The Will to Power (German:Der Wille zur Macht) is a book of notes drawn from the literary remains (orNachlass) of the philosopherFriedrich Nietzsche by his sisterElisabeth Förster-Nietzsche andPeter Gast (Heinrich Köselitz). The title derived from a work that Nietzsche himself had considered writing. The work was first translated intoEnglish byAnthony M. Ludovici in 1910, and it has since seen several other translations and publications.
After Nietzsche's breakdown in 1889, and the passing of control over his literary estate to his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, Nietzsche's friend Heinrich Köselitz, also known as Peter Gast, conceived the notion of publishing selections from his notebooks, using one of Nietzsche's simpler outlines as a guide to their arrangement. As he explained to Elisabeth on November 8, 1893:
Between 1894 and 1926, Elisabeth arranged the publication of the twenty volumeGroßoktavausgabe edition of Nietzsche's writings by C. G. Naumann. In it, following Köselitz's suggestion she included a selection from Nietzsche's posthumous fragments, which was gathered together and entitledThe Will To Power. She claimed that this text was substantially themagnum opus, which Nietzsche had hoped to write and name "The Will to Power, An Attempt at a Revaluation of All Values". The first German edition, containing 483 sections, published in 1901, was edited by Köselitz, Ernst Horneffer, and August Horneffer, under Elisabeth's direction. This version was superseded in 1906 by an expanded second edition containing 1067 sections. This later compilation is what has come to be commonly known asThe Will to Power.
While researching materials for the Italian translation of Nietzsche's complete works in the 1960s, thephilologistsGiorgio Colli andMazzino Montinari decided to go to the Archives inLeipzig to work with the original documents. From their work emerged the first complete and chronological edition of Nietzsche's writings, including the posthumous fragments from which Förster-Nietzsche had assembledThe Will To Power. The complete works comprise 5,000 pages, compared to the 3,500 pages of theGroßoktavausgabe. In 1964, during the International Colloquium on Nietzsche in Paris, Colli and Montinari metKarl Löwith, who would put them in contact with Heinz Wenzel, editor for Walter de Gruyter's publishing house. Heinz Wenzel would buy the rights of the complete works of Colli and Montinari (33 volumes in German)after the FrenchGallimard edition and the ItalianAdelphi editions.
Before Colli and Montinari's philological work, the previous editions led readers to believe that Nietzsche had organized all his work toward a final structuredopus calledThe Will to Power. In fact, if Nietzsche did consider producing such a book, he had abandoned such plans in the months before his collapse. The title ofThe Will to Power, which appears for the first time at the end of the summer of 1885, was replaced by another plan at the end of August 1888. This new plan was titled "Attempt at a revaluation of all values" [Versuch einer Umwerthung aller Werthe],[2] and ordered the multiple fragments in a completely different way than the one chosen by Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche.
Mazzino Montinari andGiorgio Colli have calledThe Will to Power a "historic forgery" artificially assembled by Nietzsche's sister and Köselitz/Gast.[3] Although Nietzsche had in 1886 announced (at the end ofOn the Genealogy of Morals) a new work with the title,The Will to Power: An Attempt at a Revaluation of All Values, the project under this title was set aside and some of its draft materials used to composeThe Twilight of the Idols andThe Antichrist (both written in 1888, seeMagnum in parvo: A philosophy in compendium); the latter was for a time represented as the first part of a new four-part magnum opus, which inherited the subtitleRevaluation of All Values from the earlier project as its new title.[4] Although Elisabeth Förster calledThe Will to Power Nietzsche's uneditedmagnum opus, in light of Nietzsche's collapse, his intentions for the material he had not by that time put to use inThe Twilight of the Idols andThe Antichrist are simply unknowable. SoThe Will to Power was not a text completed by Nietzsche, but rather an anthology of selections from his notebooks misrepresented as if it were something more. Nevertheless, the concept remains, and has, since the reading ofKarl Löwith, been identified as a key component of Nietzsche's philosophy although many believe so erroneously, so much so thatHeidegger, under Löwith's influence, considered it to form, with thethought of the eternal recurrence, the basis of his thought.
In fact, according to Montinari, not only did theWill To Power impose its own order on the fragments, but many individual fragments were themselves cut up or stitched together in ways not made clear to the reader.Gilles Deleuze himself saluted Montinari's work declaring:
Drawing on this research for support, Montinari also called into question the very conception of a Nietzscheanmagnum opus, given his style of writing and thinking.[6]
In 2006, Thomas H. Brobjer stated in the abstract to his study, Nietzsche'smagnum opus:
Nietzsche did not write a completed magnum opus, a "Hauptwerk", but he planned to do so during at least the last 5 years of his active life. I will show that during and after the writing ofAlso sprach Zarathustra this was his main aim and ambition. The projected work passed through a number of related phases, of which the much discussed and controversialWill to Power was merely one. This intention to write amagnum opus has been denied or almost completely ignored by almost all commentators (and even the many writers of Nietzsche biographies). I will bring attention to this intention, discuss why it has been ignored and show that an awareness of it is important for our understanding of the late Nietzsche's thinking and for determining the value and originality of his late notes. It has been a failure of historians of philosophy, intellectual historians and Nietzsche scholars not to have taken this into consideration and account.[7]
Since Nietzsche asked his landlord to burn some of his notes in 1888 when he leftSils Maria, and these notes were ultimately incorporated into the compilationThe Will to Power, some scholars argue that Nietzsche rejected his project on the will to power at the end of his lucid life. However, a recent study (Huang 2019) shows that the "burning" story indicates little about Nietzsche's project on the will to power, not only because only 11 “aphorisms” saved from the flames were published inThe Will to Power, but also because these abandoned notes mainly focus on topics such as the critique of morality while touching upon the “feeling of power” only once.[8]
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