 | This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(August 2021) |
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| Country | United States |
|---|---|
| Broadcast area | Nationwide in smallerdemographic market areas with no over-the-air affiliate |
| Network | The WB |
| Affiliates | (see section) |
| Headquarters | Burbank, California |
| Programming | |
| Language | English |
| Picture format | 480i (SDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Warner Bros. Entertainment (Time Warner) Tribune Company |
| History | |
| Launched | September 21, 1998 (1998-09-21) |
| Closed | September 17, 2006 (2006-09-17) (7 years, 361 days) |
| Replaced by | The CW Plus |
| Former names | The WeB (1998–1999, developmental name) |
The WB 100+ Station Group (originally calledThe WeB from its developmental stages until March 1999) was a national programming service ofThe WB—owned by theWarner Bros. Entertainment division ofTime Warner, theTribune Company, and group founder and longtime WB network presidentJamie Kellner—intended primarily forAmericantelevision markets ranked #100 and above byNielsen Media Research estimates. Operating from September 21, 1998 to September 17, 2006, The WB 100+ comprised anaffiliate group that was initially made exclusively of individually brandedcable television channels serving areas that lacked availability for a locally based WB broadcast affiliate and supplied a nationalized subfeed consisting of WB network and syndicated programs; in the network's waning years, the WB 100+ group began maintaining primary affiliations on full-power andlow-power stations in certain markets serviced by the feed.
The WB 100+ Station Group was also essentially structured as a de facto national feed of The WB, and maintained a master schedule ofsyndicated andbrokered programs for broadcast on all affiliates of the feed outside of time periods designated for The WB's prime time, daytime and Saturday morning programming. Programming and promotional services for The WB 100+ were housed at The WB's corporate headquarters inBurbank, California; engineering andmaster control operations were based at the California Video Center inLos Angeles.
The history of The WB 100+ can be traced back to a charter affiliation agreement reached on December 3, 1993, between The WB andTribune Broadcasting (whose corporate parent, the Tribune Company (laterTribune Media), held minority ownership in the network), which resulted in Tribune'sChicagotelevision flagshipWGN-TV carrying The WB's prime time programming (theKids' WB block – which debuted in September 1995, eight months after The WB's launch – would air instead onindependent stationWCIU-TV before moving to WGN-TV in September 2004).[1]
Through that deal, WGN's nationalsuperstation feed (later separately branded asWGN America and operating as a conventional basic cable channel) would act as a default WB affiliate for select markets where the network would have difficulty securing an affiliation with abroadcasttelevision station at The WB's launch on January 11, 1995 (either due to the lack of available over-the-air stations or the absence of a secondary affiliation with an existing station within the market). This arrangement was conceived to give the network enough time to find affiliates in those "white areas" (a term referring to areas in which a national broadcaster does not have market clearance), allowing the WGN superstation feed to nationally distribute The WB's programming to a broader audience than would be possible without such an agreement in the interim.[1] Some cable providers also carried eitherLos Angeles affiliateKTLA (for areas in thePacific Time Zone) orNew York City affiliateWPIX (for areas in theEastern Time Zone) depending on the location in addition to or in lieu of WGN's national feed.
Jamie Kellner – co-founder, and original president of The WB – conceived the concept of a cable-originated programming service that would serve smaller markets, originally titledThe WeB, in June 1996; the network formally presented its concept for the service, which would function similarly to the reasoning behind the agreement with the WGN superstation feed, to cable providers on September 24 of that year.[2][3][4] Kellner had previous experience in developing such a service; during his tenure asFox's original network president from 1986 to 1993, Kellner developed a similar (but less localized) service,Foxnet, a cable channel owned byNews Corporation (the corporate parent of Fox at the time) that operated from June 1991 to September 2006, and was the first cable channel that designed to distribute a broadcast network's programming directly to cable providers in smaller markets where the network could not maintain an exclusive affiliation due to the limited number of available commercial television stations. After Russell Myerson (who would serve as the group'sexecutive vice president andgeneral manager) joined The WB in 1997, Kellner came to Myerson with his idea for a national cable feed of the network that would distribute WB programming to these "white area" markets with five or fewer commercial stations (including some markets whereUPN, which debuted five days after The WB launched, managed to obtain an affiliation).[5]
Time Warner, the network's majority owner, commissionedIBM (for hardware and infrastructure) and Enterprise Systems Group (later known as Encoda and thenHarris Corporation; contracted for software systems at the national and local level) to develop a nationaldata server network that would digitally transmit local and national advertisements,promos,station identifications and customizedlogo bugs for each individual affiliate toheadends operating the local WB 100+ affiliate in their home market. The network would be relayed to a "station in a box" (SIB), a 5.25-inch (13.3 cm) wirelessPC-based system that was programmed to download (through a data feed distributed viasatellite), store andinsert advertising appropriate to the individual affiliate's home market in pre-determined time periods set through aplaylist over the satellite-delivered national feed as well as to transfer the programming feeds, via a disseminated address header based on the affiliate's designated call letters. The SIB units – which cost $9,000 per unit – were sold to each prospective affiliate operator with costs fully shouldered by The WB; the SIBs held 90 minutes of programming material at a time, in addition to transmitting advertisements and program promotions, andlogging previously aired ad spots. Affiliatestrafficked local advertising via logfiles sent over the Internet to aNovar management system located at The WB's corporate offices, that handled trafficking, programming feed dissemination and local insertion to individual affiliates.[6][7][5][8] All programming provided by the service was distributed to WB 100+ affiliates via acentralcasting hub based at the California Video Center in southwesternLos Angeles (nearLos Angeles International Airport).[7][5][8]
Originally slated for a September 8 launch, The WeB was launched at 7:00 p.m.Eastern Time on September 21, 1998 on 80 cable-only affiliates, reaching 2.8 million cable television subscribers in the United States – the largest simultaneous launch of a station group in the history of American television. The service (which was renamedThe WB 100+ Station Group in March 1999[9]) was created to serve a similar capacity that Superstation WGN held as a national distributor of The WB – the difference being that stations within The WB 100+ group were structured in the manner of a local broadcast station: local WB 100+ affiliates were managed by either a local cable provider or an affiliate of a larger over-the-air television station (usually those affiliated with networks that were established long before The WB debuted in January 1995), which may have produced some local programming – such as a prime time newscast – or televised local sporting events.
WB 100+ stations also aired localcommercial inserts and promotions, although promotions for syndicated programs aired on the service omitted affiliate references (either in the form of verbal identification or use of the affiliate's logo) in favor of network branding and were not customized to reference the program's local airtime (all airtimes listed in syndicated program promos were based on their scheduling in the Eastern andCentral Time Zones), with the announcer being used to read the promo's airtime card only identifying that the program airs "[today/tonight/tomorrow/day of week] on The WB". Each affiliate had their own individual branding (usually in the form of a fictionalcall sign, the combination of "The WB" name with either the parent station'scity of license/cable franchise's service area or a regional descriptor of the area, or both).[10][6][7][5]
As part of the initial six-year affiliation agreements signed in late 1997 and throughout 1998, cable providers that operated local WB 100+ affiliates received the service's programming free of charge, instead of being required to pay a carriage fee directly to the network (as providers were required to do when they agreed to carry Foxnet at its launch); in addition, affiliates and their advertising sales partners shared a percentage of the revenue earned through the sale of local ads. The WB 100+ was designed to comply withNielsen regulations defining what constitutes a local station; this allowed viewership totals from the cable-only affiliates to be counted alongside the network's conventional broadcast affiliates to accurately count toward the national ratings for WB network programming.[7][5]
As time went on, The WB 100+ expanded, increasing its body of cable-only affiliates, while also adding affiliations with conventional broadcast television stations in a few markets. By September 2001, The WB 100+'s national availability had increased to 7.4 million households. The service's programming reached 109 out of 111 television markets within those eligible to affiliate with The WB 100+, totaling nine million households by January 2005.[5][11][12][13] By the time The WB ceased operations in September 2006, the only eligible market never to have been served by a WB 100+ affiliate wasLafayette, Indiana, which received WB programming via WTTK (a satellite station ofWTTV, which later became a CW affiliate and is now aCBS affiliate) in the adjacentIndianapolis market.
In some markets where a local cable provider carried Superstation WGN upon the initial rollout of the service, a WB 100+ affiliate supplanted WGN as the local WB affiliate; though for a year following the launch of The WB 100+, programming duplication between the local WB 100+ affiliate and WGN persisted in some areas where a cable provider did notblack out WB programming airing over the WGN superstation feed. As additional WB 100+ affiliates signed on, network management deemed that The WB's affiliate footprint was large enough to request that WGN drop its programming from the station's national feed in October 1999;[14] the local WGN-TV Chicago signal remained a WB affiliate until the network's September 2006 shutdown (the WGN local feed – which later became the CW affiliate, and were disaffiliated with the CW on 2016, but returned to the CW affiliate on 2024 – would become available to U.S. viewers outside of the Chicago market in the spring of 2015, when it was added as part of the initial offerings ofChannel Master's LinearTV service[15]).
On January 24, 2006, Time Warner andCBS Corporation announced that The WB and UPN would each be shut down; in turn, the two companies would partner to launchThe CW Television Network, a new network that would feature some programs from The WB and UPN initially forming the nuclei of its schedule in September of that year.[16] To coincide with the change, The CW announced on February 24, that it would start a service calledThe CW Plus, a group of primarilydigital subchannels,analog and non-broadcast cable television outlets affiliated with the network, serving areas of the United States ranked below the top 99 television markets; this service is nearly identical in structure to The WB 100+, albeit with a more diversified body of affiliates. There was no guarantee that existing affiliates of The WB 100+ would automatically join The CW Plus, although the vast majority ultimately did, and programming transitioned seamlessly from The WB 100+ to the successor CW Plus service (for example,The Daily Buzz remained on The CW Plus until September 2014).[17][18]
Sincedigital television allows multiple "subchannels" to be carried on a single over-the-air signal, most of the CW Plus' affiliates air on the multicast feeds of those stations that manage the affiliates. Thus, they are no longer technically "cable-only" and must now use the parent station's licensed callsigns instead of a fictional one (although some of the service's over-the-air affiliates use altered versions of the parent station's call letters – with an "E" often replacing the leader "W" or "K" – merely for identification purposes, both on-air and in Nielsen diary-tabulated ratings reports). However, some stations (such asWBVC inNorthern Michigan; WBWO inWheeling, West Virginia; CW Glendive inGlendive, Montana;KWMK inBismarck, North Dakota; WBAE inAlpena, Michigan and KSXF inJoplin, Missouri) remain cable-exclusive outlets.
The WB 100+ utilized a dual programming model which differed from the traditional network affiliate model used by WB-affiliated stations in large and medium-sized markets, in which the affiliate handled complete responsibility of providing syndicated and local programming to fill non-network timeslots. Instead, dayparts on WB 100+ affiliates without WB programming were programmed by the network, primarily with programs that were being carried at the time in national syndication – along with syndicatedfilm packages that filled select weekend timeslots, andbrokered programming (such asinfomercials andreligious programs) that was time-leased by The WB to fill most overnight and some early afternoon timeslots on the service; this relieved the WB 100+ affiliate's local owner of the duty of acquiring syndicated programming to fill timeslots not occupied by network content from The WB. This was similar to the programming strategy of Foxnet, though unlike The WB 100+, Foxnet was distributed as a conventional cable channel and local operators were not allowed to tailor the service to their local market with their own branding, or carry local news or sports programming.
In addition to the hour of programming provided by theKids' WB Saturday morning block that featured content complying with the regulations, the remaining two hours of programming that fulfillededucational programming guidelines defined by theChildren's Television Act was taken care of by The WB 100+, which carried syndicated E/I programs for broadcast on early Saturday afternoons immediately after the conclusion of the block for much of The WB 100+'s existence.
The parent station or cable franchise operator of the local WB 100+ affiliate maintained responsibility of selling local advertising for the station or cable-only outlet, with the service allocating time to affiliates to incorporate local commercial inserts during WB network and WB 100+-acquired syndicated programming. The WB offered a multi-tiered advertising sales plan to prospective affiliates allowing for the sale and transmission of commercials for local, regional and national businesses on the customized feed; it also handled responsibility for marketing campaigns customized for each affiliate that were developed through an in-house marketing department operated by The WB for the station group.[8][5] The affiliate operator also held responsibility of acquiring alternative syndicated programming to substitute those provided by The WB 100+, if the rights to that program are held by another station in their market.
Though The WB itself never carried any national news programming of its own throughout its 11-year existence, in September 2002, The WB acquired the syndication rights toThe Daily Buzz – amorning news and lifestyle program that, at the time, was produced byACME Communications (a now-defunct media company founded by The WB's original CEO Jamie Kellner, which had all except one of its television stations affiliated with The WB, and was named after theAcme Corporation running gag seen in Warner Bros.'Looney Tunes animated shorts) – for broadcast on The WB 100+; the program was also syndicated to stations in markets that were not covered by either The WB 100+ or where ACME did not own a station.[19][20]
The WB 100+ feed was originally designed for the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones, whose master schedules were formatted to align the start time of The WB's prime time programming with the network's broadcast affiliate feed; a Central Time Zone feed was added by the early 2000s, followed by anAlaska Time Zone feed that launched in 2005.[11] As such, the Kids' WB and (from January to September 2006, following the conclusion of the weekday afternoon Kids' WB lineup)Daytime WB blocks, which were designed to betape-delayed, were aired an hour earlier on affiliates – compared to their preferred scheduling – on affiliates in the Central,Mountain and Alaska time zones.
This is a list of WB 100+ stations as of September 2006, when The WB ceased operations as a broadcast network. Note that most "call letters" below are informal, as these stations did not broadcast over-the-air and as such, were not licensed by theFederal Communications Commission (FCC); there were a few exceptions. Some of the "fake" calls used by the cable-only WB affiliates may be the same as calls used by actual over-the-air stations, and may create confusion for some; such stations are identified in this list for disambiguation.