to rule two fortresses,Chonae andLaodicea on the Lycus, as the Sultan's lieutenant.[46][47] Theodore assumed the title ofemperor early in 1205—either after his victory at Nicomedia or after his peace treaty with Maurozomes.[42][43][46] His new title was an open challenge to the legitimacy of the Latin emperor in Constantinople; therefore, the Latins regarded him as an usurper, unlawfully ruling territories of their empire.[30] Many Greeks also refused to recognize Theodore's claim to the emperorship because only coronation by theEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople could legalize an emperor.[42] Theodore approached PatriarchJohn Kamateros, who lived in exile in Thrace, offering to move him to Nicaea, but the elderly prelate refused.[42]
Byzantine aristocrats, who had lost their Thracian, Thessalian orPeloponnesian estates, came to Nicaea and Theodore gave asylum to them.[note 3][43] He could only finance a simplified state administration, but he invited former high-ranking Byzantine officials to Nicaea.[48] His wife's uncle, the blindBasil Doukas Kamateros—a formerlogothetes tou dromou (minister of foreign affairs)—assisted him in setting up the new administrative system.[31][49] He hired a Calabrian pirate,John Steiriones, to command his fleet in the Sea of Marmara.[50] Theodore had great confidence in his brothers. He made them military commanders and rewarded them with court titles.[note 4][51]
Patriarch John Kamateros died in June 1206. The Orthodox clergy of Constantinople asked Pope Innocent III to authorize them to elect a new patriarch, but the Latin authorities opposed their plan.[17] The new Latin Emperor of Constantinople, Henry of Flanders, made an alliance with David Komnenos against Theodore. Theodore decided to captureHeraclea Pontica from David, but the Latins attacked his army from the rear when he was marching towards the town, and he had to abandon the campaign to chase the Latin troops off. The Latins invaded Asia Minor and captured Nicomedia andCyzicus during the winter of 1206–1207. Theodore in turn allied himself with Kaloyan, who launched an incursion into Thrace, forcing Emperor Henry to recall his troops from Asia Minor.[52] After Theodore and his brothers had laid siege to Nicomedia, Henry agreed to sign a two-year truce, authorizing Theodore to destroy two fortifications at Nicomedia and Cyzicus.[53][54]
The Orthodox clerics' negotiations with the Holy See about the appointment of an Orthodox patriarch proved unsuccessful.[17][30] Theodore addressed a letter to Pope Innocent III, requesting that he authorize the Orthodox clerics to elect the new patriarch.[55] He also tried to persuade the Pope to acknowledge him as the supreme head of the Orthodox community, but the Pope ignored both requests.[56] When the Latins broke the truce early in 1208, Theodore again approached the Pope and asked him to mediate a peace, proposing the Sea of Marmara as the permanent frontier between the Latin Empire and his realm.[53]
Orthodox clerics urged Theodore to hold an election to decide a new Ecumenical Patriarch.[30] Theodore convoked a Church council in Nicaea inHoly Week 1208.[42] The assembled prelates elected a high-ranking cleric,Michael Autoreianos, patriarch on 20 March 1208.[17][49] Autoreianos was related to Theodore's chief advisor, Kamateros.[31] As his first act, the new patriarch crowned and anointed Theodore "emperor andautocrat of theRomans".[30][49] The ceremony took place onEaster Sunday (6 April).[57][17] Theodore's coronation by the new Ecumenical Patriarch sanctioned his claim to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine monarchs.[42] His legitimacy, however, could be challenged, because only a lawful emperor could appoint a legitimate patriarch and only a legitimate patriarch could crown a lawful emperor. Theodore's opponents argued that the council electing Michael Autoreianos was just an assembly of randomly chosen bishops, not a properly convoked synod. In response, his supporters emphasized that the exceptional situation after the fall of Constantinople required a flexible interpretation of laws.[58]
Four realms developed from the ruins of the Byzantine Empire by 1209.[52] Alexios I and David Komnenos consolidated their Empire of Trebizond in northern Asia Minor; Henry of Flanders integrated Thrace and almost all of Greece into the Latin Empire; Michael I Doukas secured his rule in Epirus; and Theodore I Laskaris emerged as the unrivaled ruler of western Asia Minor.[59] The balance of power, however, remained unstable, because the four monarchs were rivals, always ready to form alliances against their neighbors.[60] Emperor Henry concluded an alliance with Sultan Kaykhusraw I against Theodore, while Theodore allied himself with Kaloyan of Bulgaria's successor,Boril.[61] Henry's vassal, Michael I Doukas, paid off the ransom of Theodore's father-in-law, Alexios III in 1209 or 1210.[61][62] Alexios III avoided Nicaea and went to Konya, seeking asylum at the court of Kaykhusraw I, his adopted son.[61]
Both Boril of Bulgaria and Michael I Doukas wanted to expel the Latins fromThessalonica, prompting Emperor Henry to visit the town regularly.[63] Taking advantage of Henry's absence, Theodore sent his fleet to attack Constantinople in the spring of 1211.[61][64] Boril invaded Thrace, but he could not prevent Henry from returning to his capital.[65] Kaykhusraw I and Alexios III invaded Nicaea, forcing Theodore's troops to abandon the siege and hurry back to Asia Minor.[61][64] The two armies met atAntioch on the Maeander in late spring or around 17 June.[61][62] The Seljuq troops were close to winning thebattle, but Theodore sought out Kaykhusraw and killed him in single combat.[62][66] Alexios III was captured during the battle, and Theodore had his father-in-law imprisoned.[66] He concluded a peace treaty with Kaykhushraw's son and successor,Kaykaus I.[62]
Theodore sent letters to the Greeks under the Latins' rule to inform them of his triumph and to urge them to rise up against the "Latin dogs".[67] However, he had only won aPyrrhic victory, because his best troops—his Latin mercenaries—perished in the battlefield.[66] Emperor Henry led his army across the Bosporus androuted Theodore's troops on theRhyndakos River on 15 October 1211. Henry capturedNymphaion andPergamon. In a circular letter sent to the European monarchs early in 1212, he boasted of having subjugated the Greeks as far as the Seljuq frontier, save the garrisons of some fortresses.[67] Henry had to end his military campaign because he did not have enough troops to garrison the captured fortresses.[61] The two emperors madepeace between 1212 and 1214[note 5][61][67] The peace confirmed the Latins' possession of theTroad region.[67] The Latins also seized some strategically important Bithynian fortresses,[note 6] taking control of the roads between the northern and southern territories of Theodore's realm.[66][67] Theodore adopted an intensive fortification program. New fortresses were built, and the old fortresses' walls were restored.[67] He also urged local officials to settle colonists around the new forts, granting arable lands to them.[68]
Theodore quickly recovered from his defeat.[69] Taking advantage of a conflict between the Latin Empire and Serbia,[70] Theodore and Sultan Kaykaus I invaded the Empire of Trebizond simultaneously in 1214.[62] Theodore forced David Komnenos to abandon Heraclea Pontica on the Black Sea.[69] Whether he conquered eastern Paphlagonia during this campaign, or only years later, is unclear.[30] His conquest of the region put a narrow strip of land along the Black Sea coast under Nicaean control,[71] and thus removed the emperors of Trebizond from the competition for Constantinople.[66]
The Latin clerics wanted to compel the Orthodox population of Constantinople to adopt theCatholic liturgy and to pay thetithe, but they resisted. Pope Innocent III sentCardinal Pelagius as his legate to Constantinople in 1213 to discipline the Orthodox population for their resistance.[72][73] Pelagius closed Orthodox churches and ordered the imprisonment of the resistant monks, but the Greeks did not give in and many of them fled to Nicaea. The Greek aristocrats approached Emperor Henry, asking him either to stop the persecution of Orthodoxy or to allow them to move to Nicaea. Henry capitulated and ordered the re-opening of Orthodox churches in Constantinople.[73] Pelagius entered into negotiations with Theodore about a possibleChurch union at Heraclea Pontica, but their discussions proved inconclusive.[72]
Michael I Komnenos Doukas was assassinated in late 1214 or in 1215.[45] Theodore Komnenos Doukas, who succeeded him, questioned Theodore Laskaris's claim to supremacy, ignoring his previous oath of fealty.[45] In concert withDemetrios Chomatenos, the ambitiousArchbishop of Ochrid, Doukas denied the right of the patriarch residing in Nicaea to appoint bishops to the Balkan episcopal sees under Epirote control.[74] Doukas's expansionist policy forced Emperor Henry to launch a military campaign against him, but Henry died unexpectedly before reaching Epirus.[69] The Latin barons elected his brother-in-law,Peter of Courtenay, as his successor, but he was captured and killed in Epirus during his journey towards Constantinople in 1217.[75] A lasting vacancy followed his death, with his widow,Yolanda of Flanders, ruling the Latin Empire asregent.[76] She gave her daughter,Maria of Courtenay, in marriage to Theodore who agreed to prolong his peace treaty with the Latin Empire.[77]
Yolande of Flanders died before October 1219.[78] Theodore sent envoys to Constantinople to announce his claim to succeed her, but the Latin barons ignored it.[30] Theodore proposed new negotiations about the Church union in 1219, taking advantage of the vacancy of theLatin patriarchate of Constantinople.[72] He planned to convoke the Orthodox patriarchs of Constantinople,Antioch,Jerusalem andAlexandria to a synod in Nicaea, but the Orthodox clergy thwarted the idea.[72][79]Jacopo Tiepolo, thePodestà (or head) of the Venetian community in Constantinople, convinced Theodore to spell out the Venetian merchants' privileges in achrysobull in August 1219.[80] The decree granted the Venetians the right to trade freely in the Empire of Nicaea and exempted them from taxation.[80] The diploma also prohibited each party from copying or counterfeiting coins issued by the other.[81] Theodore attempted to enforce his claim to Constantinople by force in 1220, but the Latins repelled his attack.[78] The new Latin Emperor,Robert of Courtenay, came to Constantinople in March 1221.[78] Peace between the two empires was soon restored.[78]
Theodore died in November 1221.[82][83][84] A dynastic conflict followed because his two brothers, Alexios and Isaac, and his son-in-law,John Doukas Vatatzes, claimed the throne.[85] The conflict ended with Vatatzes's victory; Theodore's brothers were forced into exile.[66][82][85] Theodore was buried next to his father-in-law and his first wife in the monastery of Saint Hyakinthos in Nicaea.[86]
Western Asia Minor developed into an "empire in exile" during Theodore's reign.[37][87] As the ByzantinistWarren Treadgold concludes, "Theodore had built up a functioning [Byzantine] successor state ... from next to nothing".[46] He revived the Ecumenical Patriarchate and other fundamental Byzantine institutions. He also borrowed from the Latins and the Seljuqs—the military offices ofkonostaulos (a hellenization of "constable") andtzaousios (from Turkishçavuş), are first documented during his reign.[88] He introduced his own currency, issuingelectrum andbillon coins, but he did not restore the Byzantine system of gold and copper coins.[51] He levied regular taxes from 1216 at the latest.[51] FollowingByzantine patterns, he rewarded the aristocrats with tax-collecting rights.[51] The Latins and the Venetians made treaties with him, thus acknowledging that his realm was destined to lasting existence.[89]
The defence of the Orthodox faith was the central ideology of Theodore's realm. Niketas Choniates compiled hisTreasury of Orthodoxy—a treatise against heresy—in the Nicaean court. He described the fall of Constantinople as a punishment for the Byzantines' sins and compared their exile into Asia Minor to the Israelites'Babylonian captivity.[90] Theodore realized that he was unable to recapture Constantinople from the Latins,[87] but located near the old Byzantine capital, Nicaea was ideally placed for its future reconquest.[37]
Historian Dimiter Angelov emphasizes that Theodore's political success was "due, in no small part, to his sanguine and pragmatic approach". He had anitinerant court, travelling from place to place and discussing political issues with the local noblemen. He was not afraid of commanding his armies in person. He hired Latin mercenaries, offering them salaries higher than the rulers of the Latin Empire.[53]
Theodore's first wife, Anna Komnene Angelina, was the second daughter of Emperor Alexios III. Her first husband,sebastokratorIsaac Komnenos Vatatzes, was a great-grandson of EmperorJohn II Komnenos.[91] He died childless in 1196.[92] Theodore and Anna had three daughters and two sons.[68]
Empress Anna died before 1213 and Theodore entered into negotiations about a new marriage with a daughter ofLeo I, King of Armenia.[68][95] Leo I sent his niece,Philippa, to Nicaea, and Theodore married her at Christmas 1214.[95] Historian Michael Angold proposes that Pope Innocent III promoted a marriage alliance between Theodore and Leo to secure Theodore's support in his conflict with Emperor Henry during theWar of the Antiochene Succession.[95] Theodore repudiated Philippa for an unknown reason and disinherited her son.[68] According to Angold, Theodore was informed only after the marriage that his wife was not Leo's daughter.[83] Her son must have been born in 1214, because he was not yet eight years old when Theodore died.[96]
Theodore's third wife, Maria of Courtenay, was the daughter of Yolanda of Flanders and Peter II of Courtenay.[68] Theodore married Maria in the hope of intervening in the administration of the Latin Empire late in 1218 or early in 1219.[68][77]
Theodore I Laskaris Laskarid dynasty Born:c. 1175 Died: November 1221 | ||
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