The Manga Bible: From Genesis to Revelation is anoriginal English-language manga adaptation of theBible created by British artistAjinbayo "Siku" Akinsiku, who was responsible for the concept and the art and the scripter Akin Akinsiku.[1] It was released in July 2007 by Galilee Trade.[2] They summarize the narrative of the Bible in a 200-pagegraphic novel including theOld Testament and theNew Testament. With their work, they combine the Western and theJapanese culture to tell the Bible in a new way. The book is especially aimed at readers between the ages of 15 and 25. Church representatives were praising the graphic novel, as opening up the ideas of the Bible to a new target group.[3] Ajinbayo Akinsiku was born in England and grew up in Nigeria; he now lives again in England. He thus represents different cultures in his artistic work, which becomes also apparent inThe Manga Bible. He became known for his work on2000 AD andJudge Dredd.[4]
The text and quotes inThe Manga Bible are fromThe Holy Bible,Today's New International Version that was first published in 2004.[5] For those people who want to read further in the Bible, the artists have included "Want to know more?" links indicating the references that help to find the passage in the original scripture.[6] Those links are also a good indicator for the reader to know which passages from the original Bible are included inThe Manga Bible and which passages were left out. At the end of the book commentaries about key scenes are included. They give away some of the ideas that inspired Siku and Akin to writeThe Manga Bible, as well as the influences they had during the process. There are also sketches included that show the development of the art process.
Siku is one of many artists living in the West who has been open to the manga style in his work and he uses it in his own way.[7] He is influenced by his own cultural background, thereby creating a manga in English based on a book commonly associated with Western culture, namely the Bible.
By using manga, Siku is not just influenced by the Japanese comic style, but also by its aesthetics and culture, with which manga is closely connected. One of those aesthetic concepts is a three-part development called shin-gyo-so. It comes from the Japanese calligraphy, where the formal alphabet ofkanji is represented by shin. The semi-formal characters are calledkana and stands for the gyo. Finally, the least formal script is the cursive and is represented by the so. This formula is also applied in other aspects of the Japanese culture, for example in gardens or tea ceremonies. Applying this concept toThe Manga Bible, the book can be seen as an informal Bible, whereas the Bible in the church would be the formal one and the Bible people read at home would be seen as semi-formal.[8] Within the manga itself, Siku also uses different levels of formality; there are pages, where he stays within thepanels and other times where no panels at all exist. To illustrate the disorder of a war or the prophecies of the revelation, he also uses the technique of bleeding, which means that the drawing appears to continue over the edge of the page.[9]
Another example for the close connection between the Japanese culture and its aesthetic is shown in the silent wandering ofJesus through the wilderness, triggering on the sensory memory of the reader.[10] Siku describes the appearance of Jesus for example as "a Samurai stranger, who's come to town, in a silhouette".[11] He also works with facial expressions of his characters. When the Egyptians are punished with the death of their first born, because theIsraelites are not freed, Siku draws the characters with a facial expression that also elicits compassion in the reader, an effect that is often used in manga.[12]
The Manga Bible is a summary of the Bible, which implies that many parts are left out, altered a bit, or only partially used. The text and the drawings are based on the original scripture, but they also use free interpretation.[13] Even though many of the important stories from the Bible are included, there are also some that would be expected, but are left out. For example, the building of theTower of Babel and the wholeBook of Esther are missing, In the Old and the New Testament only about half of the books are used as a source forThe Manga Bible. Many of the books that are left out would give only little to the development of the narrative, such as theLeviticus or books from the second part of the Old Testament, such asMicah orHabakkuk. This is mostly due to the style of manga, where the use of epic stories and action play an important role.[11] Thus,The Manga Bible focuses on books that provide action and it also shows the violence and sexuality that is portrayed in the Bible. In theBook of Joshua the bloody fall of the Israelites' enemies is shown. The weakness of different characters is illustrated with the examples of the moral downfall ofDavid withBathshebe or whenSamson is deceived to give away the secret of his power.
InThe Manga Bible's rendition of the Old Testament entitled "The Book of God's People", Moses narrates the story ofGenesis to a group of children. For a less conventional narrative style, the chronology of the books is sometimes changed or parts of one book are inserted in another one. So that for example theBook of Jonah is put between the twoBooks of Kings. The Book of Jonah is called "A Comedy Short" and is supposed to bring comic relief between the heavy issues of war and destruction that are persistent in the Old Testament. To emphasize the difference Siku uses a subgenre of manga calledsuper deformed, in which the drawing is very simple or minimalist.[14]
The story line is set up with many traditional images from the Bible. Siku shows the reader how the relationship between God and the people changed over the course of the Old Testament, so that he would no longer talk to his chosen people directly. After theExodus, theBook of Judges plays a prominent role. TheBook of Ruth is drawn in a different style and is mostly told as a love story. The stories of Samson and David are developed in more detail. The Old Testament ends with Prophets such asDaniel and leads over to the New Testament.
The second part, consisting of the New Testament is shorter than the first. The story of Jesus' birth is only told through the three kings, who were ordered byKing Herod to look for a newborn. The events between the first encounter of Jesus with his disciples and his death are told in less than thirty pages, including the Parables of theGood Samaritan, theUnforgiving servant and theProdigal Son. Those Parables are also drawn in a more informal style to indicate that the stories are, although important, not necessarily part of the overall chronology. This summary of Jesus' life requires many omissions, such as ofthe miracle of the loaves and fish, or most of the Parables. The narrative after the death of Jesus is mostly taken from theActs of the Apostles.
TheBook of Revelation differs from the rest of the New Testament, because it contains mostly visions and prophesies.[15] Siku represents this by telling the revelation through the dreams of a girl in a hospital in the 21st century.
There are also several examples where contemporary ideas come in. In theBook of Job, Job asks himself, how he could have deserved his faith, when a bomb labeled "Fat Man" hits his house.[16] Siku also includes maps in the Old Testament for example to show the journey of the Exodus. In the New Testament Jesus istempted by the devil, who promises him the power over the world represented by contemporary New York and parts of other modern cities.
The book also makes use of irony or jokes, for example, when Adam sees the tree of good and evil in theGarden of Eden and his response is "Cool!".[17]Noah later loses count of the animals heading to the ark, when he is up to 11,344, so he has to start all over again.[18]
The critique that Siku does not use a traditional style of manga, but rather a style that is close to English independent comics, appears in several reviews.[19] The Manga Bible is definitely influenced by the English culture, especially because it retells the story of a book that most people in the West are at least somewhat familiar with.
Another point of critique is thatThe Manga Bible is too wordy for a traditional manga; Siku sees the need for that in the fact that he condenses the Bible in a 200-page graphic novel. To convey the message, more text is needed, or it would be difficult to follow the story line.[20] It was also pointed out that due to the dense summary, the story moves in a fast pace and causes some theological flaws inThe Manga Bible.[21]
While most manga fans and reviews seem to be disappointed by the book and point out its weaknesses, the church praised the work. They see it as a book that opens up new ways of looking at the Bible. The archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, says aboutThe Manga Bible: "It will convey the shock and freshness of the Bible in a unique way."[11]
Siku himself sees in Jesus a superhero and not the traditional blond Christ that people know from Hollywood movies.[11] He is currently working on a three-volume book calledThe Manga Jesus. The first volume was released in November 2008.[22]