The Prince of Egypt premiered atRoyce Hall in Los Angeles on December 16, 1998, and was released in theaters on December 18, followed by a release on home video on September 14, 1999. Reviews were generally positive; critics particularly praised the visuals, songs, score, and voice acting. The film grossed $218 million worldwide in theaters, which made it the most successful non-Disney animated feature at the time. The film's success led to thedirect-to-videoprequelJoseph: King of Dreams (2000), and astage musical adaptation which opened inLondon'sWest End in 2020.[10][11]
InAncient Egypt, theenslavedHebrew people pray to God for deliverance.Pharaoh Seti, fearing that the growing numbers of Hebrews could lead to rebellion, orders a massinfanticide of all newborn Hebrew boys.Yocheved and her children,Miriam andAaron, rush to theNile River, where she places her newborn son in a basket on the water, bidding him farewell with a final lullaby. Miriam follows the basket as it floats to Seti's palace and witnesses her brother safely adopted by Seti's wife, Queen Tuya, who names himMoses. Before leaving, Miriam prays that Moses will return to free the Hebrews.
Years later, Moses and his adoptive brother Rameses, heir to the throne of Egypt, are scolded by Seti for accidentally destroying atemple. After Moses suggests that Rameses be given the opportunity to prove his responsibility, Seti names Ramesesprince regent. High priests Hotep and Huy offer Rameses a beautiful but rebellious youngMidianite woman,Tzipporah. Moses humiliates Tzipporah by letting her fall into a pond after she refuses to submit, appeasing the crowd but disappointing Tuya. Rameses gives Tzipporah to Moses and appoints him Royal Chief Architect.
Later that night, Moses follows Tzipporah as she escapes from the palace, choosing not to stop her. He runs into the now-adult Miriam and Aaron, whom he does not recognize. He disbelieves their claims and almost has them arrested until Miriam sings their mother's lullaby, triggering Moses's memory. He flees in denial, but learns the truth of Seti's genocide from a nightmare, then from Seti himself, who disturbs Moses by claiming the Hebrews were "only slaves". The next day, Moses tries to stop an Egyptian slave driver from flogging an elderly Hebrew slave, accidentally pushing the slave driver to his death. Horrified and ashamed, Moses flees into the desert in exile, despite Rameses's pleas that he stay.
Arriving at an oasis, Moses defends three girls frombrigands, only to realize their older sister is Tzipporah. Moses is welcomed byJethro, Tzipporah's father and thehigh priest of Midian, who helps Moses gain a more positive outlook on life. Moses becomes a shepherd, falls in love with Tzipporah, marries her, and grows adjusted to life in Midian. Moses discovers aburning bush, through whichGod tells him to return to Egypt andfree the Hebrews. God bestows Moses's shepherdingstaff with his power and promises that he will tell Moses what to say. When Moses tells Tzipporah of his task, she decides to join him.
Arriving in Egypt, Moses is happily greeted by Rameses, who is now Pharaoh with a wife and son. Moses demands the Hebrews' release and transforms his staff into a snake to demonstrate God's power. Hotep and Huy deceptively recreate this transformation, only to have their snakes eaten by Moses's. Not wanting to have his actions cause the empire's collapse and feeling betrayed by Moses, Rameses denies Moses's demand and doubles the Hebrews' workload.
The Hebrews, including Aaron, blame Moses for their increased workload, discouraging Moses, but Miriam inspires Moses to persevere. Moses casts the first of theTen Plagues of Egypt by changing the waters of the Nile into blood, but Rameses remains unmoved. God inflicts eight more plagues onto Egypt: frogs, lice, flies, livestock pestilence, boils, hailfire, locusts, and prolonged darkness, but still Rameses refuses to relent, vowing never to release the Hebrews. Disheartened, Moses prepares the Hebrews for the tenth plague, instructing them tosacrifice a lamb and mark their doorposts with its blood. That night, the final plague kills all the firstborn sons of Egypt, including Rameses's young son, while passing over the Hebrews' marked homes. Grief-stricken, Rameses permits the Hebrews to leave. After leaving the palace, Moses collapses in anguish and remorse.
The following morning, Moses, Miriam, Aaron and Tzipporah lead the Hebrews out of Egypt. Once at theRed Sea, a vengeful Rameses pursues them with his army, intent on killing them. However, apillar of fire blocks the army's way, while Moses uses his staff topart the sea. The Hebrews cross the open sea bottom; the fire vanishes and the army gives chase, but the sea closes over and drowns the Egyptian soldiers, sparing Rameses alone. Moses mournfully bids Rameses farewell and leads the Hebrews toMount Sinai, where he receives theTen Commandments.
Steve Martin asHotep, one of thehigh priests who serves as an advisor to Seti, and later Rameses. He is short and fat
Martin Short asHuy, Hotep's fellow high priest. He is tall and thin.
Ofra Haza asYocheved, Miriam and Aaron's mother and Moses's biological mother. She sang her character's number, "Deliver Us", in English and 17 other languages for the film's dubbing.[17]
DirectorBrenda Chapman briefly voices Miriam when she sings the lullaby to Moses. The vocals had been recorded for a scratch audio track, which was intended to be replaced later by Dworsky. The track turned out so well that it remained in the film.[18]
The film was a passion project for executive producerJeffrey Katzenberg, who brought the project to the newly-formed DreamWorks Pictures.
FormerWalt Disney Studios chairmanJeffrey Katzenberg had always wanted to produce a film adaptation of the life ofMoses.[19] Katzenberg once stated, "It was the project I was pushing for us to make, because it's so different for an animated feature. This is an idea I had to do while I was still working for Disney."[20] In April 1994,Disney Studios presidentFrank Wells was killed in a helicopter crash. Katzenberg had assumed thatMichael Eisner would appoint him as Wells's successor, but he refused. (In 1995, Eisner instead hiredMichael Ovitz to fill the position).[21] In August 1994, Eisner called Katzenberg into his office and handed him a four-page memorandum about impending staffing changes, which included Katzenberg's immediate resignation.[22][23] Katzenberg resigned on August 23, though he remained at Disney until September 1994.[24]
The Prince of Egypt was "written" throughout the story process. Beginning with a starting outline, story supervisorsKelly Asbury and Lorna Cook led a team of fourteen storyboard artists and writers as they sketched out the entire film—sequence by sequence. Once the storyboards were approved, they were put into theAvid Media Composer digital editing system by editorNick Fletcher to create a "story reel" oranimatic. The story reel allowed the filmmakers to view and edit the entire film in continuity before production began, and also helped the layout and animation departments understand what is happening in each sequence of the film.[28]
After casting of the voice talent concluded, dialogue recording sessions began. For the film, the actors recorded individually in a studio under guidance by one of the three directors. The voice tracks were to become the primary aspect as to which the animators built their performances.[28] Because DreamWorks was concerned about theological accuracy, Katzenberg decided to call inBiblical scholars,Christian,Jewish, andMuslimtheologians, andArab American leaders to help his film be more accurate and faithful to the originalstory. After previewing the developing film, all these leaders noted that the studio executives listened and responded to their ideas, and praised the studio for reaching out for comment from outside sources.[25][29]
Art directors Kathy Altieri and Richard Chavez and production designer Darek Gogol led a team of nine visual development artists in setting a visual style for the film that was representative of the time, the scale and the architectural style of Ancient Egypt.[28] Part of the process also included the research and collection of artwork from various artists, as well as taking part in trips such as a two-week journey across Egypt by the filmmakers in December 1995, before the film's production began.[28][30] The film's look was inspired byClaude Monet (backgrounds) andDavid Lean (composition).[31]
A promotional image of the characters from the film. From left to right: Aaron, Miriam, Tzipporah, Moses, Rameses, Hotep, Huy, Pharaoh Seti and Queen Tuya.
Character designers Carter Goodrich,Carlos Grangel andNico Marlet worked on setting the design and overall look of the characters. Drawing on various inspirations for the widely known characters, the team of character designers worked on designs that had a more realistic feel than the usual animated characters up to that time.[28] Both character design and art direction worked to set a definite distinction between the symmetrical, more angular look of the Egyptians versus the more organic, natural look of the Hebrews and their related environments.[28] The backgrounds department, headed by supervisors Paul Lasaine and Ron Lukas, oversaw a team of artists who were responsible for painting the sets/backdrops from the layouts. Within the film, approximately 934 hand-painted backgrounds were created.[28] While Katzenberg took the rest of the crew members to Egypt, the background supervisors visitedDeath Valley, California to study the colors, textures and landscapes.[30]
The animation team forThe Prince of Egypt, including 350 artists from 34 different nations, was primarily recruited both fromWalt Disney Feature Animation,[32] which had fallen under Katzenberg's auspices while at the Walt Disney Company, and fromAmblimation, a defunct division of Spielberg'sAmblin Entertainment.[33] As at Disney's, character animators were grouped into teams by character: for example, Kristof Serrand, as the supervising animator of Older Moses, set the acting style of the character and assigned scenes to his team.[34] Consideration was given to depicting the ethnicities of the ancient Egyptians, Hebrews, andNubians properly.[35] The filmmakers initially worked out of Amblin Entertainment's main offices on theUniversal Studios Lot, but quickly outgrew them. In March 1995, as a temporary solution to accommodate increases in crew members, the studio was moved into the Lakeside Plaza facility, nearby on the lot.[36] As animation increased at the Lakeside building, in June 1996, construction of DreamWorks' new animation studio inGlendale, California began, under Katzenberg's supervision.[37]
There are 1,192 scenes in the film, and 1,180 contain work done by the special effects department, which animates everything in an animated scene which is not a character: blowing wind, dust, rainwater, shadows, etc. A blend of traditional animation and computer-generated imagery was used in the depictions of the ten plagues of Egypt and the parting of the Red Sea.[25][38] The Red Sea scene was animated by twelve people and took three years to complete.[31] The characters were animated with the digital paint softwareAnimo by Cambridge Animation (now merged withToon Boom Technologies),[39] and the compositing of the 2D and 3D elements was done using the "Exposure Tool", a digital solution developed forAlias Research bySilicon Graphics.[38][40] Additional final line animation was outsourced toBardel Entertainment,Fox Animation Studios and Heart of Texas Productions.[41]
The task of creating God's voice was given toLon Bender and the team working with the film's music composer,Hans Zimmer.[42] According to Bender: "The challenge with that voice was to try to evolve it into something that had not been heard before. We did a lot of research into the voices that had been used for past Hollywood movies as well as for radio shows, and we were trying to create something that had never been previously heard not only from a casting standpoint but from a voice manipulation standpoint as well". It was decided that the voice of God would be provided by Val Kilmer, who portrayed Moses in the film, in order to indicate that God was communicating with Moses via the voice he would otherwise perceive in his mind, as opposed to the "larger-than-life tones" used to portray God in previous theatrical releases.[42]
Composer and lyricistStephen Schwartz began working on writing songs for the film from the beginning of its production. As the story evolved, he continued to write songs that would serve both to entertain and help move the story along. ComposerHans Zimmer arranged and produced the songs and then eventually wrote the film's score. The film's score was recorded entirely inLondon.[28]
DreamWorks Records released three soundtrack albums simultaneously forThe Prince of Egypt, each of them aimed towards a different target audience. While the other two accompanying records, thecountry-themed "Nashville" soundtrack and thegospel-based "Inspirational" soundtrack, functioned as film tributes, theofficialThe Prince of Egypt soundtrack contained the actual songs from the film.[43] This album combines elements from the score composed by Hans Zimmer and film songs by Stephen Schwartz.[43] The songs were either voiced over by professional singers, such asSalisbury Cathedral Choir, or sung by the film's voice actors, such as Michelle Pfeiffer and Ofra Haza. Various tracks by contemporary artists such asAmy Grant,K-Ci & JoJo, andBoyz II Men were added, including theMariah Carey andWhitney Houston duet "When You Believe", aBabyface rewrite of the original Schwartz composition, sung by Michelle Pfeiffer andSally Dworsky in the film.
The Prince of Egypt had its premiere atUCLA'sRoyce Hall on December 16, 1998,[5] with itswide release occurring two days later.[4] Despite being the inaugural production by DreamWorks Animation, it wound up the second to get a theatrical release, asAntz was rushed to reach theatres in October.[44] The international release occurred simultaneously with that of the United States, as according to DreamWorks' distribution chief Jim Tharp, opening one week prior to the "global holiday" ofChristmas, audiences all over the world would be available at the same time.[45]
The accompanying marketing campaign was aimed to appeal to adults, who at the time were perceived as being averse to animated films. Merchandising was limited to a line of collectable figures and books.[46]Walmart served as a promotional partner and offered in stores a package featuring two tickets toThe Prince of Egypt, a storybook and the film's soundtrack.[47]Burger King promotions were scrapped as both DreamWorks and Burger King felt it would be a "terrible disservice" to push any kind of merchandise that would trivialize the film.[48]The Prince of Egypt: Classic Edition storybook, published byDutton Children's Books in 1998, was written byJane Yolen and illustrated by Michael Koelsch.[49] Koelsch received an honorable mention from theSociety of Illustrators for this book's illustrations.[50]
A 4K restoration of the film, remastered from the original 35mm camera negative under the supervision of the film's directors, premiered at theAnnecy International Animation Film Festival in June 2018, to commemorate the film's 20th anniversary.[51]
The Prince of Egypt was released onDVD,VHS, andLaserDisc in the United States on September 14, 1999.[52][53] It was released worldwide over a two-month period, the fastest global rollout for a home media release at the time.[54] The ownership of the film was assumed byDreamWorks Animation (DWA) when that company split fromDreamWorks Pictures in 2004; as of July 2018, the rights to the film are now owned byUniversal Pictures via its parent companyNBCUniversal's acquisition of DWA. ABlu-ray of the film was released on October 16, 2018, byUniversal Pictures Home Entertainment.[55] For the 25th anniversary of the film, a4K Blu-ray utilizing the remastered print from the 2018 Annecy Film Festival screening, was released on March 14, 2023, and grossed $58,803, but every release of the film on home media prior to the 4K Blu-ray used a 35mminterpositive print of the film, rather than using the original files to encode the film directly to digital.[56][57][58]
The Prince of Egypt grossed$101.4 million in the United States and Canada, and$117.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of$218.6 million.[4]
In its opening weekend, the film grossed $14.5 million (a $4,658 average) from 3,118 theaters, finishing second place at the box office, behindYou've Got Mail.[59] The opening was seen as somewhat disappointing given the film's high production and promotional costs, as well as the studio's faith in the project, and industry insiders had doubts it could leg out to $100 million domestically.[9] Due to the holiday season, the filmgained 4% in its second weekend, earning $15.1 million and finishing in fourth place.[60] It would hold well in its third weekend, with only a 25% drop to $11.2 million for a $3,511 average from 3,202 theaters and once again finishing in fourth place.[61]
Onreview aggregatorRotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 79% based on 92 reviews and an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "The Prince of Egypt's stunning visuals and first-rate voice cast more than compensate for the fact that it's better crafted than it is emotionally involving".[62]Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 64 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[63] Audiences polled byCinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[64]
Roger Ebert of theChicago Sun-Times praised the film in his review saying that "The Prince of Egypt is one of the best-looking animated films ever made. It employs computer-generated animation as an aid to traditional techniques, rather than as a substitute for them, and we sense the touch of human artists in the vision behind the Egyptian monuments, the lonely desert vistas, the thrill of the chariot race, the personalities of the characters. This is a film that shows animation growing up and embracing more complex themes, instead of chaining itself in the category of children's entertainment".[65]Richard Corliss ofTime magazine gave a negative review of the film saying that the film lacks creativity and joy.[66]Stephen Hunter fromThe Washington Post praised the film saying that "the movie's proudest accomplishment is that it revises our version of Moses toward something more immediate and believable, more humanly knowable".[67]
Lisa Alspector from theChicago Reader praised the film and wrote: "The blend of animation techniques somehow demonstrates mastery modestly, while the special effects are nothing short of magnificent".[68]Houston Chronicle's Jeff Millar praised the animation ofPrince of Egypt and called it "an amalgam of Hollywood biblical epic, Broadway supermusical and nice Sunday school lesson".[69]James Berardinelli fromReelviews praised the film highly, describing the animation as "top-notch" and able to match Disney films in that regard.[70] Liam Lacey ofThe Globe and Mail gave a somewhat negative review, writing thatPrince of Egypt is spectacular but that the film takes itself too seriously.[71]MovieGuide also reviewed the film favorably, saying thatThe Prince of Egypt took animated films to a new level of entertainment, also commenting that the "magnificent" art, music, story, and realization makeThe Prince of Egypt "one of the most entertaining masterpieces of all time".[72]
Since its release, the film continues to receive acclaim from critics and audiences alike. When the film reached its 20th anniversary,SyFy made a retrospective review ofThe Prince of Egypt, calling it the greatest animated film of all time, predominantly due to itsvoice cast,animation,characters,cinematography, and most importantly, itsmusical score.[13] Lisa Laman ofCollider wrote that it "stands out" among the other films in DreamWorks Animation's catalog for its dark but inspirational and uplifting tone when compared to the studio's later titles. Laman further noted that the film is "content to let these kinds of dark moments simmer. Sadness is allowed to wash over the audience rather than get undercut by abrupt jokes", and he called it the studio's best film.[73]
Julia Polster ofThe Daily Pennsylvanian wrote that the film showcases "complex emotions and history in ways even children can appreciate" and positively compared its handling of the portrayal of Jews under oppression to Steven Spielberg's filmSchindler's List (1993) and the stage musicalsFiddler on the Roof andParade. She went on to explain how the film continues to remain relevant and essential in modern times, in part due to an increase ofantisemitism andHolocaust denial in the United States during the early months of 2020, saying that "this lack of security is why films likeThe Prince of Egypt and its more adult counterparts must exist: to teach in an accessible way" and thatThe Prince of Egypt and other films carry on the history and legacy of Judaism.[74]
ForThe Film Magazine, Katie Doyle in her 2015 retrospective called the film's portrayal of Moses's encounter with God's voice coming through the burning bush as "a masterpiece of animation" and one of the best depictions of God shown in the film, and she wrote that, for younger viewers, it is "a shining example of a children's movie that delivers mature content to children in a manner that is not too frightening but still gets the deep message across".[75]
It has appeared on many lists as among the best animated films of all time.[15][16] Jackson Lockhart ofComic Book Resources ranked it first place on his list of the top 10 non-Disney animated musical films, writing that the "songs and visuals are transcendent and packed with symbolism, such as God collapsing a statue ofAmun-Ra, the Egyptian God of the sun, before inflicting his plague of darkness".[76] Hannah Shortt ofMovieWeb ranked it at number 8 on her list of the "Best Animated Movies From the 1990s", commenting that placing Moses and Rameses's relationship as brothers at the forefront of the film's focus helped make the story feel new and fresh for a modern audience.[77] Jacob Oller ofPaste named it the third-best DreamWorks Animation film of all time, calling it "dark, beautiful, and filled with songs as epic as its visuals".[78] It was also voted number 40 on the "Top 100 Animated Features of All Time" list by theOnline Film Critics Society, published in March 2003.[79]
The Prince of Egypt saw a resurgence in visibility during theCOVID-19 pandemic in 2020, most notably whenCynthia Erivo andShoshana Bean, with piano accompaniment by Stephen Schwartz, performed a rendition of "When You Believe" during the virtualSaturday Night Seder that April, in response to theshutdown of Broadway and the film's stage musical adaptation suspending performances in theWest End.[80][81] The performance was well-received and their rendition was released as a single on June 30, 2020, to benefit theJews for Racial and Economic Justice organization.[82] Erivo would go on to perform the song with herWicked co-starAriana Grande at the 2024Met Gala and by herself at the 35thNational Memorial Day Concert, both in May 2024.[83] In November 2021, the "River Lullaby" leitmotif became the subject of aTikTok mash-up between that and Hans Zimmer's "Gom Jabbar" score cue from the film adaptation ofDune, created by Nashville singer JADA. The video went viral on the platform within its first 24 hours, garnering 2.3 million views and over 500,000 likes.[84]
In July 2023, to celebrate the film's 25-year anniversary, many crew members who worked on the film, including directorsBrenda Chapman,Steve Hickner andSimon Wells, songwriter Stephen Schwartz, and cast membersAmick Byram andEden Riegel, reunited by participating in a 3-hour livestream on YouTube onThe Tammy Tuckey Show. The event had been organized ahead of time.[85]
The Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs in the Maldives stated that "allprophets andmessengers of God are revered in Islam, and therefore cannot be portrayed".[88][89] Following this ruling, the censor board banned the film in January 1999. In the same month, theFilm Censorship Board of Malaysia banned the film "so as not to offend the country's majority Muslim population". The board's secretary said that the censor body ruled the film was "insensitive for religious and moral reasons".[90]
In November 2000, DreamWorks Animation releasedJoseph: King of Dreams, a direct-to-video spin-off prequel based on the story ofJoseph from theBook of Genesis. The project began during production ofThe Prince of Egypt, employing some of the same animation crew and featuring director Steve Hickner as an executive producer.[104][105]
Astage musical adaptation debuted atTheatreWorks inMountain View, California on October 14, 2017. The show had an international premiere on April 6, 2018, in Denmark at the Fredericia Teater. It made itsWest End debut at theDominion Theatre on February 5, 2020, with an official opening on February 25 and was to spend a 39-week engagement through October 31.[106] Performances were then halted on March 17, due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[107] The show reopened on July 1, 2021, and ran through January 8, 2022.[108] The production was filmed byUniversal Pictures Content Group andSTEAM Motion + Sound for a future broadcast, and was released in theaters on October 19, 2023.[109][110][111] The recorded performance was released onBroadwayHD on November 15 and was followed by a digital release on December 5.[112]
^ During the production ofThe Prince of Egypt, DreamWorks had hoped that the film would be a box office success, so they had been pressuring employees to work on the film, but if they were unable to work on the film, they were then forced to work onShrek, which was expected to flop. Despite this,Shrek was the victor in the box office, asThe Prince of Egypt was only a moderate success.[114]
^Linde, Steve; Yeffet, Hod (December 13, 2009)."Ofra - the musical".The Jerusalem Post.Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. RetrievedSeptember 24, 2015.For that movie, she sang the theme song Deliver Us in English and no less than 17 other languages, including Hebrew,...
^Chapman, Brenda; Hickner, Steve; Wells, Simon (September 14, 1999).The Prince Egypt (audio commentary) (DVD). DreamWorks Home Entertainment.
Toivari, Jaana (1997). "Man versus Woman: Interpersonal Disputes in the Workmen's Community of Deir el-Medina".Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient.40 (2):153–173.doi:10.1163/1568520972600775.JSTOR3632680.
.jpg)
_(cropped).jpg)
.JPEG)
