The Triumph of St. Joan was originally anopera in three acts byNorman Dello Joio to an English languagelibretto on the subject of themartyrdom ofJoan of Arc by Dello Joio andJoseph Machlis (1906–1998). It was premiered atSarah Lawrence College on May 9, 1950.[1] Although the opera was received positively, the composer was unhappy with the work and declined to have it performed again.[2] However, he did adapt part of the opera into asymphony of the same title in 1951.[3] The symphony was later renamedSeraphic Ode.[4]
Dello Joio returned to the subject of Joan of Arc in 1955 when he was commissioned by theNBC Television Opera Theatre to produce an original 75-minute opera for television. The resulting work in two acts was retitledThe Trial at Rouen, and, in using new music and a new libretto by Dello Joio, was in effect a completely different musical drama from its predecessor. It premiered on April 8, 1956 onNBC.[5] Dello Joio adapted the work a third time, extending the music at the beginning and end of the 1956 version (including some music from the 1950 opera) to create a one-act opera for the stage. This third version, once again calledThe Triumph of St. Joan, was premiered by theNew York City Opera on April 16, 1959.[6]
Dello Joio was on the faculty of Sarah Lawrence College (SLC) and the college was looking to produce a theatrical work that could be a collaborative project across different departments. The composer had been contemplating writing an opera for a number of years already but had not found a subject matter that inspired him until attending the 1948 filmJoan of Arc with his friend Joseph Machlis, a writer, musician, andQueens College, City University of New York, faculty member. The two men both agreed that an opera focusing on the "inner motivations and spiritual life of Joan" could be derived effectively and movingly and that it would make a good project for SLC. Over the next 11 months the two men laboured together to create the opera's libretto and Dello Joio composed the music in this time as well.[1]
The original 1950 opera encompassed three soloists, an opera chorus, and dancers. The SLC's music and dance departments made up the cast and the production was accompanied by two pianos. The school's theatre majors specializing in the technical aspects of the stage designed and built the sets, lights, and costumes. ConductorHugh Ross directed the chorus and all told a total of 85 SLC students were involved in putting the opera together. A grant from the Whitney Foundation provided much of the financial backing needed to mount the opera.[1]
The opera premiered at Bates Hall on the campus of SLC on May 9, 1950. Gisela Weber created the title role with Jerome Swinford asPierre Cauchon and John Druary as theDauphin of France/Charles VII of France. The opera opens with Joan in her prison cell after hertrial and sentence of execution. Awaiting her death alone, her memories of past events come to life on stage with intermittent periods returning her to her present moment of solitude. Flashbacks include her meeting with the Dauphin the day before theSiege of Orléans, his coronation at Rheims, the breach in the relationship between Charles and Joan, and Cauchon's condemning of her at her trial.[7] Music criticsOlin Downes noted the following about the integral part of chorus:
The chorus plays a many-sided role. Now, in the solitude of Joan's cell, it is the whispering voice of her sorely tired spirit; now it is active and potent participant in the drama, as in the coronation scene, or in the scene between Joan and the Bishop of Beauvaris, denouncing her; now it is the Greek commentator on the tragedy.[7]
Overall the reception for Dello Joio's first rendition ofThe Triumph of St. Joan was positive.[7] However, the composer was himself unhappy with the work and, although there was some interest in a professional staging of the opera, Dello Joio withdrew the work from such considerations.[2] He did take some of the music and adapt it into a symphony which was first performed by theLouisville Orchestra on December 5 and 6, 1951. At the premiere, renowned dancerMartha Graham performed the role of Joan of Arc using her own choreography. The symphony is organized into threemovements. The first movement, entitled "The Maid", is a theme and variation in6
8 with flute and oboe soloists on the melody. The second movement, "The Warrior", is written in12
8 with a great deal of intensity until it moves into a stately4
4. Of the final movement, "The Saint", Dello Joio said, "I cannot urge you strongly enough to have the orchestra sing the last movement. I do not feel the end of this piece should be tragic but rather one of triumphant serenity. Joan must have welcomed the fire for it was the final test which led to her salvation."[3]
Peter Herman Adler of theNBC Opera Theatre was interested in Dello Joio's work and in 1955 he commissioned the composer to provide the company with a new opera for television.[8] Feeling he had not said what he wanted to say about Joan of Arc, Dello Joio returned to her as the source of this new work. He wrote an entirely new libretto in two acts, going back to the historical documents of her trial as a source for the new text. He also wrote completely new music for the opera.[5] Dello Joio commented on this process:
The Trial at Rouen is not a version of my first opera, but is a completely new statement, both musically and dramatically; though the temptation to use the old material was great... The premise of my opera is simple. My conclusion is that the Joan story recounts the ageless conflict between the individual of excessive imagination and those who hold to the status quo. I was aware of how dangerous this concept was, because singing philosophy can be a bore. But, in reading the intense human drama between Joan and her accusers leaped forth from the pages in highly emotional terms.[5]
InThe Trial of Rouen, Dello Joio completely removed the character of the Dauphin of France/Charles VII of France, choosing instead to focus on Joan's trial and execution. The production starred sopranoElaine Malbin in the title role, baritoneHugh Thompson as Cauchon, bass-baritoneChester Watson as Father Julien, and baritonePaul Ukena as the Jailer. There were also six inquisitors and three heavenly voices in the cast.Peter Herman Adler conducted theSymphony of the Air for the production. The opera was broadcast nationally onNBC television on April 8, 1956, to an audience in the millions.[9] Music criticHoward Taubman was overall positive about the work, stating that "The NBC Television opera gaveThe Trial at Rouen a brilliant production, one of the best in a growing line of video presentations."[9] However, his comments on the effectiveness of the work were mixed. He said the following in his review inThe New York Times:
The Trial at Rouen is a high-minded attempt to come to grips with the subject of the martyrdom of Saint Joan. Its mood is reverent without turning ponderous. It is always lyrical and occasionally tense with drama. It combines words and music with an ease that makes the enfolding of the song seem natural and with a poetry that heightens its emotion... Does his opera give us Joan in all her innocence and radiance? One would have to say it comes close but is defeated in the end. One of Mr. Dello Joio's troubles is that his libretto lacks contrast and his characters are almost of one shade. In the case of Joan, this fault is rectified by variety and subtlety in the music. However, the music, though it is not afraid to sing, lets us down in the climaxes by failing to sing with sufficient intensity.[9]
After the somewhat mixed success ofThe Trial at Rouen, Dello Joio felt that he could still improve upon his opera further. He continued to work on the opera adding additional music to the beginning and end. He took some music from the original 1950 opera, a short aria for an English sentry (a character in the original opera but not the television version), and tagged it onto the beginning of the first act. He also added an impassioned extended farewell aria for Joan at the end of the opera. Although the work was now longer than the 1956 version, it was structured into one act instead of two.[6]
In 1958Julius Rudel offered to include Dello Joio's revised one-act opera, now retitledThe Triumph of St. Joan, in the 1958–1959New York City Opera (NYCO) season. He readily accepted and the work was premiered by the NYCO on April 16, 1959, in a double bill withGian Carlo Menotti'sThe Medium. The cast includedLee Venora in the title role,Mack Harrell as Cauchon,Chester Watson as Father Julien,Chester Ludgin as the Jailer, and tenorFrank Porretta as the Sentry.Herbert Grossman conducted the opera which was staged byJosé Quintero and included sets byDavid Hays and costumes byRuth Morely. Taubman also reviewed this production, commenting that this version was "a distinct improvement over its predecessors." He also remarked that the opera now had a much more effective climax with the scene where Joan is lashed to the stake "taking on a fearful and piteous realism".[6]