"The Scouring of the Shire" is the penultimate chapter ofJ. R. R. Tolkien's fantasyThe Lord of the Rings. TheFellowshiphobbits,Frodo,Sam,Merry, andPippin, return home tothe Shire to find that it is under the brutal control of ruffians and their leader "Sharkey", who turns out to be theWizardSaruman. The ruffians have despoiled the Shire, cutting down trees and destroying old houses, as well as replacing the old mill with a larger one full of machinery which pollutes the air and the water. The hobbits rouse the Shire to rebellion, lead their fellow hobbits to victory in theBattle of Bywater, and end Saruman's rule.
Critics have considered "The Scouring of the Shire" one of the most important chapters inThe Lord of the Rings.[1][2][3] Although Tolkien denied that the chapter was anallegory for Britain in theaftermath of World War II, commentators have argued that it can be applied to that period, with clear contemporary political references that include asatire ofsocialism, echoes ofNazism, allusions to the shortages in postwar Britain, and a strand ofenvironmentalism.
According to Tolkien, the idea of such a chapter was planned from the outset as part of the overallformal structure ofThe Lord of the Rings, though its details were not worked out until much later. The chapter was intended to counterbalance the larger plot, concerning the physical journey to destroy theOne Ring, with a moralquest upon the return home, to purify the Shire and to take personal responsibility. Tolkien considered other identities for the wicked Sharkey before settling on Saruman late in his composition process.
The chapter, which has been called one of the most famousanticlimaxes in literature, has generally been excluded fromfilm adaptations ofThe Lord of the Rings.Peter Jackson'sfilm trilogy omits the chapter, butmaintains two key elements: a burning Shire, glimpsed by Frodo in thecrystal ball-like Mirror ofGaladriel; and the means of Saruman's death, transposed toIsengard.
The chapter follows all the main action ofThe Lord of the Rings. The story tells how theOne Ring, a ring of power made by the Dark LordSauron, lost for many centuries, has reappeared and is in the hands of ahobbit,Frodo Baggins, in theEngland-like[4]Shire. If Sauron finds the Ring, he will use it to take over the whole ofMiddle-earth. AWizard,Gandalf, tells Frodo the history of the ring and persuades him to leave the Shire to destroy the Ring. He is joined by three other hobbits, his friendsSam,Merry, andPippin. They are pursued by Sauron'sBlack Riders, but escape to a stronghold of theElves,Rivendell. There, they learn that it can only be destroyed in the volcano, Mount Doom, where Sauron forged the Ring, in the evil land ofMordor. They are joined by others opposed to Sauron, forming aFellowship of the Ring, led by Gandalf. They face many perils on the journey, and the Fellowship is split up. Merry and Pippin become involved in wars against the evil WizardSaruman and then against Sauron: Merry becomes a knight ofRohan, while Pippin becomes a guard ofGondor. With Sauron distracted, Frodo and Sam manage to travel to Mount Doom. The Ring is destroyed in the Cracks of Doom, and Sauron is overthrown. The hobbits, much changed by their experiences, ride home to the Shire, hoping to return to a peaceful rural life.[5]
Thehobbits of the Fellowship – Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin – returning home to the Shire, come to its border, the Brandywine Bridge, late at night. They are surprised to find it barred, but are taken in, after some convincing, by theShiriffs, a kind of hobbit police, who are guarding the bridge. They are shocked at the state of the Shire, with endless rules, ugly new buildings, and wanton destruction of trees and old buildings. Sam recognises one of the Shiriffs and tells him he should be ashamed of himself for joining in with "such nonsense".[T 1] All the cheerful inns are closed, so the Fellowship hobbits stay in the depressing, badly-built new Shiriff-house.[T 1]
Setting off on ponies for Hobbiton at the centre of the Shire the next morning, the four hobbits are met by Shiriffs at the village of Frogmorton who attempt to arrest them for breaking several rules the night before. Unable to keep up with the ponies, the Shiriffs let the hobbits pass.[T 1]
Reaching the village of Bywater, the four hobbits discover that Sandyman's mill has been replaced by a big, noisy one full of machinery that fouls the water and pollutes the air; Ted Sandyman is the only hobbit who likes it, and he works for the Men who built it, where his father was his own boss. Merry, Pippin and Sam use their swords and their height[a] to scare away a group of ruffians. The hobbits decide to 'raise the Shire'; Merry blows the magic horn given to him byÉowyn of Rohan, while Sam recruits his neighbour Tom Cotton and his sons, who rouse the village. Cotton tells them that wagonloads of goods, including tobacco, have been sent "away", causing shortages; they were paid for with unexplained funds by Lotho Sackville-Baggins, known as the "Chief" or the "Boss", who moved into Frodo's home, Bag End, when Frodo left onthe quest to destroy the Ring. Pippin rides to his home village, Tuckborough, to rally his kin, the large Took clan. A gang of twenty ruffians from Hobbiton try to take farmer Cotton prisoner; the leader of the gang is killed with arrows, and the other ruffians quickly surrender.[T 1]
The next morning the hobbits at Bywater learn that Pippin's father, Thain Paladin II, has raised Tookland and is pursuing ruffians who have fled south; that Pippin will return with all the hobbits his father could spare; and that a much larger group of ruffians is heading towards them. Pippin returns with one hundred members of his family, before the ruffians arrive. Merry and Pippin lead the hobbits to victory in the brief Battle of Bywater. They ambush the ruffians by blocking a high-hedged lane with wagons in front of them and then behind them; most of the ruffians are killed. Frodo does not take part in the fighting.[T 1]
The hobbits go to Hobbiton to visit Lotho. The whole area has been despoiled, and Bag End is apparently empty and unused. There they meet "Sharkey", alias the WizardSaruman; he is accompanied by his servantWormtongue. He has lost his Wizard's power, except for his deceptive voice; he tells them he has deliberately harmed their home in revenge. Frodo tells him to leave the Shire; Saruman in reply tries to stab Frodo, but the knife snaps on Frodo's hidden coat ofchain-mail. Frodo asks the other hobbits not to kill Saruman and offers Wormtongue the opportunity to stay. Saruman reveals that Wormtongue killed Lotho, provoking Wormtongue to cut Saruman's throat. Wormtongue is shot dead by hobbit archers. A column of mist arises from Saruman's corpse and is blown away in the wind.[T 1]
After the scouring, "the clearing up certainly needed a lot of work, but it took less time than Sam had feared".[T 2] The cleanup is described in the first pages of the final chapter, "The Grey Havens"; the new buildings put up during Sharkey's rule are torn down and their materials reused "to repair many an old [hobbit] hole".[T 2] Sam goes around the Shire planting saplingsto replace lost trees, giving each one a grain of the dust from Galadriel's garden; the single nut he plants in the Party Field. The work is successful: "spring surpassed his wildest hopes", and "altogether 1420 in the Shire was a marvellous year".[T 2] Amallorn sapling like those ofLothlórien replaces the Party Tree, many children are born with "a rich golden hair", and young hobbits "very nearly bathed in strawberries and cream".[T 2]
Tolkien scholars and critics have noted that the chapter implies some kind of formal structure for the whole work. The critic Bernhard Hirsch writes that "The Scouring of the Shire" has "provoked considerable critical debate", unlike the rest of the "homeward journey" in Book 6. Hirsch accepts Tolkien's statement in the foreword to theFellowship of the Ring that the formal structure ofThe Lord of the Rings, namely a journey outward for the quest and a journey home, meant that the chapter, along with the other two chapters of the return journey, was "foreseen from the outset".[3] Another critic,Nicholas Birns, notes approvingly David Waito's argument that the chapter is as important morally as the Fellowship's main quest to destroy theOne Ring, "but applies [the morals] to daily life".[2][7] The Tolkien scholarPaul Kocher writes that Frodo, having thrown aside his weapons and armour onMount Doom, chooses to fight "only on the moral plane" in the Shire.[8]
Birns goes further, arguing that the chapter has an important formal role in the overall composition ofThe Lord of the Rings, as Tolkien had stated. In Birns's view, the chapter's main surprise is the appearance of Saruman, and it was indeed, Birns writes, his presence that made it necessary to scour the Shire. Evidence that Tolkien had planned something of the sort is found, Birns notes, in Sam's vision of the future of the Shire in peril when he looks in the Mirror of Galadriel in Lothlorien inThe Fellowship of the Ring.[2]
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Scholars have identified several possible origins and antecedents for the chapter, and these have been added to byChristopher Tolkien's exploration of the literary history of his father's work on it over the years. Scholars agree that the "Scouring" has an ancient pedigree, echoingHomer'sOdyssey when after long years awayOdysseus returns to his home island ofIthaca to scour it of Penelope's worthless suitors.[2][9][10] Robert Plank adds that Tolkien could have chosen as a pattern any number of other returning heroes.[9] This theme, of a last obstacle to the heroic homecoming, was paradoxically both long-planned (certainly back to the time of writing of theLothlorien chapter) and, in the person of Saruman-as-Sharkey, "a very late entry".[2] David Greenman in addition contrasts the scouring withTuor'sAeneas-like escape from a wrecked kingdom as told inThe Fall of Gondolin.[10]
InSauron Defeated, earlier drafts of the chapter show that Tolkien had considered giving Frodo a far more energetic part in confronting Sharkey and the ruffians. These throw light on Tolkien's choice of who Sharkey actually was, whether the "boss" hobbit Lotho Sackville-Baggins, a human leader of the gang of ruffians, or Saruman. Tolkien had thus hesitated over how to implement the "Scouring", only arriving at Saruman after trying other options.[11] Birns argues that the effect is to bring the "consequentiality of abroad" (includingIsengard, where Saruman was strong) back to the "parochialism of home", not only scouring the Shire but also strengthening it, with Merry and Pippin as "world citizens".[2]
In his "Foreword to the Second Edition", Tolkien denies that the chapter is anallegory or relates to events in or after theSecond World War:
An author cannot of course remain wholly unaffected by his experience, but the ways in which a story-germ uses the soil of experience are extremely complex, and attempts to define the process are at best guesses from evidence that is inadequate and ambiguous.... it has been supposed by some that 'The Scouring of the Shire' reflects the situation in England at the time [in the 1940s and 1950s] when I was finishing my tale. It does not. It is an essential part of the plot, foreseen from the outset, though in the event modified by the character of Saruman as developed in the story without, need I say, any allegorical significance or contemporary political reference whatsoever.[T 3]
The Tolkien criticTom Shippey writes that the Shire is certainly whereMiddle-earth comesnearest to the 20th century, and that the people who had commented that the "Scouring of the Shire" was about Tolkien's contemporary England were not wholly wrong. Shippey suggests however that rather than seeing the chapter as anallegory ofpostwar England, it could be taken as an account of "a society suffering not only from political misrule, but from a strange and generalized crisis of confidence."[12] Shippey draws a parallel with a contemporary work,George Orwell's 1938 novelComing Up for Air, where England is subjected to a "similar diagnosis" of leaderless inertia.[12]
Critics including Plank have noted that Tolkien denied that the "Scouring of the Shire" reflected Englandin the late 1940s, claiming instead that the chapter echoed his youthful experience of seeing his home atSarehole, then in rural Warwickshire, being taken over by the growing city of Birmingham in the early 1900s.[13] Tolkien related the chapter to his childhood experiences at the end of the 19th century:
It has indeed some basis in experience, though slender (for the economic situation was entirely different), and much further back [than the Second World War]. The country in which I lived in childhood was being shabbily destroyed before I was ten, in days when motor-cars were rare objects (I had never seen one) and men were still building suburban railways. Recently I saw in a paper a picture of the last decrepitude of theonce thriving corn-mill [Sarehole Mill] beside its pool that long ago seemed to me so important. I never liked the looks of the Young miller, but his father, the Old miller, had a black beard, and he was not named Sandyman.[T 5]
Instead of a strict allegory with exact correspondences between the elements of the chapter and 20th century events and personages, Plank suggested that the chapter was "a realisticparable of reality".[13][14] Birns and others note, too, that there is an echo in the chapter of the soldiers, including Tolkien, returning home fromthe trenches of theFirst World War, and meeting an unfair lack of appreciation of their contribution, as when Sam's father, Gaffer Gamgee, is more concerned with the damage to his potatoes than any "trapessing in foreign parts".[2][15]
Various commentators have noted that the chapter has political overtones. The critic Jerome Donnelly suggests that the chapter is asatire, of a more serious kind than the knockabout "comedy of manners"[16] at the start ofThe Hobbit. Plank calls it acaricature of fascism.[17] Donnelly agrees with Tolkien that the "Scouring" is not an allegory, but proposes that Saruman's "Ruffians" echo the tyrannical behaviour of theNazis, as do "the use of collaborators, threats, torture and killing of dissenters, andinternment".[16]
Jay Richards and Jonathan Witt write that "conservatives and progressives alike" had seen the chapter as a "pointed critique of modernsocialism", citing the scholar of politicsHal Colebatch's comment that the rule- and redistribution-heavy Saruman regime "owed much to the drabness, bleakness and bureaucratic regulation of postwar Britain under theAttlee Labour Government".[18][19][20][14] They note similarly Plank's identification of "parallels" between the Shire under Saruman and both the German Nazi Party underHitler and Italian Fascism underMussolini.[18] Plank discusses, for example, why the hobbits did not resist fascism, giving as reasons cowardice, lack of solidarity, and what he finds "the most interesting and the most melancholy": the shirriff-hobbit's statement "I am sorry, Mr. Merry, but we haveorders."[17] Plank comments that this recalls statements from theNuremberg trials.[17] He further compares Saruman with Mussolini, noting that they both came to "a miserable end".[21] Richards and Witt concede that the chapter has wider themes, including the ugliness of Saruman's "vengeful heart", the nastiness of (sub)urban development, the hobbits' love-inspired defence of their homeland, and the need not to just obey orders, but state that Tolkien's letters demonstrate his dislike of socialism, and that in the chapter Tolkien deftly satirizes "socialism's pose of moral superiority".[18]
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Shippey comments that whatever Tolkien's protestations, readers back in the 1950s would have noticed some features of the Shire during the "Scouring" that "seem[ed] slightly out of place",[14] such as the fact that wagonloads of "pipeweed" (tobacco) are being taken away, seemingly at the wizard Saruman's orders, with no visible in-universe explanation. What, Shippey asks, was Saruman doing with so much tobacco: a wizard was hardly going to be trading it for profit, nor "issuing" it to his orcs in Isengard. Instead, Shippey suggests, it echoes Britain's shortages just after the Second World War, routinely explained at that time with "the words 'gone for export'".[14] Kocher adds that the devastation and people's responses in the Shire after the War would have been only too familiar to people in the 20th century.[22]
Not all critics have seen the chapter as political; the medievalistJane Chance notes the "domestic image" of the "Scouring" in the chapter's title, suggesting in her view a "rejuvenation" of the Shire. She describes the chapter's social cleansing of the Shire in similar terms, writing of washing and purifying it of "the reptilian monsters" Sharkey and Wormtongue.[23]
Tolkien critics have noted that the chapter has a distinctive novel-like quality. Birns echoes Plank's comment that the chapter is "fundamentally different from the rest of the book",[9] and states that it is "the mostnovelistic episode in Tolkien's massive tale."[2] He citesJanet Brennan Croft's description of it as "that deceptively anti-climactic but all-important chapter".[2][1] Birns argues that it meets three aspects ofIan Watt's definition of the kind of novel read by the middle class,[b] dominant among the reading public: firstly, it shows multiple social classes interacting; secondly, it is in a domestic context, the homely Shire; thirdly, it favours the point of view of the "emerging and aspiring middle classes".[2] Birns concludes that "'The Scouring of the Shire' is where Tolkien's dark romance bends the most towards the realistic novel of domestic reintegration and redemption."[2] Plank writes that the distinctive feature of the "Scouring" is that unlike in the rest of the book, there are no miracles and thelaws of nature work with "full and undisputed force".[24] Saruman, Plank notes, was once able to work magic, but in the chapter he works as a politician, without sorcery: the chapter is "realistic", not fantasy, except for the moment of Saruman's death.[24]
Michael Treschow and Mark Duckworth, writing inMythlore, note that the return to the Shire emphasises the protagonists' growth in character, so that they can deal with life's challenges for themselves. Just as at the end ofThe Hobbit Gandalf tellsBilbo that he is "not the hobbit that you were", having learnt from his adventures, so inThe Lord of the Rings Gandalf tells Frodo and the other hobbits that he will not be coming to the Shire with them since "you will need no help. You are grown up now. Grown indeed very high; among the great you are, and I have no longer any fear at all for any of you."[25]
Another element in the chapter is the appearance of Tolkien's own feelings about England. Shippey writes that there is a "streak of 'wish-fulfilment'" in the account, and that Tolkien would have liked "to hear the horns ofRohan blow, and watch the Black Breath[c] of inertia dissolve"[26] from England. More specifically, Shippey applies this idea to "The Scouring of the Shire", noting that Merry returns from Rohan with a horn, brought by Eorl the Young, founder of Rohan, from the dragon-hoard of Scatha the Worm from the North. The horn, he explains, is "a magic one, though only modestly so":[26] blowing it brings joy to his friends in arms, fear to his enemies, and in the chapter, it awakens the "revolution against sloth and shabbiness and Saruman-Sharkey"[26] and quickly gets the Shire purified. Shippey suggests that Tolkien wished to do the same, and notes that with his novels he at least succeeded in bringing joy.[26] Tolkien wrote in a letter that "theman-made ... is ultimately daunting and insupportable", and that "If aRagnarök would burn all the slums and gas-works, and shabby garages, and long arc-lit suburbs, it [could] for me burn all the works of art – and I'd go back to trees."[T 6] Caitlin Vaughn Carlos writes that Sam Gamgee's exclamation "This is worse than Mordor! ... It comes home to you, they say; because it is home, and you remember it before it was ruined"[T 1] encapsulates the impulse tonostalgia, since Sam is longing for the remembered home, not the one which now exists.[27]
Critics since the 1970s have observed one more theme in the chapter: environmentalism. One of the first to note that "Tolkien was [an] ecologist" wasPaul H. Kocher.[28][29] Birns calls it "as muchconservationist as it is traditionalist", writing that it presents a strong pro-environmentalist argument in addition to its other themes.[2] Plank describes the chapter's emphasis on the "deterioration of the environment" "quite unusual for its time",[30] with the returning hobbits finding needless destruction of the old and beautiful, and its replacement by the new and ugly; pollution of air and water; neglect; "and above all, trees wantonly destroyed".[30]Matthew Dickerson andJonathan Evans look at the chapter from the point of view of rousing people to environmental action in their "own backyard".[28]
The scholars Nan Scott andJanet Brennan Croft have commented on thepacifist dilemma embodied in the chapter. The hobbits return home from the War of the Ring, wanting peace, but find themselves obliged to fight, and indeed to lead the fighting, to rid the Shire of the enemy.[31][32] Scott notes that the hobbits were indeed so innocent and peace-loving that they had set out forRivendell without weapons; and they are surprised whenTom Bombadil gives them swords from theBarrow-wight's hoard.Aragorn states at Rivendell that the Shire is peaceful only because it is constantly watched by hisRangers. Further, Scott writes, Tolkien shows war to be at once "exhilarating and thrilling", as at theBattle of Helm's Deep, and ugly, as when human heads are catapulted into the besiegedMinas Tirith. Frodo feels pity even for Saruman; but his pacifism will not rid the Shire of Saruman's ruffians.[31] Merry, seeing the dilemma, tells Frodo "if there are many of these ruffians ... it will certainly mean fighting."[T 1][31]
Brian Attebery, introducing Birns's article inJournal of the Fantastic in the Arts, notes that Birns callsThe Scouring of the Shire "one of the most famous anticlimaxes in literature", and that conventional wisdom is to stop at once when the action has completed. Attebery begs to differ, saying that he likes anticlimaxes, as whenJane Austen's heroes and heroines work everything out in detail once they have at last reached agreement. In his view, the novel "would be much the less" without the chapter.[33]
Tolkien criticsJohn D. Rateliff andJared Lobdell have compared the sudden shrivelling of Saruman's flesh from his skull at the moment of his death with the instantaneous aging of the protagonist Ayesha inRider Haggard's 1887 novelShe, when she bathes in the fire of immortality.[34] Tolkien acknowledged Haggard asa major influence, especiallyShe.[35]
In an interview in 2015, the novelist and screenwriterGeorge R. R. Martin called this section of theLord of the Rings story brilliant, and said it was the tone he would be aiming for at the end ofGame of Thrones.[36][37]
Jonathon D. Langford, writing inMythlore, describes the scouring as the hobbits'coming of age, the culmination of their individual quests. He states that Merry and Pippin have clearly matured on their journey, while Frodo and Sam see the success of their quest reassessed by hobbit society. He notes that a heroic quest as described byJoseph Campbell ends with the hero's return from the enchanted lands to the ordinary world, renewing his community, as the hobbits' return does.[38]
The1981 BBCThe Lord of the Rings radio play covers "The Scouring of the Shire", including the original showdown and ending in which Saruman dies by Wormtongue's knife and Wormtongue is killed by arrows in the Shire.[40]
The events of "The Scouring of the Shire" are retold in the Finnish miniseriesHobitit.[41]
The chapter has been left out of theLord of the Rings film trilogy, except as a brief flash-forward when Frodo looks into the crystal ball-likeMirror of Galadriel inPeter Jackson's 2001The Fellowship of the Ring.[42] In the extended edition ofThe Return of the King, Wormtongue kills Saruman (stabbing him in the back, not slitting his throat) and is in turn killed by an arrow as in the chapter; however, this takes place at Isengard instead of the Shire and it isLegolas who shoots Wormtongue.[43]Peter Jackson called the chapter anticlimactic, and decided in 1998not to include it in the film trilogy. He decided to merge Saruman's and Wormtongue's death scene with "The Voice of Saruman" chapter fromThe Two Towers, but did not wish to go back to Isengard after theBattle of Helm's Deep. Jackson explained that in post-production ofThe Return of the King, the scene felt like a seven-minute wrap up ofThe Two Towers, gave the film an unsteady beginning, and made the film too long, so it ended up in the extended DVD.[44]
Alan Lee, in the last of his series of 50illustrations ofThe Lord of the Rings, depicted the four hobbits of the Fellowship returning on horseback along ahedged lane, with the stumps of recently cut trees and felled trunks in the foreground, and a tall chimney making a plume of dark smoke in the background. The painting was reviewed forMythlore byGlen GoodKnight,[d] who wrote that it was "anti-clima[c]tic, containing no joy, and denying us even the hint of the bitter-sweet resolution of the story".[39]
Saruman dies after Wormtongue slashes his throat in the Shire at the end of the War of the Ring. Pro: If there is no time to fully depict the Scouring of the Shire as Tolkien wrote it in the third film, then this death provides his character with a fitting end.
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