List of highly-endangered primate species
This article needs to beupdated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2020 )
Thesilky sifaka (Propithecus candidus ), found only inMadagascar , has been on The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates list since its inception in 2000. Between 100 and 1,000 individuals are left in the wild. The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates is a list of highly endangeredprimate species selected and published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Primate Specialist Group (PSG), theInternational Primatological Society (IPS),Global Wildlife Conservation (GWC), andBristol Zoological Society (BZS).[ 1] Conservation International (CI) to start the list in 2000, but in 2002, during the 19th Congress of the International Primatological Society,primatologists reviewed and debated the list, resulting in the 2002–2004 revision and the endorsement of the IPS. The publication was a joint project between the three conservation organizations until the 2012–2014 list when BZS was added as a publisher.[ 2] Conservation International was not among the publishers, replaced instead by GWC. The list has been revised every two years following the biannual Congress of the IPS.[ 1] [ 3] conservation status and the threats they face in the wild.[ 4] [ 5] [ 4] Primate Conservation [ 3] [ 6] [ 4] [ 7] [ 2] [ 8] [ 9] [ 1]
The 25 species on the 2018–2020 list are distributed between 32 countries. The country with the most species on the list isMadagascar with five species,Indonesia ,Brazil ,Ghana , andCôte d'Ivoire each have three. The list is broken into four distinct regions: the island of Madagascar, the continent of Africa, the continent of Asia including theislands of Indonesia , and theNeotropics (Central and South America).[ 1]
The purpose of the list, according toRussell Mittermeier , the president of CI, is "to highlight those [primate species] that are most at risk, to attract the attention of the public, to stimulate national governments to do more, and especially to find the resources to implement desperately needed conservation measures."[ 10] habitat loss and hunting, the two greatest threats primates face. More specifically, threats listed in the report includedeforestation due toslash-and-burn agriculture, clearing forpasture or farmland,charcoal production,firewood production,illegal logging ,selective logging ,mining ,land development , andcash crop production;forest fragmentation ;small population sizes ; live capture for theexotic pet trade; and hunting forbushmeat andtraditional medicine .[ 4] [ 1]
Key for column headings Species Common and scientific name of the species, including a picture if available Years listed Years the species has been included in the IUCN's list of the "Top 25 Most Endangered Primates" Location(s) Countries in which it is found Estimated population Latest population estimate from the IUCN IUCN status Conservation status of the species, per the IUCN as of the date of the latest list publication Threats A list of threats facing the species; used by the IUCN in assessing conservation status
The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2018–2020: Madagascar[ 1] Species Years listed Location(s) Estimated population IUCN status Threats Bemanasy mouse lemur Microcebus manitatra 2018 Madagascar unknown Critically Endangered [ 11] loss of habitat (agricultural encroachment) Hapalemur alaotrensis Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur Hapalemur alaotrensis 2000 Madagascar 2,500(2018 estimate) Critically Endangered [ 12] loss of habitat (agricultural encroachment, burning of marshlands [to create rice paddies, catch fish, and for cattle grazing] hunting (bushmeat) live capture (local pet trade) James' sportive lemur Lepilemur jamesorum 2016 Madagascar 1,386(2010 estimate) Critically Endangered [ 13] habitat loss (shifting agriculture) hunting (bushmeat) live capture (pet trade) Indri indri Indri Indri indri 2012 Madagascar unknown Critically Endangered [ 14] loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, firewood) hunting (bushmeat, skins) Daubentonia madagascariensis Aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis 2016 Madagascar unknown Endangered [ 15] habitat loss (selective logging for local use [boats, houses, coffins], agricultural encroachment, fire) hunting (pests, local taboos, bushmeat)
The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2012–2014: Africa[ 2] Species Years listed Location(s) Estimated population IUCN status Threats Rondo dwarf galago Galagoides rondoensis 2006 Tanzania unknown Critically Endangered [ 16] very small range habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, charcoal production, logging) Cercopithecus roloway Roloway monkey Cercopithecus roloway 2002 Côte d'Ivoire unknown Endangered [ 17] hunting (bushmeat) habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, charcoal production, logging) Tana River red colobus Piliocolobus rufomitratus 2002 Kenya 1,100–1,300 Endangered [ 18] hunting (bushmeat) habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, fire, firewood, selective logging for local use [houses, canoes]) habitat degradation (livestock, dam construction, irrigation projects) parasitic infection of isolated populations Piliocolobus pennantii pennantii Bioko red colobus Piliocolobus pennantii pennantii 2004 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island) fewer than 5,000 Endangered [ 19] habitat degradation hunting (bushmeat) small range Gorilla beringei graueri Eastern lowland gorilla Gorilla beringei graueri 2010 Democratic Republic of the Congo 6,800(2021)
Critically Endangered [ 20] habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, pastoral farming, illegal mining, charcoal production, wood and bamboo harvesting) hunting (bushmeat, infant capture)
The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2012–2014: Asia[ 2] Species Years listed Location(s) Estimated population IUCN status Threats Nycticebus javanicus Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus 2008 Indonesia (Java) unknown Critically Endangered [ 21] live capture (pet trade [intense]) hunting (traditional medicine [intense]) habitat loss (agriculture, development activities [roads], human disturbance) Pig-tailed langur Simias concolor 2002 Indonesia (Mentawai Islands) 700–3,347 Critically Endangered [ 22] habitat loss (human encroachment, product extraction, commercial logging, conversion to cash crops and oil palm plantations) hunting (bushmeat) live capture (pet trade) Trachypithecus delacouri Delacour's langur Trachypithecus delacouri 2000 Vietnam fewer than 250 Critically Endangered [ 23] habitat fragmentation hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine) Golden-headed langur Trachypithecus poliocephalus 2000 Vietnam 60–70 Critically Endangered [ 24] habitat fragmentation (human encroachment, development for tourism) hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine) Western purple-faced langur Semnopithecus vetulus nestor 2004 Sri Lanka unknown Critically Endangered [ 25] habitat loss and fragmentation (urbanization, agricultural encroachment) dependent on gardens for survival live capture (pet trade) hunting (pests) other human factors (electrocution [power lines], road kill, dog attacks) Grey-shanked douc Pygathrix cinerea 2000 Vietnam 600–700 Critically Endangered [ 26] restricted range habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, illegal logging, firewood) hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine) live capture (pet trade) Rhinopithecus avunculus Tonkin snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus avunculus 2000 Vietnam 200–250 Critically Endangered [ 27] habitat loss and fragmentation (logging, firewood, roads) hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine) Eastern black crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus 2008 China around 110 Critically Endangered [ 28] habitat loss, fragmentation, and disturbance (agricultural encroachment, pastoral farming, firewood, charcoal production) hunting (bushmeat) Pygmy tarsier Tarsius pumilus 2012 Indonesia (Sulawesi) unknown Data deficient [ 29] habitat loss (human encroachment)
Former list members [ edit ] With each new publication, species are both added and removed from the list. In some cases, removal from the list signifies improvement for the species. With the publication of the 2006–2008 list, four species were removed because of increased conservation efforts: theblack lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus ),golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia ),mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei ), andPerrier's sifaka (Propithecus perrieri ).[ 35] [ 10] Hainan black crested gibbon (Nomascus hainanus ), which was removed from the 2008–2010 list, still has fewer than 20 individuals left, but significant efforts to protect it are now being made.[ 4] [ 35]
Unlike the changes in the 2006–2008 report, not all species were removed from the 2008–2010 list due to improvement in their situation. Instead, new species were added to bring attention to other closely related species with very small populations that are also at risk of extinction. For example, the highly endangered eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus ) replaced the Hainan black crested gibbon. The Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus ) replaced theHorton Plains slender loris (Loris tardigradus nycticeboides ) because the former has been hit the hardest of Asianlorises , all of which are declining rapidly due primarily to capture for theexotic pet trade , as well as use intraditional medicines and forest loss. In another case, thebrown-headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps fusciceps ) was omitted from the list since no spokesperson could be found for the species.[ 4] [ 2]
Primates formerly listed in theTop 25 Most Endangered Primates : Madagascar[ 4] [ 7] [ 2] [ 8] [ 9] Species Years listed Location(s) Estimated population IUCN status Threats Prolemur simus Greater bamboo lemur Prolemur simus 2002 Madagascar 500 or fewer Critically Endangered [ 36] small, isolated populations loss of habitat and fragmentation (slash-and-burn agriculture, mining, illegal logging, cutting of bamboo) hunting (bushmeat) reduced availability of drinking water due to climatic change extreme dietary specialization and dependency ongiant bamboo Varecia variegata Black-and-white ruffed lemur Varecia variegata 2010 Madagascar unknown Critically Endangered [ 37] loss of habitat and fragmentation (slash-and-burn agriculture, mining, logging) hunting (bushmeat) Gray-headed lemur Eulemur cinereiceps 2004 Madagascar 7,265 ± 2,268 Endangered [ 38] very small range (~700 km2 ) hybridization withred-fronted lemur (E. rufifrons ) low population densities habitat loss and fragmentation (fragmented, small populations) cyclones hunting (bushmeat) Propithecus tattersalli Golden-crowned sifaka Propithecus tattersalli 2000 Madagascar 6,000–10,000[ 39] Endangered [ 39] hunting (by gold miners) loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, uncontrolled grass fires, wood extraction [housing & firewood], selective logging, gold mining)[ 39] Hapalemur aureus Golden bamboo lemur Hapalemur aureus 2000 Madagascar fewer than 5,916[ 40] Endangered [ 40] loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, cutting of bamboo [for building houses, carrying water, making baskets and other local uses]) hunting (bushmeat)[ 40] Lepilemur sahamalazensis Sahamalaza sportive lemur Lepilemur sahamalazensis 2006 Madagascar unknown Data deficient [ 41] loss of habitat (agricultural encroachment, charcoal production, selective logging for local use [houses]) hunting (bushmeat)[ 41] Propithecus perrieri Perrier's sifaka Propithecus perrieri 2000 Madagascar around 915[ 42] Critically Endangered [ 42] loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, charcoal production, fires to clear forest for pasture, mining) hunting (bushmeat)[ 42] Eulemur flavifrons Blue-eyed black lemur Eulemur flavifrons 2008 Madagascar 450–2,300 [ 43] very small range (~2,700 km2 ) loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, selective logging) hunting (bushmeat) live capture (pet trade) Northern sportive lemur Lepilemur septentrionalis 2008 Madagascar around 19 [ 44] Propithecus candidus Silky sifaka Propithecus candidus 2000 Madagascar fewer than 250 [ 45] very small range hunting (bushmeat) habitat loss (slash-and-burn agriculture, illegal logging, firewood) Microcebus berthae Madame Berthe's mouse lemur Microcebus berthae 2012 Madagascar fewer than 8,000 [ 46] loss of habitat and fragmentation (slash-and-burn agriculture, illegal logging) Varecia rubra Red ruffed lemur Varecia rubra 2012 Madagascar unknown [ 47] loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, illegal logging, human encroachment) hunting (bushmeat) Lavasoa Mountains dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus lavasoensis 2014 Madagascar ?[ 48] Endangered [ 48] Gerp's mouse lemur Microcebus gerpi 2016 Madagascar ?[ 49] Critically Endangered [ 49] Ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta 2016 Madagascar ?[ 50] Endangered [ 50]
Primates formerly listed in theTop 25 Most Endangered Primates : Africa[ 4] [ 2] Species Years listed Location(s) Estimated population IUCN status Threats Mount Rungwe galago Galagoides sp.2004 Tanzania unknown Not evaluated loss of habitat (logging, agricultural encroachment, charcoal production) hunting (bushmeat)[ 3] Sclater's guenon Sclater's guenon Cercopithecus sclateri 2000 Nigeria unknown Vulnerable [ 51] habitat loss and fragmentation (logging, agricultural encroachment, oil exploration) high human density hunting (bushmeat)[ 51] Mandrillus leucophaeus Drill Mandrillus leucophaeus 2000 Cameroon unknown Endangered [ 52] small range loss of habitat (clearcutting [for chipboard factories and settlement]) hunting (bushmeat, persecution as pests)[ 52] Tana River mangabey Cercocebus galeritus galeritus 2002 Kenya 1,000–1,200[ 53] Endangered [ 53] loss of habitat (palm oil production, logging, agricultural encroachment, grass fires intended to prevent forest regeneration, overgrazing, damming and irrigation projects) hunting (persecution as pests)[ 53] Cercocebus sanjei Sanje mangabey Cercocebus sanjei 2000 Tanzania fewer than 1,300[ 54] Endangered [ 54] loss of habitat (logging, charcoal production) hunting (persecution as pests)[ 54] Cercocebus atys lunulatus Sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys lunulatus 2000 Côte d'Ivoire unknown Endangered [ 55] habitat loss and degradation hunting (bushmeat)[ 55] Miss Waldron's red colobus Piliocolobus badius waldronae 2000 Côte d'Ivoire unknown Critically Endangered [ 56] very small populations (recent, very rapid declines in numbers) habitat loss hunting (bushmeat)[ 56] Gorilla beringei beringei Mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei 2000 Rwanda around 880 Critically Endangered [ 57] two isolated populations political instability human diseases hunting (bushmeat)[ 57] Niger Delta red colobus Procolobus epieni 2008 Nigeria unknown Critically Endangered [ 58] very small range (~1,500 km2 ) hunting (bushmeat) habitat loss and degradation (logging of important food trees, loss of marsh forests due to canal construction) Rungwecebus kipunji Kipunji Rungwecebus kipunji 2006 Tanzania around 1,117 Critically Endangered [ 59] very small range habitat loss and fragmentation hunting (bushmeat) Gorilla gorilla diehli Cross River gorilla Gorilla gorilla diehli 2000 Cameroon 200–300 Critically Endangered [ 60] small, restricted range habitat loss (agricultural encroachment, fires to clear forest or improve pasture, development activities [roads]) hunting (bushmeat, wire snares set for other wildlife)
Primates formerly listed in theTop 25 Most Endangered Primates : Asia[ 4] Species Years listed Location(s) Estimated population IUCN status Threats Horton Plains slender loris Loris tardigradus nycticeboides 2004 Sri Lanka unknown Endangered [ 61] five isolated populations habitat loss hunting (bushmeat)[ 61] Natuna Island surili Presbytis natunae 2002 Indonesia fewer than 10,000[ 62] Vulnerable [ 62] two isolated populations habitat loss and degradation live capture (pet trade)[ 62] White-headed langur Trachypithecus poliocephalus leucocephalus 2002 China, Vietnam fewer than 250 Critically Endangered [ 63] very small populations (recent, very rapid declines in numbers) habitat loss hunting[ 63] Miller's grizzled langur Presbytis hosei canicrus 2004 Indonesia (Kalimantan) unknown Endangered [ 64] habitat loss and fragmentation hunting[ 64] Black snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti 2002 China fewer than 2,000[ 65] Endangered [ 65] habitat loss (logging, fires for agricultural use, pasture) pesticide use hunting (non-targeted [snares])[ 65] Gray snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus brelichi 2002 China around 750[ 66] Endangered [ 66] one isolated population (vulnerable to epidemic disease or catastrophes) habitat loss (forest clearing, development for tourism,agricultural expansion , firewood) hunting (non-targeted)[ 66] Hylobates moloch Silvery gibbon Hylobates moloch 2000 Indonesia (Java) 4,000–4,500[ 67] Endangered [ 67] habitat loss and fragmentation live capture (pet trade)[ 67] Nomascus hainanus Hainan black crested gibbon Nomascus hainanus 2000 China (Hainan) around 20[ 68] Critically Endangered [ 68] extremely small population size suboptimal, protected habitat possible gender bias in recent births hunting (bushmeat)[ 68] Siau Island tarsier Tarsius tumpara 2006 Indonesia (Siau Island) Low thousands at best Not evaluated island population (near an active volcano) very small range high human density hunting [bushmeat (used as snack food)] habitat degradation Hoolock hoolock Western hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock 2006 Bangladesh fewer than 5,000 Endangered [ 69] very small populations (recent, very rapid declines in numbers) habitat loss and fragmentation (human encroachment, tea plantations, slash-and-burn cultivation) hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine) live capture (pet trade) Pongo abelii Sumatran orangutan Pongo abelii 2000 Indonesia (Sumatra) around 6,600 Critically Endangered [ 70] recent, very rapid declines in numbers only 10 fragmented habitat units habitat loss and fragmentation (fires, agriculture and oil palm plantations, roads, logging, encroachment) hunting (pests, bushmeat) [occasional] live capture (pet trade) [occasional] Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus 2010 Indonesia (West Kalimantan, Borneo) unknown Endangered [ 71] habitat loss and fragmentation (fires, agriculture and oil palm plantations, roads, logging, encroachment) hunting (pests, bushmeat, traditional medicine) live capture (pet trade) Macaca silenus Lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus 2010 India fewer than 4,000 Endangered [ 72] habitat loss and fragmentation (agriculture and tea/coffee plantations, logging) hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine)
Primates formerly listed in theTop 25 Most Endangered Primates : Neotropics[ 4] Species Years listed Location(s) Estimated population IUCN status Threats Leontopithecus rosalia Golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia 2000 Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) 3,200[ 73] Endangered [ 73] habitat loss and fragmentation (fires to clear forest for pasture) live capture (pet trade)[ 73] Leontopithecus chrysopygus Black lion tamarin Leontopithecus chrysopygus 2000 Brazil (São Paulo) around 1,000[ 74] Endangered [ 74] small population size (11 isolated populations, but only one is viable) habitat loss and fragmentation[ 74] Superagui lion tamarin Superagui lion tamarin Leontopithecus caissara 2000 Brazil (Paraná and São Paulo) fewer than 400[ 75] Critically Endangered [ 75] small, isolated populations habitat loss and degradation (agricultural encroachment,palm heart harvesting, tourism) high human density (increased squatting by impoverished people, land speculation) hunting (bushmeat)[ 75] Cebus xanthosternos Golden-bellied capuchin Cebus xanthosternos 2000 Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais?) unknown Critically Endangered [ 76] habitat loss hunting (bushmeat)[ 76] Northern muriqui Northern muriqui Brachyteles hypoxanthus 2000 Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais) fewer than 1,000[ 77] Critically Endangered [ 77] small, isolated populations habitat loss and fragmentation hunting (bushmeat [past], sport [past])[ 77] Oreonax flavicauda Yellow-tailed woolly monkey Oreonax flavicauda 2000 Peru unknown Critically Endangered [ 78] restricted range low population densities habitat loss (agriculture, logging, roads, colonization) hunting (bushmeat, fur) live capture (pet trade) Saguinus oedipus Cotton-top tamarin Saguinus oedipus 2008 Colombia fewer than 6,000 Critically Endangered [ 79] habitat loss and fragmentation (large-scale agricultural production [cattle] and farming, logging, oil palm plantations, hydroelectric projects) live capture (pet trade [current], biomedical research [past]) Sapajus flavius Blond capuchin Cebus flavius 2010 Brazil 180 Critically Endangered [ 80] habitat loss and fragmentation (coastal development and sugar cane plantations) live capture (pet trade) hunting (bushmeat)
With the exception of the 2000–2002 publication, which was written collaboratively by the IUCN/SSC PSG and CI, the list has been revised every two years following the biannual Congress of the IPS. The 2002–2004 list resulted from the 19th Congress of the IPS in Beijing, China; the 2004–2006 list followed the 20th Congress of the IPS, held in Torino, Italy; the 2006–2008 list after the 21st Congress in Entebbe, Uganda; the 2008–2010 list followed the 22nd Congress held in Edinburgh, UK; the 2010-2012 list followed the 23rd Congress in Kyoto, Japan; the 2012–2014 list after the 24th Congress in Cancún, Mexico; the 2014–2016 list after the 25th Congress in Hanoi, Vietnam; the 2016–2018 list after the 26th Congress in Chicago, US; the 2018–2020 list after the 27th Congress in Nairobi, Kenya; the 2022–2023 list after the 28th Congress in Quito, Ecuador; and the 2023–2025 list after the 29th Congress in Kuching, Malaysia.[ 4]
The 2008IUCN Red List of Threatened Species offered assessments of 634 primatetaxa , of which 303 (47.8%) were listed asthreatened (vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered). A total of 206 primate species were ranked as either critically endangered or endangered, 54 (26%) of which have been included at least once inThe World's 25 Most Endangered Primates since 2000.[ 4]
^a b c d e f The subspeciesAteles hybridus brunneus was listed in the 2004–2006 report, but the listing was expanded to cover both subspecies ofAteles hybridus starting with the 2006–2008 report.[ 4] [ 3] [ 6] ^ In the 2000–2002 report, this lemur was listed asPropithecus diadema candidus , but it has since been reclassified as a separate species,Propithecus candidus .[ 4] [ 81] [ 82] ^ In the 2000–2002 report, this lemur was listed asPropithecus diadema perrieri , but it has since been reclassified as a separate species,Propithecus perrieri .[ 4] [ 81] [ 82] ^ In the 2000–2002 report, this lemur was listed asHapalemur griseus alaotrensis , but it has since been reclassified as a separate species,Hapalemur alaotrensis .[ 4] [ 81] ^a b In the 2000–2002 and 2004–2006 reports, this gorilla was listed asGorilla beringei , but other reports instead usedGorilla b. beringei .[ 4] [ 3] [ 81] [ 82] ^ In the 2000–2002 and 2002–2004 reports, the mangabey was listed asCercocebus galeritus sanjei , but it has since been classified as a separate species,Cercocebus sanjei .[ 4] ^a b c In the 2000–2002, 2002–2004, and 2006–2008 reports, this colobus monkey was listed asProcolobus badius waldroni , but the spelling of the name has since been corrected towaldronae .[ 81] [ 82] [ 83] ^a b In the 2000–2002 and 2002–2004 reports, this monkey was listed asTrachypithecus poliocephalus , but with other subspecies now recognized by the IUCN, it is now known asTrachypithecus p. poliocephalus .[ 4] [ 3] [ 81] [ 82] ^a b In the 2000–2002 and 2002–2004 reports, this douc was listed asPygathrix nemaeus cinerea , but has since been recognized as a separate species,Pygathrix cinerea .[ 4] [ 3] ^a b In the 2000–2002 and 2004–2006 reports, this gibbon was listed asHylobates concolor hainanus , but it has since been recognized as a separate species and placed in the genusNomascus Nomascus hainanus .[ 4] [ 81] ^ In the 2000–2002 report, this species was listed asLagothrix flavicauda , but it has since been renamed toOreonax flavicauda .[ 4] ^ In the 2002–2004 report, this monkey was listed asTrachypithecus leucocephalus , but it is now considered only a subspecies,Trachypithecus poliocephalus leucocephalus .[ 4] [ 82] ^a b In the 2004–2006 and 2006–2008 reports, this species was listed asEulemur albocollaris , but it has since been renamed toEulemur cinereiceps .[ 4] ^ In the 2006–2008 report, this tarsier was listed as "Tarsius sp.", but it has since been formally named asTarsius tumpara .[ 4] [ 6] ^ The speciesAteles fusciceps was listed in the 2006–2008 report, but the common name and description match the later identified subspecies,Ateles fusciceps fusciceps .[ 6] ^a b c d e f Schwitzer, C.;Mittermeier, R.A. ; Rylands, A.B.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E.A.; Byler, D.; Wich, S.; Hulme, T.; Johnson, C.; Mynott, H.; McCabe, G., eds. (2019)."Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2018–2020" (PDF) . Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Washington, DC: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Global Wildlife Conservation (GWC), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS):1– 130. {{cite journal }}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help ) ^a b c d e f g h Schwitzer, C.;Mittermeier, R.A. ; Rylands, A.B.; Taylor, L.A.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E.A.; Wallis, J.; Clarke, F.E., eds. (2014)."Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2012–2014" (PDF) . Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS):1– 91. {{cite journal }}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help ) ^a b c d e f g Mittermeier, R.A. ; Valladares-Pádua, C.; Rylands, A.B.; Eudey, A.A.; Butynski, T.M.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Kormos, R.; Aguiar, J.M.; Walker, S., eds. (2006). "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2004–2006".Primate Conservation .2006 (20). Illustrated by S.D. Nash:1– 28.doi :10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.1 .hdl :1893/1360 S2CID 198158796 .^a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Mittermeier, R.A. ; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Oates, J.F.; Williamson, E.A.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W.; Kierulff, M.C.M.; Long Yongcheng; Supriatna, J.; Roos, C.; Walker, S.; Cortés-Ortiz, L.; Schwitzer, C., eds. (2009).Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 (PDF) . Vol. 24. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI). pp. 1– 92.doi :10.1896/052.024.0101 .hdl :1893/1360 .ISBN 978-1-934151-34-1 S2CID 35378121 .{{cite book }}:|journal= ignored (help )^ L., Smith (26 October 2007)."Primates in peril: 25 species facing threat of extinction" .The Times . Archived fromthe original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved5 August 2010 . ^a b c d Mittermeier, R.A. ; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Williamson, L.; Oates, J.F.; Mbora, D.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Rodríguez-Luna, E.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W.; Cecília, M.; Kierulff, M.; Yongcheng, L.; Supriatna, J.; Roos, C.; Walker, S.; Aguiar, J.M., eds. (2007). "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2006–2008".Primate Conservation .22 . Illustrated by S.D. Nash:1– 40.doi :10.1896/052.022.0101 .hdl :1893/1360 S2CID 198157959 .^a b Mittermeier, R.A. ; Schwitzer, C.; Rylands, A.B.; Schwitzer, C.; Taylor, L.A.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E.A. (2012)."Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2010–2012" (PDF) . IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI):1– 40.{{cite journal }}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help ) ^a b Schwitzer, C.;Mittermeier, R.A. ; Rylands, A.B.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E.A.; Wallis, J.; Cotton, A., eds. (2015)."Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2014–2016" (PDF) . Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS):1– 93. {{cite journal }}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help ) ^a b Schwitzer, C.;Mittermeier, R.A. ; Rylands, A.B.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E.A.; Macfie, E.J.; Wallis, J.; Cotton, A., eds. (2017)."Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018" (PDF) . Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS):1– 107. {{cite journal }}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help ) ^a b "World's most endangered primates revealed" .IUCN News . 18 February 2010. Archived fromthe original on 3 April 2010. Retrieved5 August 2010 .^ Blanco, M.; Dolch, R.; Donati, G.; Ganzhorn, J.; Greene, L.K.; Le Pors, B.; Lewis, R.; Rafalinirina, H.A.; Raharivololona, B.; Ralison, J.; Randriahaingo, H.N.T.; Rasoloarison, R.M.; Razafindrasolo, M.; Sgarlata, G.M.; Wright, P.; Zaonarivelo, J. (2020)."Microcebus manitatra " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T163313848A163313878. Retrieved12 July 2020 . ^ Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008)."Hapalemur alaotrensis " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved1 January 2009 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Andriamisedra, T.R.; Ranaivoarisoa, F.N.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Louis, E.E. (2020)."Lepilemur jamesorum " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T136491A115583306.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136491A115583306.en . Retrieved28 August 2021 . ^ Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008)."Indri indri " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved21 March 2013 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Randimbiharinirina, D.R.; Raharivololona, B.; Rakotondrazandry, J.N.; Manjary, D.; Aylward, M.; Ravelomandrato, F. (2020)."Daubentonia madagascariensis " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T6302A115560793.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6302A115560793.en . Retrieved28 August 2021 . ^ Perkin, A.; Bearder, S.; Honess, P. & Butynski, T.M. (2008)."Galagoides rondoensis " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T40652A10350268.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40652A10350268.en ^ Oates, J.F.; Gippoliti, S. & Groves, C.P. (2016)."Cercopithecus roloway " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e.T4232A92375108.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4232A92375108.en ^ Butynski, T.M.; Struhsaker, T. & De Jong, Y. (2016)."Piliocolobus rufomitratus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e.T136939A92658041.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136939A92658041.en ^ Oates, J.F. & Struhsaker, T. (2008)."Piliocolobus pennantii " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T41025A92653137.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41025A92653137.en ^ Robbins, M.; Hart, J.; Maisels, F.; Mehlman, P.; Nixon, S. & Williamson, L. (2008)."Gorilla beringei ssp. graueri " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved21 March 2013 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Nekaris, A. & Shekelle, M. (2008)."Nycticebus javanicus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved10 August 2010 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Whittaker, D. & Mittermeier, R.A. (2008)."Simias concolor " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T20229A9181121.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20229A9181121.en ^ Nadler, T.; Xuan Canh, L.; Ngoc Thanh, V. & Khac Quyet, L. (2008)."Trachypithecus delacouri " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T22043A9350654.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22043A9350654.en ^ Bleisch, B.; Xuan Canh, L.; Covert, B. & Yongcheng, L. (2008)."Trachypithecus poliocephalus ssp. poliocephalus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved10 August 2010 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Dittus, W.; Molur, S. & Nekaris, A. (2008)."Trachypithecus vetulus ssp. nestor " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved5 August 2010 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Ngoc Thanh, V.; Lippold, L.; Nadler, T. & Timmons, R. J. (2008)."Pygathrix cinerea " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T39827A10273229.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39827A10273229.en ^ Xuan Canh, L.; Khac Quyet, L.; Thanh Hai, D. & Boonratana, R. (2008)."Rhinopithecus avunculus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T19594A8984679.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19594A8984679.en ^ Bleisch, B. & Geissmann, T. (2008)."Nomascus nasutus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T41642A10526189.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41642A10526189.en ^ Shekelle, M. & Salim, A. (2008)."Tarsius pumilus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T21490A9288636.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21490A9288636.en ^ Urbani, B.; Morales, A.L.; Link, A. & Stevenson, P. (2008)."Ateles hybridus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T39961A10280054.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39961A10280054.en ^ Cuarón, A.D.; Morales, A.; Shedden, A.; Rodríguez-Luna, E. & de Grammont, P.C. (2008)."Ateles fusciceps ssp. fusciceps " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved8 September 2010 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Kierulff, M.C.M. & de Oliveira, M.M. (2008)."Cebus kaapori " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T40019A10303725.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40019A10303725.en ^ Veiga, L.; Bóveda-Penalba, A.; Vermeer, J.; Tello-Alvarado, J.C. & Cornejo, F. (2008)."Callicebus oenanthe " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved21 March 2013 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Mendes, S.L.; Rylands. A.B.; Kierulff; M.C.M. & de Oliveira, M.M. (2008)."Alouatta guariba ssp. guariba " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved21 March 2013 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^a b M., Casey (26 October 2007)."Primates in Trouble, Says Report on 25 Rarest" .National Geographic News . Archived fromthe original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved5 August 2010 . ^ Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008)."Prolemur simus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved1 January 2009 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008)."Varecia variegata " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved21 March 2013 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008)."Eulemur cinereiceps " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved6 October 2008 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^a b c Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008)."Propithecus tattersalli " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved1 January 2009 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^a b c Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008)."Hapalemur aureus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved1 January 2009 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^a b Olivieri, G.; Schwitzer, C.; Schwitzer, N. & Craul, M. (2008)."Lepilemur sahamalazensis " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved1 January 2009 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^a b c Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008)."Propithecus perrieri " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved1 January 2009 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Andriaholinirina, N.; Baden, A.; Blanco, M.; Chikhi, L.; Cooke, A.; Davies, N.; Dolch, R.; Donati, G.; Ganzhorn, J.; Golden, C.; et al. (2014)."Eulemur flavifrons " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014 e.T8211A16117351.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T8211A16117351.en ^ Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008)."Lepilemur septentrionalis " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved1 January 2009 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008)."Propithecus candidus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved1 January 2009 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008)."Microcebus berthae " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved21 March 2013 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008)."Varecia rubra " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved21 March 2013 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^a b Blanco, M.; Dolch, R.; Donati, G.; Ganzhorn, J.; Greene, L.K.; Le Pors, B.; Lewis, R.; Louis, E.E.; Rafalinirina, H.A.; Raharivololona, B.; Rakotoarisoa, G.; Ralison, J.; Randriahaingo, H.N.T.; Rasoloarison, R.M.; Razafindrasolo, M.; Sgarlata, G.M.; Wright, P.; Zaonarivelo, J. (2020)."Cheirogaleus lavasoensis " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T163022131A163022293.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T163022131A163022293.en . Retrieved28 August 2021 . ^a b Andriaholinirina, N.; Baden, A.; Blanco, M.; Chikhi, L.; Cooke, A.; Davies, N.; Dolch, R.; Donati, G.; Ganzhorn, J.; Golden, C.; Groeneveld, L.F.; Hapke, A.; Irwin, M.; Johnson, S.; Kappeler, P.; King, T.; Lewis, R.; Louis, E.E.; Markolf, M.; Mass, V.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Nichols, R.; Patel, E.; Rabarivola, C.J.; Raharivololona, B.; Rajaobelina, S.; Rakotoarisoa, G.; Rakotomanga, B.; Rakotonanahary, J.; Rakotondrainibe, H.; Rakotondratsimba, G.; Rakotondratsimba, M.; Rakotonirina, L.; Ralainasolo, F.B.; Ralison, J.; Ramahaleo, T.; Ranaivoarisoa, J.F.; Randrianahaleo, S.I.; Randrianambinina, B.; Randrianarimanana, L.; Randrianasolo, H.; Randriatahina, G.; Rasamimananana, H.; Rasolofoharivelo, T.; Rasoloharijaona, S.; Ratelolahy, F.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Ratsimbazafy, N.; Razafindraibe, H.; Razafindramanana, J.; Rowe, N.; Salmona, J.; Seiler, M.; Volampeno, S.; Wright, P.; Youssouf, J.; Zaonarivelo, J.; Zaramody, A. (2014)."Microcebus gerpi " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014 e.T16971461A16971464.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T16971461A16971464.en . Retrieved28 August 2021 . ^a b LaFleur, M.; Gould, L. (2020)."Lemur catta " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T11496A115565760.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11496A115565760.en . Retrieved28 August 2021 . ^a b Oates, J.F.; Baker, L.R. & Tooze, Z.J. (2008)."Cercopithecus sclateri " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T4229A10678392.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T4229A10678392.en ^a b Oates, J.F. & Butynski, T.M. (2008)."Mandrillus leucophaeus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T12753A3377185.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12753A3377185.en ^a b c Butynski, T.M.; Struhsaker, T.; Kingdon, J. & De Jong, Y. (2008)."Cercocebus galeritus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T4200A10615270.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T4200A10615270.en ^a b c Ehardt, C.; Butynski, T.M. & Struhsaker, T. (2008)."Cercocebus sanjei " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T4203A10632228.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T4203A10632228.en ^a b Oates, J.F.; Gippoliti, S. & Groves, C.P. (2016)."Cercocebus lunulatus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e.T4206A92247225.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4206A92247225.en ^a b Oates, J.F.; Struhsaker, T. & McGraw, S. (2016)."Piliocolobus waldronae " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e.T18248A92649220.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18248A92649220.en ^a b Robbins, M.; Gray, M.; Kümpel, N.; Lanjouw, A.; Maisels, F.; Mugisha, A.; Spelman, L. & Williamson, L. (2008)."Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved4 January 2009 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Oates, J.F. & Struhsaker, T. (2016)."Piliocolobus epieni " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e.T41024A92655748.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41024A92655748.en ^ Davenport, T.R.B. & Jones, T. (2008)."Rungwecebus kipunji " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T136791A4340286.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136791A4340286.en ^ Oates, J.F.; Bergl, R.A.; Sunderland-Groves, J. & Dunn, A. (2008)."Gorilla gorilla ssp. diehli " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved4 January 2009 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^a b Nekaris, A. (2008)."Loris tardigradus ssp. nycticeboides " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved10 August 2010 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^a b c Nijman, V. & Lammertink, M. (2008)."Presbytis natunae " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T136500A4301419.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136500A4301419.en ^a b Bleisch, B.; Xuan Canh, L.; Covert, B. & Yongcheng, L. (2008)."Trachypithecus poliocephalus ssp. leucocephalus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved10 August 2010 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^a b Nijman, V.; Meijaard, E. & Hon, J. (2008)."Presbytis hosei ssp. canicrus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved10 August 2010 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^a b c Bleisch, W. & Richardson, M. (2008)."Rhinopithecus bieti " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T19597A8986243.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19597A8986243.en ^a b c Bleisch, W.; Yongcheng, L. & Richardson, M. (2008)."Rhinopithecus brelichi " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T19595A8985249.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19595A8985249.en ^a b c Andayani, N.; Brockelman, W.; Geissmann, T.; Nijman, V. & Supriatna, J. (2008)."Hylobates moloch " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T10550A3199941.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T10550A3199941.en ^a b c Geissmann, T. & Bleisch, W. (2008)."Nomascus hainanus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T41643A10526461.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41643A10526461.en ^ Brockelman, W.; Molur, S. & Geissmann, T. (2008)."Hoolock hoolock " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T39876A10278553.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39876A10278553.en ^ Singleton, I.; Wich, S. A. & Griffiths, M. (2008)."Pongo abelii " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved4 January 2009 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Ancrenaz, M.; Marshall, A.; Goossens, B.; van Schaik, C.; Sugardjito, J.; Gumal, M. & Wich, S. (2008)."Pongo pygmaeus ssp. pygmaeus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 . Retrieved21 March 2013 . {{cite iucn }}: old-form url (help ) ^ Kumar, A.; Singh, M. & Molur, S. (2008)."Macaca silenus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T12559A3358033.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12559A3358033.en ^a b c Kierulff, M.C.M.; Rylands, A.B. & de Oliveira, M.M. (2008)."Leontopithecus rosalia " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T11506A3287321.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11506A3287321.en ^a b c Kierulff, M.C.M.; Rylands, A.B.; Mendes, S.L. & de Oliveira, M.M. (2008)."Leontopithecus chrysopygus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T11505A3290864.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11505A3290864.en ^a b c Kierulff, M.C.M.; Rylands, A.B.; Mendes, S.L. & de Oliveira, M.M. (2008)."Leontopithecus caissara " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T11503A3289886.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11503A3289886.en ^a b Kierulff, M.C.M.; Mendes, S.L. & Rylands, A.B. (2015)."Sapajus xanthosternos " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e.T4074A70615251.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T4074A70615251.en ^a b c Mendes, S.L.; de Oliveira, M.M.; Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. (2008)."Brachyteles hypoxanthus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T2994A9529636.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T2994A9529636.en ^ Cornejo, F.; Rylands, A.B.; Mittermeier, R.A. & Heymann, E. (2008)."Oreonax flavicauda " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e.T39924A10287914.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39924A10287914.en ^ Savage, A. & Causado, J. (2014)."Saguinus oedipus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014 e.T19823A17930260.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T19823A17930260.en ^ de Oliveira, M.M.; Boubli, J.-P. & Kierulff, M.C.M. (2015)."Sapajus flavius " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e.T136253A70612549.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T136253A70612549.en ^a b c d e f g Mittermeier, R.A.; Konstant, W.R.; Rylands, A.B. (2000)."The World's Top 25 Most Endangered Primates" (PDF) .Neotropical Primates .8 (1): 49. ^a b c d e f Konstant, W.R.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B.; Butynski, T.M.; Eudey, A.A.; Ganzhorn, J.; Kormos, R. (2002)."The World's Top 25 Most Endangered Primates – 2002" (PDF) .Neotropical Primates .10 (3):128– 131.doi :10.62015/np.2002.v10.519 . ^ Groves, C.P. (2007). "The taxonomic diversity of the Colobinae of Africa".Journal of Anthropological Sciences 85 :7– 34.
Madagascar Africa Asia South America
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