.JPG)
Duringthe Holocaust in theTerritory of the Military Commander in Serbia, themilitary administration ofNazi Germany established after the April 1941invasion of Yugoslavia,Jewish andRomani people were subjected togenocidal acts. The crimes were primarily committed by the German occupation authorities who implementedNazi racial policies, assisted by thecollaborationist forces of the successivepuppet governments established by the Germans in the occupied territory.
Immediately after the occupation, the occupation authorities introduced racial laws, labeling Jews and Romani asUntermensch ("sub-humans"). They also appointed two Serbian civilpuppet governments to carry out administrative tasks in accordance with German direction and supervision.
Jews were the primary target but Romani were also targeted for elimination. The perpetrators of the Holocaust was the Nazi GermanWehrmacht stationed in German-occupied Serbia. The main engine of extermination was the regular German army.[1][2] They carried out operations with the assistance ofMilan Nedić'spuppet government andDimitrije Ljotić's fascist organizationYugoslav National Movement (Zbor), which had joint control over theBanjica concentration camp in Belgrade along with the GermanGestapo. The murders were primarily carried out inconcentration camps andgas vans. In May 1942, occupied Serbia became one of the first territories declaredjudenfrei. The Nazis systematically murdered approximately 18,000Serbian Jews in the occupied territory.
The main Holocaust perpetrators in Serbia - Nazi German officersHarald Turner,August Meyszner,Wilhelm Fuchs andJohann Fortner - were extradited after the war to Yugoslavia, where they were tried and executed. Milan Nedić was imprisoned by the Yugoslav authorities, but committed suicide soon after, while Ljotić was killed in a car accident. As of 2019, 139 Serbians have been recognized asRighteous Among the Nations.
Yugoslav Foreign SecretaryAnton Korošec, who wasRoman Catholic priest and leader ofSlovenian conservatives, stated in September 1938, that "Jewish issue did not exist in Yugoslavia…. Jewish refugees from the Nazi Germany are not welcome here." In December 1938 Rabbi Isaac Alkalai, the only Jewish member of government was dismissed from the government.
On 25 March 1941,Prince Paul of Yugoslavia signed theTripartite Pact, allying theKingdom of Yugoslavia with theAxis powers. The Pact was extremely unpopular, particularly in Serbia and Montenegro, and demonstrations broke out. On 27 March, Serb military officers overthrew Prince Paul. The new government withdrew its support for the Axis, but did not repudiate theTripartite Pact. Nevertheless, Axis forces, led byNazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia in April 1941.
The Axis forces partitioned Serbia, with Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy and the Independent State of Croatia occupying and annexing large areas. In central Serbia the Germans occupiers established theTerritory of the Military Commander in Serbia (Gebiet des Militärbefehlshabers in Serbien), the only area of partitioned Yugoslavia under direct German military government, with the day-to-day administration of the territory controlled by the German Chief of the Military Administration. The German Military Commander in Serbia appointed a Serbian civil puppet government to carry out administrative tasks in accordance with German direction and supervision. The police and army of the puppet government were placed under German commanders.
In July 1941, a majoruprising began in Serbia against the German occupiers, which included the establishment of theRepublic of Užice, the first liberated territory in World War II Europe. At Hitler's personal command to crush the resistance, the German military started executing tens-of-thousands of Serb civilians, among whom they included thousands of Jews.[3] To assist in quelling the rebellion the German occupiers in August 1941 put in place the puppet government ofMilan Nedić, which was also given responsibility for many Holocaust-related activities, including the registration and arrest of Jews and joint control over theBanjica concentration camp inBelgrade.[1]
On 16 April 1941, before theRoyal Yugoslav Army formally capitulated, Wilhelm Fuchs – commander of theEinsatzgruppe Serbia based in Belgrade – ordered the registration of the city's Jews.[4] His order stated that all those who did not register would be shot.[5] Shortly after, Field Commander Colonel von Keisenberg issued a decree which limited their freedom of movement.[6] On 29 April 1941, the Chief of the German Military Administration in Serbia,Harald Turner issued the order to register all Jews and Gypsies throughout German-occupied Serbia. The order prescribed the wearing of yellow armbands, introduced forced labor and curfew, limited access to food and other provisions and banned the use of public transport.[7]
On 30 May, theGerman Military Commander in Serbia,Helmuth Förster, issued the main race laws - The Regulation Concerning Jews and Gypsies (Verordnung Betreffend Die Juden Und Zigeuner), which defined who is considered Jewish and Gypsy. The law excluded Jews and Roma from public and economic life, their property was seized, they were obliged to register in special lists (Judenregister and Zigeunerlisten) and for forced labor. In addition, the order prescribed the obligatory wearing of yellow tape for Jews and Roma, and prohibited them from working in public institutions or in professions such as law, medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine and pharmacy, as well as visiting cinemas, theaters, entertainment venues, public baths, sports fields and markets.[5]
Already in the initial days of the occupation, members of the GermanEinsatzgruppe Jugoslawien started breaking into and looting Jewish businesses.[8] Later these businesses were confiscated, per German anti-Semitic regulations, often turned over to the control of localVolksdeutsche.[8] All other Jewish real estate and personal property, plus religious properties, were also confiscated. A special form of theft was “the contribution”, amounting to 12 million dinars, which Belgrade Jews were forced to pay, for the “damages to Germans of the April War, which the Jews caused”.[8] In addition, the Germans forced Belgrade Jews to pay 1,400,000 dinars into a “Fund for the suppression of Jewish-Communist actions”.[8] Germans and Volksdeutsche mistreated and beat Jews on the streets, while in Belgrade Volksdeutsche andLjotić-ites captured older Jews, bestially mistreating them.[9] Germans, with the help ofVolksdeutsche andLjotić-ites destroyed and desecrated Jewish temples.[10] The Germans conscripted all Jewish men between ages 14 and 60, and all Jewish women between 16 and 40, to perform forced labor for 17 and 18 hours a day, without rest.[11] They were forced to do the most difficult work, including remove with their bare hands the debris and bodies left from the extensive German bombardment of Belgrade.[12] Those who could not keep up, were shot by the German guards.
The destruction of Serbian Jews by the Nazi Germans was carried out in two distinct phases. The first, which lasted between July and November 1941, involved the murder of Jewish men, who were shot as part of retaliatory executions carried out by German forces in response to the rising anti-Nazi,partisan insurgency in Serbia. In October 1941. the German general, Franz Böhme, ordered the execution of 100 civilians for every German soldier killed and 50 for every wounded.[13] Böhme's order stated that hostages were to be drawn from "all Communists, people suspected of being Communists, all Jews, and a given number of nationalist and democratically minded inhabitants". Altogether some 30,000 Serbian civilians wereexecuted by German troops during the first 2 months of this policy,[13] among them 5,000 Jewish men, or nearly all the Jewish males above age 14 in Serbia and the Banat.[14]
By the end of Summer 1941, the Gestapo and localVolksdeutsche had already rounded up all the Jews in the Banat and transferred them to theTopovske Šupe andSajmište concentration camps.[15] The Germans carried out the first arrest of hostages in Belgrade in April 1941. From August to November 1941 Germans rounded up adult Jewish males from the rest of Serbia, and interned them at Topovske Šupe.[15] These formed the main reservoir of Jewish hostages to be shot as part of the German reprisal policy of executing Serbian civilians. From there the Germans took and executed the Jews at killing grounds at Jajinci, Jabuka (near Pančevo), etc,.[16] 500 Banat Jews were executed at Deliblatska peščara in the south Banat,[16] while some Jews were killed as part of mass German executions elsewhere, like theKragujevac andKraljevo massacres.[17] Thus, by the November of 1941 “there were almost no living male Jews who could be used as hostages.”[18]
The second genocidal activity, between December 1941 and May 1942, involved the incarceration of the women and children at theSemlin, or Sajmište concentration camp and their gassing in a mobile gas van called aSauerwagen. The German concentration camp, in the old fairgrounds orStaro Sajmište, nearZemun was established across the Sava river from Belgrade, on the territory of theIndependent State of Croatia, to process and eliminate the captured Jews, Serbs,Roma, and others.
On 8 December 1941, all remaining Belgrade Jews were ordered to report to the offices of theJudenreferat (Gestapo Jewish Police) in George Washington Street.[20] After handing over the keys to their homes, the Germans took them via the pontoon bridge over the Sava to the newly establishedJudenlager Semlin. 7,000 Jewish women and children were thus interned in the bombed-out camp fairgrounds over a brutal winter, when hundreds started to die.[20]
The first victims of the German gas van were the staff and patients at the two Jewish hospitals in Belgrade.[20] Over two days in March 1942, the Germans loaded over 800 people, mostly patients, into the gas van, in groups of between 80 and 100. They died of carbon-monoxide poisoning as the van drove to the killing grounds inJajinci.[20] After the Jewish hospitals were emptied, the destruction of the Jewish women and children at Semlin began. As the historian Christopher Browning explains:
'Once loaded, the [gas van] drove to the Sava bridge just several hundred meters from the camp's entrance, where Andorfer [the camp commander] waited in the car so as not to have to witness the loading […] On the far side of the bridge, the gas van stopped and one of the drivers climbed out and worked underneath it, connecting the exhaust to the sealed compartment. The baggage truck turned off the road while the gas van and the commandant's car drove through the middle of Belgrade to reach a shooting range...ten kilometres south of the city.'.[20]
Between 19 March and 10 May, the drivers, Götz and Meyer, accompanied by the camp commanderHerbert Andorfer, made between 65 and 70 trips between Semlin and Jajinci, killing 6,300 Jewish inmates.[20] Of the almost 7000 Jews interned at Semlin, fewer than 50 women survived. The victims of the camp included 10,600 Serbs and uncountedRomani . Gendarmes ofMilan Nedić,Dimitrije Ljotić andChetniks by September 1944 captured about 455 remaining Jews in Serbia who were handed over to the Banjica camp where they were immediately killed.[21][22]
In December 1939, ships carrying about 1,200 Jewish refugees, mostly from Austria and Germany, landed inKladovo, on Serbia’s border with Romania.[23] Fleeing the Nazis, they were travelling the Danube to the Black Sea to reach Palestine, but due to British limitations on Jewish emigration to Palestine, the Romanian authorities refused them passage. At first they lived onshore and aboard the ships at Kladovo, with aid provided by the Belgrade Jewish community. In September 1940, they were resettled to the Serbian town of Šabac, some moving into private homes, others living in community facilities. Welcomed by the Mayor and locals, they resumed cultural, educational and religious activities; some young men joined the city soccer team.[24] In April 1941, when the Germans invaded Serbia, they incarcerated Kladovo transport and local Jews in an internment camp near town. In September 1941, as part of retaliations for a Partisan attack on Šabac, the Germans took the Jewish men on a 46 kilometer, forced “bloody march”, during which they killed 21 stragglers.[24] In October 1941, Wehrmacht squads shot the rest of the Jewish men, as part of executions of 2,100 hostages in retaliation for 21 German soldiers killed by Partisans.[24] In January 1942 the Germans took the women and children to Zemun, then forced them to march 10 kilometers through the snow to theSajmište concentration camp, with some infants dying along the way. With the exception of two Kladovo transport women who managed to survive, all were later murdered by the Germans via asphyxiation in gas vans, together with Jewish women and children from across Serbia.[24]
Local ethnic GermanDanube Swabian orShwovish authorities inBanat helped carry out the Holocaust in that area of German-occupied Serbia. Following the fall of Yugoslavia, local Germans began to plunder the property of Jews and engaged in acts of torture. On the evening of 14-15 August 1941, approximately 2,500 Jews from across all of Banat includingZrenjanin,Srpska Crnja,Jaša Tomić,Kikinda andPančevo were arrested and deported to the German military authorities in Serbia by the local ethnic German authorities underSepp Janko. The Jews were sent to concentration camps near Belgrade including Sajmište and Banjica where they were eventually killed.[25]
Although theWehrmacht, after the war, stated that it took no part in the genocidal programmes, General Böhme and his men planned and executed the slaughter of over 20,000 Jews and Gypsies without any signal from Berlin.[2] As Tomasevich notes:
The Germans carried out the Final Solution almost completely in Serbia and the Banat, even before this policy was formally announced. This was possible for two main reasons. First, Germany fully controlled these areas through occupation, and the destruction of the Jews could be carried out by German forces. Second the Communist-led resistance began in Serbia, and in the mass shootings of hostages in reprisal, the Germans included a large number of Jews held in concentration camps.[17]
A German soldier wrote after the war, 'the shooting of Jews bore no relation to the Partisan attacks': the retaliations merely provided 'an alibi for the extermination of the Jews'.[4] Chief of the Military Administration in Serbia, Harald Turner, justified the killing of Jews along Serb hostages, by practicality ('they [the Jews] are the ones we have in the camp' and 'the Jewish question solves itself most quickly in this way'), adding that '[the Jews] are also Serbian citizens and they have to disappear'.[4] By the time of theWannsee Conference, the German military had already killed nearly all the Jewish men in Serbia and the Banat, and had herded the Jewish women and children into theSajmiste concentration camp, in preparation for their extermination in the spring of 1942.
The SS-commander Harald Turner, Chief of the German military administration in Serbia summed up how the Nazis carried out the genocide ofSerbian Jews:
Already some months ago, I shot dead all the Jews I could get my hands on in this area, concentrated all the Jewish women and children in a camp and with the help of the SD (i.e. Sicherheitsdienst – Nazi Security Services) got my hands on a "delousing van," that in about 14 days to 4 weeks will have brought about the definitive clearing out of the camp...
— Dr. Harold Turner's letter to Karl Wolff, dated April 11, 1942.[26]
While the Germans were exclusively responsible for attempted extermination the Jews of Serbia proper, they were assisted by local collaborators in theNedić government and others, who helped round up the Jews, Romani and Serbs who opposed the German occupation.Dimitrije Ljotić founded a Serbian pro-Nazi andpan-Serbian fascist partyZbor.[27][28][29][30] It was very active organization that published a large quantity of extreme anti-Semitic literature. The military wing of Zbor, the so-calledSerbian Voluntary Guard actively supported the Gestapo in the elimination of Jews.
SS-OberführerEmanuel Schäfer,Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD in Serbia, who was convicted in Germany in 1953 for aiding and abetting murder, famously cabled Berlin after the last Jews were killed in May 1942:
Similarly Harald Turner of the SS, later executed in Belgrade for his war crimes, stated in 1942 that:
Serbia is the only country in which the Jewish question and the Gypsy question has been solved.[32]
By the time Serbia and eastern parts ofYugoslavia were liberated in 1944, most of the Serbian Jewry had been murdered. Of the 82,500 Jews of Yugoslavia alive in 1941, only 14,000 (17%) survived the Holocaust.[33] Of the Serbian Jewish population of 16,000, the Nazis murdered approximately 14,500.[34][14][35]
HistorianChristopher Browning who attended the conference on the subject of Holocaust and Serbian involvement stated:
Serbia was the only country outside Poland and the Soviet Union where all Jewish victims were killed on the spot without deportation, and was the first country after Estonia to be declared 'Judenfrei,'" a term used by the Nazis during the Holocaust to denote an area free of all Jews.
— Christopher Browning, his conference statement[36]
To assist in the fight against the growingPartisan-led resistance in Serbia, the German military set up an entirely subservient, collaborationist administration, with limited power, underMilan Nedić.[37] While the Germans fully directed the Holocaust in Serbia, and carried out the mass-killing of Jews,[38][17] collaborationist forces assisted in a number of ways. At German command the quisling Special Police registered Jews, and enforced Nazi regulations, like wearing of yellow stars.[39] Later the German military performed mass round-ups of Jews to take them to concentration camps,[40][20] but relied on quisling forces to find and capture Jews who managed to elude the round-ups. Thus from 1942 to 1944 collaborationist forces captured and turned over at least 455 Jews to the Germans.[41] Some Jews who hid in the countryside were killed and robbed byChetniks.[42]
The Germans and collaborationists jointly ran theBanjica concentration camp, where among the 23,697 recorded inmates, 688 were Jews.[43] The Gestapo killed 382 of these Jews in Banjica, taking the rest to other concentration camps.[43] Collaborationists, particularly members ofthe fascist Zbor, carried out anti-Semitic propaganda,[44] whileChetnik propaganda claimed thatthe Partisan resistance consisted of Jews.[45] Following the Nazi extermination of most Serbian Jews, a Nedić collaborationist document noted that "owing to the occupier, we have freed ourselves of Jews, and it is now up to us to rid ourselves of other immoral elements standing in the way of Serbia’s spiritual and national unity".[46]
The Germans placed theBanat region under the control of local, German-minority collaborationists.[17] These performed the first mass round-ups of Serbian Jews, sending local Jews to German concentration camps near Belgrade, where they were among the first to be killed by German forces.[17]
Of the Jewish population of 16,000 in German-occupied Serbia, the Nazis murdered approximately 14,500.[34] Citing Jasa Romano, Tomasevich notes that from Serbia Proper, the Germans killed 11,000 Jews, plus an additional 3,800 Jews from the German-minority-controlled, Banat region.[47]
According to Jelena Subotić, of the 33,500 Jews who lived in Serbia pre-occupation, around 27,000 were killed in the Holocaust. In German-occupied Serbia approximately 12,000 of the 17,000 Jews were killed very early into the war, including almost all 11,000 Belgrade Jews.[48]
According to Yugoslav experts and post-war reports by Yugoslav government commissions, almost all Jews from Serbia, including the Banat, appeared to have been killed. Those Jews who joined the Partisans survived as well as Jewish members of the Royal Yugoslav Army captured in the invasion who ended up in Germany as prisoners of war. This means that the number of murdered Jews is around 16,000 while Romano in his latest estimates reduced that number to 15,000 killed.[49]
As of 2019, Yad Vashem recognizes 139 Serbians asRighteous Among the Nations. The numbers of Righteous are not necessarily an indication of the actual number of rescuers in each country, but reflect the cases that were made available to Yad Vashem.[50] Jaša Almuli, former president of the Jewish Association in Belgrade, wrote that the number of saved Jews was not higher because the occupying forces introduced the cruellest regime in Europe, besides theSoviet Union, which included the retaliation laws and prescribed executions.[51]Raphael Lemkin noted that Serbs were forbidden to help Jews by orders which provided thedeath penalty for sheltering or hiding Jews or accepting and buying objects of value from them.[52]
Serbia is the first country in Europe which adopted a law for restitution of properties of Jewish heirless victims of the Holocaust.[53] According to this law, besides this restitution, Serbia will make 950,000 EUR annual payment from its budget to the Union of Jewish Municipalities starting from 2017.[54] The World Jewish Restitution Organization (WJRO) praised the adoption of this law while its chair of operations invited other countries to follow Serbia's example. The Embassy of Israel in Serbia issued a release welcoming the adoption of this law and emphasizing that Serbia should be an example for other countries in Europe. The release of the Embassy of Israel concluded: "The new law is a noble act of a great country that will breathe new life into the small Jewish community that it is today."[55]
During the 1990s, the role Nedić and Ljotić played in the extermination of Serbia's Jews was downplayed by several Serbian historians.[56] In 1993, theSerbian Academy of Sciences and Arts listed Nedić amongThe 100 most prominent Serbs.[57]
In 2006 a portrait ofMilan Nedić was hung along with those of other Serbian heads of State in the Government of Serbia building. This and other attempts at rehabilitating Nedić met with sharp criticism, including from Aleksandar Lebl, head of the Association of Jewish Communities of Serbia who stated "Nedić was anti-Semitic, as were his government, police and armed forces – all these took part in the persecution of Jews, only the initiators and executors were German."[58] In 2009 Nedić’s portrait was removed after the initiative made byIvica Dačić.[58]
Following thebreakup of Yugoslavia, local councillors in Smederevo campaigned to have the town's largest square named after Ljotić. The councillors defended Ljotić's wartime record and justified the initiative by stating that "[collaboration] ... is what the biological survival of the Serbian people demanded" during World War II.[59] Later, the Serbian magazinePogledi published a series of articles attempting to exonerate Ljotić.[60] In 1996, future YugoslavPresidentVojislav Koštunica praised Ljotić in a public statement.[61] Koštunica and hisDemocratic Party of Serbia (Demokratska stranka Srbije, DSS) actively campaigned to rehabilitate figures such as Ljotić and Nedić following theoverthrow ofSlobodan Milošević and his socialist government in October 2000.[61]
Srbija je prva država u Evropi koja je donela zakon o vraćanju imovine Jevreja ubijenih u Holokaustu koji nemaju naslednike. Profesor Filozofskog fakulteta Nikola Samardžić kaže da je suočavanje sa Holokaustom ozbiljno i da je Srbija lider u Evropi po ovom zakonu.
