 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Theatre of Vietnam" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
.jpg)
Theatre of Vietnam comprises many traditional forms of drama which survive and retain their popularity to varying degrees. It formed during theĐinh dynasty, when theĐại Cồ Việt state was born.Water puppetry is a distinctively Vietnamese art form which arose in the 12th century in which a split-bamboo screen obscures puppeteers, who stand in water manipulating the puppets in front of the screen using long poles. Water puppetry is currently popular with tourists toVietnam. With the success of theAugust Revolution in 1945, theatrical art entered a new creative period including a new type of theater based on the music of local folk tunes.
Vietnamesetheatre is strongly influenced byChinese opera and other forms, and includes genres likeChèo,Tuồng andCải lương.
Chèo is a form of generally satiricalmusical theatre, often encompassingdance, traditionally performed byVietnamese peasants in northern Vietnam.[1] It is usually performed outdoors by semi-amateur touring groups, stereotypically in a village square or the courtyard of a public building, although it is today increasingly also performed indoors and by professional performers. Chèo stage art is one of the great cultural heritage of the Vietnamese folk treasure. Chèo has been a popular art form of the Vietnamese people for many generations and has fostered the national spirit through its lyrical content.Hoa Lu–Ninh Binh is considered as the original land of the Chèo, and its founder, (Mrs) Pham Thi Tran, was a talented dancer in the royal palace during theDinh dynasty of the tenth century. However, Chèo officially appears from theLy dynasty (around the 11th century), flourished in theTran dynasty (13th century). The development of Chèo has its milestone when aMongolian military soldier was captured in Vietnam in the 14th century. Chèo's performance only included speak and recitefolk songs prior to this period but influenced by the art of the soldier as an actor in his country, Chèo now also has the parts of singing. In the 15th century, EmperorLe Thanh Tong did not allow Chèo to be shown in the royal court, from when Chèo came back to the peasants as a usual musical entertainment activity until now in the villages.
Hát tuồng or "hát bội" was imported from China around the 13th century and was used for entertaining royalty for a time before being adapted for traveling troupes of actors. Stories in the opera tend to be ostensibly historical and frequently focus on the rules of social decorum. Like chèo and other forms of opera from around the world, tuồng employs the use ofstock characters who are recognizable from their make-up and costumes, which are typically very elaborate and extravagant.
Compared totuồng andchèo,cải lương is more popular in modern Vietnam. Originating in the early 20th century,cải lương includes historical and contemporary themes.Cải lương has remained adaptable for modern innovations and now includeselectric guitar and other new inventions. It is accompanied bynhạc tài tử, which is a complex and partially improvised form ofchamber music.
Cải lương singing utilizes a great deal ofvibrato; the words are extended when singing and the vibrato follows. A common melody used incải lương isVọng cổ.
Althoughcải lương remained extremely popular as late as the 1970s and the 1980s, nowadays this popularity has dwindled, especially among the younger generation, and the remaining troupes are only able to preserve the art because of government funding.[2][3]
Water puppetry, orMúa rối nước, is a distinctively Vietnamese art form which arose in the 12th century. In water puppetry, a split-bamboo screen obscures puppeteers, who stand in water manipulating the puppets in front of the screen using long poles hidden beneath the water. Due to strict restrictions on learning the art of water puppetry, the form had nearly died out before theMaison des Cultures du Monde intervened in 1984 and helped reinvigorate the genre.
Today, water puppetry is popular with tourists to Vietnam.
Vietnam's theater industry was formed during theĐinh dynasty, when theĐại Cồ Việt state was born after 1000 years of Northern domination.Hoa Lư is the first capital of Vietnam's centralized feudal state, and is the origin of many cultural values with Vietnamese identity. This is the birthplace of written literature and is also considered the ancestral land of Vietnamese theater art with the formation ofchèo,tuồng and circus disciplines.Hoa Lư is the homeland of the cheo theater art founded by Mrs.Phạm Thị Trân, a talented dancer in the Đinh royal palace. This is the earliest and most typical type of theater inVietnam. Through the legend of the shamanVăn Du Tường of theĐinh dynasty, using a scheme to kill theXương Cuồng demon inBạch Hạc, shows that the art of circus and vaudeville such as walking on a rope, swinging, and planting banana trees has appeared. Also in theĐinh dynasty, EmperssDương Thị Nguyệt was considered as the ancestor who taught theXuân Phả game to the people to perform in the annual festival inXuân Phả,Thọ Xuân,Thanh Hóa.Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư recorded: AutumnẤt Dậu, on the anniversary of the coronation, emperorLê Đại Hành organized a boating light festival, taking bamboo as a fake mountain, calledNam Sơn. In order to frighten theSong emissaries, the king gave three thousand soldiers who liked the three words "Thiên Tử Quân" majestically and majestically on their foreheads, opened a great exercise, played a fake role with the boatmen, and rang the drums and cheered, planting flags, pretending to arrange troops in battle, to flaunt their prestige and still citing the above book: EmperorLê Đại Hành reigned to conquerChampa, captured hundreds of singers in theChampa capital and brought them back to the country, forcing them to dance, sing and have fun, that was the formation of theater and circus art. The historical legends oftuồng singing also record that this type of day was formed in theEarly Lê dynasty in 1005, when a Chinese singer namedLiêu Thủ Tâm came toHoa Lư and presented the popular singing style in theSong dynasty and was accepted by the Emperor.Lê Long Đĩnh recruited and appointed the ward chief to teach the palace maidens to singing in the palace.
During the war against theYuan dynasty, theTrần dynasty captured theSouthern Song musicianLý Nguyên Cát, who was the head of the theater department in the Yuan dynasty army.Lý Nguyên Cát adapted Vietnamese language to compose plays and train Vietnamese people to perform. During the reign ofTrần Dụ Tông, a friend namedĐinh Bàng Đức from theYuan dynasty came to take refuge because of the war.Đinh Bàng Đức taught theVietnamese people how to sing with a stick. Dancing was regularly held in the court and in folklore. In addition tochèo, traditionalhát ả đào was quite popular among the folk and the nobility.Trần nobles lovedchèo singing and clowning. During the reign ofTrần Dụ Tông, the nobles in the court were passionate about art, many royalchèo plays were staged and performed by the royal people themselves, and the king himself reviewed and rewarded the performers and performers. Good singing in theTrần court was described by theYuan dynasty porcelainTrần Cương Trung in the work "Successful Intersection", whereby each time a banquet in the palace often had music and dancing, the songs were similar to those ofGiáng Châu Long, Enter the imperial capital of the North, the tone is old but shorter.
But from the 15th century, theLê dynasty made theatrical art a leisure activity for small people (uneducated working people), banned from performing at the palace, and issued many harsh documents restricting This art developed in folk. Because of that situation, theater art still exists in the countryside but does not thrive.
With the success of theAugust Revolution, theatrical art entered a new creative period. Artists from all over the world are gathered. Literary groups were established. a series of theatrical plays were born in war zones serving the resistance. In the years of peace, the theater flourished, from a semi-professional theatrical movement, the campfire stage developed into professional art troupes. Entering the resistance war against the US, the mighty theater army went to battle with many fierce battles with the slogan "Tiếng hát át tiếng bom". Many theatrical productions born in this period with epic stature, praising feats, praising heroes, female martyrs, condemning the enemy, cheering the war are plays present in many battles. It leaves a deep impression on the viewers. After 1975, along with the convergence of the whole nation, the stage was on the roof of theVietnam Association of Theater Artists. The highlight of the theater from 1975 to 1990, apart from epic works written about the war, was a series of plays with contemporary social themes.
A new type of theater has appeared in Vietnam since theAugust Revolution, based on the music of local folk tunes, such askịch dân ca Bài chòi,kịch dân ca Huế, andkịch dân ca Nghệ Tĩnh... This is a new art form, similar totuồng,chèo andcải lương.
Kịch dân ca Bài chòi originated from the hobby of playingBài chòi of the people ofQuảng Nam -Đà Nẵng, later developed into a form of narrative poetry performance, story telling. The music originates from the folk tunes of the Central region such asQuảng Nam -Đà Nẵng,Huế,Quảng Trị..., with the main tunes beingxuân nữ,nam xuân andxàng xê. The orchestra simply has only theđàn nhị, thesanh sứa, then theđàn nguyệt, andsinh tiền. The unique thing aboutBài chòi opera is that an actor can defend many roles at the same time, with a simple orchestra but still attracts the audience (similar to KoreanPansori).Bài chòi was professionally developed from the birth of theInter-region V Theater Troupe with typical artists such asLệ Thi.
Ca Huế is a genre oftraditional music of Huế, Vietnam, including ca and lute, in many respects quite close to peach singing, made from idyllic folk music and royal court music and high tones. .
Some characters are often recognized as the group of some theatrical professions in Vietnam:
In 2010, at the request of theVietnam Association of Dramatic Artists, theSecretariat of the Party Central Committee issued a conclusion to recognize the 12th day of the eighth month in theVietnamese calendar as theVietnam Theater Day. ThePrime Minister of Vietnam also issued Decision No. 13/QD-TTg dated January 4, 2011 recognizing the 12th day of the eighth month asVietnam Theater Day.
