| The Perils of Pauline | |
|---|---|
 Theatrical release poster for episode 6 | |
| Directed by |
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| Written by | |
| Starring | Pearl White |
| Cinematography | Arthur C. Miller |
| Distributed by | General Film Company &Eclectic Film Company |
Release date |
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Running time | 20 chapters (total of 410 minutes) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent with English intertitles |
The Perils of Pauline is a 1914 Americanmelodramafilm serial produced byWilliam Randolph Hearst and released by the Eclectic Film Company, an American subsidiary of the French groupPathé Frères, shown in bi-weekly installments, featuringPearl White as the title character, an ambitious young heiress with an independent nature and a desire for adventure.
Despite popular associations,[citation needed] Pauline was never tied to a railroad track in the series, an image that was added to popular mythology by scenes in stage melodramas of the 1800s, in serials featuring the resourceful "railroad girl" Helen Holmes in her long-running seriesThe Hazards of Helen, and in other railroad-themed Holmes cliffhangers such asThe Girl and the Game. The images of Holmes' railroad adventures were blended in the public mind with Pearl White's cliffhanging adventures, probably because White became the bigger celebrity.
The serial had 20 episodes, the first being three reels (30 minutes), and the rest two reels (20 minutes) each. After the original run, it was reshown in theaters a number of times, sometimes in re-edited versions, through the 1920s. Today,The Perils of Pauline is known to exist only in a condensed, reformatted 9-chapter version (approximately 214 minutes), released in Europe in 1916 by Pathé Frères.[1]
In 2008,The Perils of Pauline was selected by theLibrary of Congress for the United StatesNational Film Registry, as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Before Pauline (Pearl White) will agree to marry Harry (Crane Wilbur), who proposes marriage to her on the tennis court, she says that she wishes to be allowed to embark upon activities of her choice for a year and then write about them afterward. She proceeds then to plan to ride in a balloon, fly an airplane, drive a racing car, ride in a horse race, go on a treasure hunt, act in a motion picture, and tour a submarine, among other things, and frequently ends up in trouble after being assaulted by henchmen of Raymond Owen (Paul Panzer), her adoptive father's scheming secretary, who wants to dispose of Pauline and gain her inheritance for himself.
Owen hires the disreputable Hicks (Francis Carlyle), who owes Owen money, and later a Gypsy king called Balthazar to sabotage Pauline's plans, or kidnap or murder her, and often Harry ends up coming to her rescue when she is trapped on a cliff or tied up in a house set afire, but as the series goes on she is also shown to be able to extricate herself from various predicaments as well. Finally, after she ends up trapped on an abandoned ship being used for target practice by the Navy and is genuinely terrified by the experience, Pauline decides she has had enough of adventuring and agrees to marry Harry. Owen is drowned by a sailor he has refused to allow to blackmail him, and all is well.
The original serial episodes had no titles, only episode numbers. Titles for episodes have been applied to them from the condensed Pathé release of the serial or sometimes as derived from novelizations of the serial.
The original 20 episodes contained the following story elements:
Titles of the Pathé 9-episode condensed and re-edited re-release stories which have been used subsequently were:
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Pearl White was hesitant to accept the title role, but signed up for $250/week (equal to $7,848 today) and a large amount of publicity.[2]
William Randolph Hearst was involved in plot development. He was also present at the premiere at Loew's Broadway Theatre, on March 23, 1914. According to "The Truth About Pearl White" by Wallace E. Davis, the general release was approximately April 1, 1914.[3]
E. A. McManus, head of the Hearst-Vitagraph service organization, was the person who proved how successful a serial could be. He co-operated with the largest film equipment and production company in the world at that time, a France-based company namedPathé, to produce this serial, which was Pathé's first entry into the medium.[2][3]George B. Seitz tried to follow the cliffhanging pattern ofThe Adventures of Kathlyn but each chapter was mostly self-contained.[3]
After retiring from law enforcement,William J. Flynn, former director of theBureau of Investigation (forerunner of theFBI), became a scenario writer for the motion picture industry through his acquaintance with the actorKing Baggot, who was considered the greatest film star in the country at that time in 1912. Producers Theodore and Leopold Wharton commissioned him to write story lines for their films, includingPauline. The Whartons also eventually adapted Flynn's experiences into a 20-part spy thriller titledThe Eagle's Eye (1918), starring Baggot.[4]
Surviving chapters of the French condensation ofPauline are noteworthy for the unintentionally funny re-translations of their title cards and dialogue captions in the English version, filled with misspellings, poor punctuation and grammar, and odd expressions. The film was recut and adapted for home-movie use, and all of the printed captions were translated intoFrench. Later, when the American home-movie industry beckoned, the originalEnglish titles had been scrapped, so the French technicians tried to translate the titles back into English.[3][5] These errors have also been blamed onLouis J. Gasnier, director and supervisor of the production. Gasnier, as explained byCrane Wilbur, made linguistic mistakes that confused the French-speaking crew.[2] The new title cards also renamed the villain's character: Raymond Owen as "Koerner," in reference to German "villainy" duringWorld War I.
Much of the film was shot inFort Lee, New Jersey, where many earlyfilm studios inAmerica's first motion picture industry were based at the beginning of the 20th century.[6][7][8] Scenes were also filmed inPittsburgh,Pennsylvania[9] andStaten Island,New York.[10] The term "cliffhanger" may have originated with the series, owing to a number of episodes filmed on or around theNew Jersey Palisades—though it is also likely to refer to situations in stories of this type where the hero or heroine is hanging from a cliff, seemingly with no way out, until the next episode or last-minute resolution.
Pearl White performed most of her own stunts for the serial, but also was stunt doubled by a man. Filmed in theAdirondacks in New York, the stunt double rode a horse off a cliff into the lake below.[11] Considerable risk was involved. In one incident, a balloon carrying White escaped and carried her across theHudson River into a storm, before landing miles away. In another incident her back was permanently injured in a fall.[3]
One of the more famous scenes in the serial which depicted a curved railroad bridge was supposedly the Ingham Creek trestle inNew Hope, Pennsylvania on the Reading Company's New Hope Branch (now theNew Hope and Ivyland Railroad line). The railroad is a tourist attraction today. Other supposed locations for the railroad scenes include theBelvidere-Delaware Railroad inLambertville andRaven Rock, New Jersey and the Long Island Rail Road in the Hamptons on Long Island. These stories are likely legends since there were no major scenes involving action with trains in the serial.[12]
Milton Berle claimedThe Perils of Pauline as his first film appearance, playing the character of a young boy, though this has never been independently verified and is unlikely as no child characters appear in the serial. The serial did mark one of the early credits for the cinematographerArthur C. Miller, who was transferred to the project from the Pathé News department.
Pathé established an American factory and studio facility inJersey City, New Jersey in 1910, and in 1913 established the Eclectic Film Company as a subsidiary distribution company for both its American and European products.[13] Although the Jersey City plant produced moderately popular comedies, dramas, and newsreels largely directed at the US market,Pauline was the first American-made Pathé effort to achieve worldwide success under the Eclectic banner.
The final peril has Pauline sitting in a target boat as the Navy opens fire. The idea was also used inTo the Shores of Tripoli (1942).[3]
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This successful serial was quickly followed byThe Exploits of Elaine, also starring White. Many imitations andparodies followed, heralding the first golden age of the American film serial.
The titleThe Perils of Pauline was reused byUniversal Studios for a1933 sound serial with a different plot, byParamount Pictures as theBetty Hutton vehicleThe Perils of Pauline (1947), and by Universal again in 1967 as anupdated comedy.
An abortive mixed-media musical was planned to be based on the film, calledWho's That Girl?, meant to be premiered byThe Boys from Syracuse producer Richard York on Broadway in 1970, with a book written by Lewis Banchi and Milburn Smith, and with the planned participation of the songwriting duoRay Evans andJay Livingston.[14]
The Perils of Pauline is the prime example of what scholar Ben Singer has called the "serial-queenmelodrama".[15] There has been a recent reassessment of Singer's model in light of broader film forms.[16]
The film's style was later subject to nostalgic caricature in many forms (e.g.Dudley Do-Right), but the original heroine was neither as helpless as the caricatures, nor did the original series include the much-parodied "tied to railroad tracks" or "tied to buzzsaw" scenarios which appeared in later films in this vein. Even the title phrase "Perils of" was often adopted by later serials, for example, in Universal'sPerils of the Secret Service,Perils of the Wild, andPerils of the Yukon. and Republic Pictures'Perils of Nyoka.
The 1969–70 cartoon seriesThe Perils of Penelope Pitstop was patterned after this serial, and included the plot point of the villain trying to eliminate the heroine so he can keep her inheritance.
TheThunderbirds episode "The Perils of Penelope" was inspired byThe Perils of Pauline.
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