| "The Red-Headed League" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Short story byArthur Conan Doyle | |||
.png) Duncan Ross shakes Jabez Wilson's hand with Vincent Spaulding looking on, 1891 illustration bySidney Paget | |||
 Text available atWikisource | |||
| Country | United Kingdom | ||
| Language | English | ||
| Genre | Detective fictionshort stories | ||
| Publication | |||
| Published in | Strand Magazine | ||
| Publication date | August 1891 | ||
| Chronology | |||
| Series | The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes | ||
| |||
"The Red-Headed League" is one of the 56Sherlock Holmes short stories written bySir Arthur Conan Doyle. It first appeared inThe Strand Magazine in August 1891, with illustrations bySidney Paget. Doyle ranked "The Red-Headed League" second in his list of his twelve favourite Holmes stories.[1] It is also the second of the twelve stories inThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, which was published in 1892.
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Jabez Wilson, a Londonpawnbroker, comes to consult Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson. While studying this prospective client, both Holmes and Watson notice hisred hair.
Wilson tells them that some weeks before, his young assistant Vincent Spaulding urged him to respond to a newspaper advertisement by "The Red-Headed League" offering highly-paid work to only red-headed male applicants. The next morning, Wilson was hired to copy out theEncyclopaedia Britannica, for which he was paid £4 per week (equivalent to £556 in 2023[2]). The work was useless clerical labour, performed in nominal compliance with thewill of an eccentric American millionaire who wanted to provide for the welfare of red-headed men like himself. After eight weeks, Wilson reported to the office, only to find a note on the door stating that the Red-Headed League had been dissolved. He spoke with the landlord, who stated that he had never heard of the organisation.
Wilson provides a description of Spaulding, after which Holmes and Watson visit the pawnshop. Concluding that a crime is about to be committed at abank near the shop, Holmes gathers Watson,Inspector Jones ofScotland Yard, and bank chairman Mr. Merryweather that night.
As the four hide in the darkened bank vault, Merryweather reveals that it holds a shipment of gold coins borrowed from a French bank; Holmes suspects a wanted criminal named John Clay of planning to steal them. After more than an hour's wait, Clay and his red-headed accomplice Archie break upward through the vault floor and both are caught by waiting police.
Back at Baker Street, Holmes explains his reasoning to Watson. He had recognized Spaulding as Clay from Wilson's description, and had seen during the pawnshop visit that the knees of Clay's trousers were worn and dirty as if from digging. He concluded that Clay and Archie had concocted the Red-Headed League as a way to keep Wilson occupied during the day, so that Clay could tunnel into the bank vault from the cellar of the shop.
The dates given in the story do not match the characters' descriptions of time passing. The date that Wilson sees the advertisement is 27 April 1890 and he has been at work for 8 weeks and says "Just two months ago."[3] Thus that happened by the end of June. However, the story begins by describing Holmes's meeting with Wilson as being on "one day in the autumn of last year" and the date on the door telling of the League being dissolved is that of 9 October 1890, six months after the ad was placed.
Dorothy L. Sayers analyzed this discrepancy and claims that the dates must have been 4 August and 4 October respectively.[4]
"The Red-Headed League" was first published in the UK inThe Strand Magazine in August 1891, and in the United States in the US edition of theStrand in September 1891.[5] The story was published with ten illustrations bySidney Paget inThe Strand Magazine.[6] It was included in the short story collectionThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes,[6] which was published in October 1892.[7]
The story inspired the real-life 1971Baker Street robbery in which a criminal gang tunneled from a rented shop into a bank vault.[8] That robbery was then adapted into the 2008 filmThe Bank Job.
A 1921 short film was adapted from the story as part of theStoll film series featuringEille Norwood as Sherlock Holmes.[9]
The story was adapted for a 1951 TV episode ofSherlock Holmes starringAlan Wheatley as Holmes.[10]
The first American television adaptation of the story was in the 1954–1955 television seriesSherlock Holmes starringRonald Howard.
An adaptation of "The Red-Headed League" was used for an episode of the 1965 television seriesSherlock Holmes starringDouglas Wilmer as Holmes andNigel Stock as Watson, withToke Townley as Jabez Wilson.[11]
In the 1985television adaptation starringJeremy Brett, the scheme was masterminded byProfessor Moriarty and Clay is Moriarty's star pupil of crime (Holmes and Jones explicitly note that Clay is usually more of an impulsive criminal who wouldn't come up with something this elaborate on his own).
An episode of the animated 1999–2001 television seriesSherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century titled "The Red-Headed League" was based on the story.[12]
In the NHK puppetry television seriesSherlock Holmes, Jabez Wilson is a pupil ofBeeton School as well as Holmes and Watson and is invited to the Red-Headed Club by his senior Duncan Ross. But strangely enough, what he does in the club is painting balls, stones and bottles red. Holmes suspects that it is a means for Ross to ensure Wilson stays away from a certain place.[13]
Edith Meiser adapted the story as the third episode of the radio seriesThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, which aired on 5 January 1931, starringClive Brook as Sherlock Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Dr. Watson.[14] Other episodes adapted from the story aired on 24 May 1933 (withRichard Gordon as Holmes and Lovell as Watson)[15] and 8 February 1936 (with Gordon as Holmes and Harry West as Watson).[16]
Edith Meiser also adapted the story for the radio seriesThe New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes withBasil Rathbone as Holmes andNigel Bruce as Watson. The episode aired on 27 October 1940.[17] Other episodes adapted from the story aired on 28 May 1943,[18] and on 2 June 1947 (withTom Conway as Holmes and Bruce as Watson).[19] The story was also read by Basil Rathbone in a 1966 recording released byCaedmon Records.
A radio adaptation starringCarleton Hobbs as Holmes andNorman Shelley as Watson aired on theBBC Home Service in 1953, as part of the1952–1969 radio series.[20] Hobbs and Shelley also played Holmes and Watson respectively in a 1957 radio adaptation on the BBC Home Service,[21] and a 1964 radio adaptation on theBBC Light Programme.[22]
John Gielgud played Holmes andRalph Richardson played Watson in a radio adaptation of "The Red-Headed League" which aired on 19 October 1954 on the BBC Light Programme. The production also aired in January 1955 onNBC radio and in May 1956 onABC radio.[23]
A radio adaptation aired on 26 April 1977, on the seriesCBS Radio Mystery Theater.Kevin McCarthy was the voice of Holmes.[24]
An adaptation aired on BBC radio in June 1978, starringBarry Foster as Holmes andDavid Buck as Watson. It was adapted byMichael Bakewell.[25]
"The Red-Headed League" was dramatised forBBC Radio 4 in 1990 by Vincent McInerney as an episode of the1989–1998 radio series, starringClive Merrison as Holmes andMichael Williams as Watson. It also featuredJames Wilby as Vincent Spaulding.[26]
A 2014 episode of the radio seriesThe Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes was adapted from the story, and starredJohn Patrick Lowrie as Holmes and Lawrence Albert as Watson.[27]
In 2024, the podcastSherlock&Co adapted the story in a three-episodes adventure called "The Red-Headed League", starring Paul Waggot as Watson and Harry Attwell as Sherlock.
The story, along with "The Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax", "The Adventure of the Empty House", and "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton", provided the source material for the playThe Return of Sherlock Holmes.
Multiple references to the story are made in the twoThe Great Ace Attorney games. In the first game,The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures, Herlock Sholmes (who is Doyle's Sherlock Holmes in the original Japanese version, with his name changed for legal reasons as part of localization) incorrectly deduces that one of the involved parties in the final case was trying to dig a tunnel into a bank from a pawnshop, which is quickly disproven by protagonist Ryunosuke Naruhodo. In the second game,The Great Ace Attorney 2: Resolve, Sholmes is fooled by a fraudulent advertisement from the "Red-Headed League" and drinks a potion that turns his hair red before being scammed out of five shillings. Sholmes later has the two leaders of the "league" arrested, and their testimony about the scam proves important in revealing the truth of the international conspiracy at the heart of the game's plot. In addition, the name John Clay is briefly mentioned in another case, though as the name of a policeman rather than a criminal, and a character is named Duncan Ross, although he is seemingly unrelated to the Red-Headed League.
It was adapted into one of the books of the Hong Kong children's book seriesThe Great Detective Sherlock Holmes, as "The Great Robbery" (驚天大劫案). It is Book #8 of the original Chinese version,[28] and book #9 of the English version.[29]
Notes
Sources
The full text ofThe Red-Headed League at Wikisource
Media related toThe Red-Headed League at Wikimedia Commons
The Red Headed League public domain audiobook atLibriVox
