| The Adventures of Robin Hood | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Theatrical release poster, byAlex Raymond | |
| Directed by | Michael Curtiz William Keighley |
| Screenplay by | |
| Produced by | |
| Starring | |
| Cinematography | |
| Edited by | Ralph Dawson |
| Music by | Erich Wolfgang Korngold |
| Color process | Technicolor |
Production company | |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures |
Release date |
|
Running time | 102 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $2,033,000[2][3] |
| Box office | $3,981,000[2][3] |
The Adventures of Robin Hood is a 1938 Americanepicswashbuckler film fromWarner Bros. Pictures. It was produced byHal B. Wallis andHenry Blanke, directed byMichael Curtiz andWilliam Keighley, and written byNorman Reilly Raine andSeton I. Miller.
It starsErrol Flynn as the legendary Saxon knightRobin Hood, who inRichard I's absence in theHoly Land during theCrusades, fights back as the outlaw leader of a rebel guerrilla band against Prince John and the Norman lords oppressing the Saxon commoners. The cast also includesOlivia de Havilland,Basil Rathbone,Claude Rains,Patric Knowles,Eugene Pallette, andAlan Hale.
Upon its premiere on May 14, 1938,The Adventures of Robin Hood was very well received by critics. The film was a commercial success; it grossed around $4 million at the box office, making it one of thehighest grossers of 1938.
At the11th Academy Awards, it received four nominations, winning three—Best Art Direction (Carl Jules Weyl),Best Film Editing (Ralph Dawson) andBest Original Score (Erich Wolfgang Korngold). In 1995,The Adventures of Robin Hood was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by theLibrary of Congress and selected for preservation by theNational Film Registry.
Richard, theNorman King of England, is taken captive in 1191 byDuke Leopold while returning from theThird Crusade. Richard's treacherous brotherPrince John, aided by fellow NormanSir Guy of Gisbourne, names himself regent of England, increasing theSaxons' taxes under the pretense of gathering a ransom for Richard.
The Normans exploit and oppress the Saxons.Sir Robin of Locksley, a Saxon noble, opposes the brutality and rescuesMuch the Miller's Son from being executed forpoaching, earning Gisbourne's ire. Robin later confronts Prince John at aNottingham Castle banquet, telling the assembled guests that he regards John's declaring himself regent as treason. John orders Robin's execution, but he escapes and flees with Much andWill Scarlet intoSherwood Forest. John seizes Robin's lands and names him outlaw.
Much is sent to recruit men to join their band. Robin and Will encounterJohn the Little on alog bridge, and after aquarterstaff contest, welcome him into their ranks. Dozens more men join Robin's band, swearing an oath to despoil the rich while aiding the poor, to fight injustice, and to show courtesy to all oppressed. They start a war against John and Gisbourne, dispatching those who abuse their power.
Robin's band encounters the rotundFriar Tuck, a renowned swordsman. Tuck joins the band and assists in capturing a company of Normans transporting a shipment of gathered taxes. In the company are Gisbourne, the cowardlySheriff of Nottingham, and King Richard's wardLady Marian. After their capture, the men are humiliated at a celebratory woodland banquet, with Marian given a seat of honor. Initially scornful, she comes to share Robin's views after he shows her examples of Norman brutality against the Saxons. Robin sends the convoy back to Nottingham Castle, telling them that they have Marian's presence to thank for their lives being spared.
Having noted Robin's focus on Marian during the Sherwood banquet, the sheriff suggests hosting an archery tournament, with the Lady Marian presenting a golden arrow as the prize to entrap Robin. Robin enters the tournament, is recognized by his archery skill, and is captured and sentenced to be hanged. Marian aids Robin's Men in a scheme to save him. After his daring escape, he scales the palace walls to thank her, and the two pledge their love for one another. Marian declines Robin's marriage proposal, electing to instead remain in the castle as a spy.
King Richard returns with several of his knights. The Bishop of the Black Canons sees through Richard's disguise and alerts John. John sends disgraced former knight Dickon Malbete to kill Richard, promising Dickon Robin's title and lands. Marian overhears and writes to Robin, but is found out by Gisbourne and sentenced to death. Her nursemaid, Bess, tells Much everything. He intercepts Dickon and kills him after a fight.
Richard and his men, disguised as Norman monks, travel through Sherwood and are stopped by Robin. Assuring Robin they are on the king's business, Richard accepts Robin's offer of hospitality and his condemnation of the Holy Crusade, but does not reveal his identity.
Much relays Bess' news. Robin orders his men to find and protect Richard; now certain of Robin's loyalty, Richard reveals himself. Robin coerces the Bishop of the Black Canons to allow them to join his monks in disguise so they can enter Nottingham Castle. Once inside, Richard announces his presence, and a huge melee erupts. Robin kills Gisbourne after a lengthy duel, frees Marian, and prompts John's men to surrender.
Returned to his throne, Richard banishes John, the Sheriff, and the Bishop from England "for the remainder of my lifetime." He restores Robin's rank, raising him to Baron of Locksley and Earl of Sherwood and Nottingham. The king alsopardons Robin's men, and commands Robin to take the hand of the Lady Marian in marriage. As Robin exits the castle with her, he responds "May I obey all your commands with equal pleasure, sire."
Uncredited:
The Adventures of Robin Hood was produced at an estimated cost of $2 million, the most expensive filmWarner Bros. had made up to that time.[4] It was also the studio's second film using the three-stripTechnicolor process.[5] The film was, in fact, planned to be shot in black and white for most of its development; the switch to Technicolor happened just three months before production started.[6] It was an unusually extravagant production for the Warner Bros. studio, which was known in the 1930s for socially conscious crime films.[7]
Producer Hal B. Wallis is generally supposed to have been the film's creative helmsman.[5] The first draft of the script was written by Rowland Lee, but Wallis objected to its heavily archaic and fanciful dialogue (one line he cited was "Oh my lord, tarry not too long, for I fear that in her remorse she may fling herself from the window. Some harm may befall her, I know."). At Wallis's insistence, the script was heavily rewritten to modernize the dialogue, and whether any of Lee's work survives in the completed film is unclear.[6]
The scene in which Robin Hood first meets Prince John, Guy of Gisbourne, and Maid Marian went through several iterations. Initially, the scene was to be at a jousting tournament with Robin tilting against Guy of Gisbourne, mimicking the 1922Douglas Fairbanks production ofRobin Hood, but screenwriter Norman Reilly Raine pointed out that a banquet scene would be much less expensive to produce, and so long as Technicolor was employed would look just as lavish to the average moviegoer.[6] In another draft, instead of a deer, a slain villager was who Robin Hood brought in and dumped on Prince John's table. Wallis felt the use of a dead villager expended all the tension of the scene in "a momentary kick" and preferred the use of a deer from an earlier draft, which allowed the tension to simmer with the threat of an explosion at any moment.[6] During the brawl where Robin escapes from the banquet hall, Basil Rathbone was trampled by an extra whose spear cut his foot badly, requiring eight stitches to close the wound.[8]
James Cagney was originally cast as Robin Hood but walked out on his Warner Bros. contract, paving the way for the role to go toErrol Flynn.[5] The filming was postponed three years as a result.[9] Though Olivia de Havilland was an early frontrunner for the role of Maid Marian, for a time the studio vacillated betweenAnita Louise and her for the part. De Havilland was ultimately chosen because the success ofCaptain Blood established the pairing of Flynn and de Havilland as a safe bet to help ensure box-office success.[6]
Location work forThe Adventures of Robin Hood includedBidwell Park inChico, California, which substituted forSherwood Forest,[10] although one major scene was filmed at the California locations "Lake Sherwood" and "Sherwood Forest", so named because they were the location sites for the Fairbanks production ofRobin Hood. Several scenes were shot at theWarner Bros. Burbank Studios and the Warner Ranch inCalabasas. The archery tournament was filmed at the formerBusch Gardens,[11] now part ofLower Arroyo Park,[12] inPasadena.
Scenes which were filmed but not included in the final cut include the disguised King Richard brawling with Friar Tuck, and Robin riding off with Maid Marian; the latter would have been the concluding scene of the film and appears in the theatrical trailer despite not appearing in the film itself.[6]
All the arrows in the film were shot by professional archerHoward Hill.[6] Those actors shot with arrows wore clothing padded with balsa wood on protective metal plates that prevented injury, though impact was fairly painful and the arrows lodged into the balsa wood to create the illusion of bodily penetration.[6] Although listed as the archer captain defeated by Robin, Hill was cast as Elwyn the Welshman, an archer seen shooting at Robin in his escape from Nottingham Castle and later defeated by Robin at the archery tournament. To win, Robin splits the arrow of Philip of Arras, a captain of the guard under Gisbourne, who had struck the bullseye. Hill did in fact split one arrow with another during filming (albeit while firing from a much closer range than that from which Robin Hood is portrayed as shooting). However, the resulting footage did not look good enough on film, so the shot was redone with some effects trickery.[6] Stuntman Buster Wiles, a close friend of Errol Flynn's and his frequent on-set stand-in, maintained that the arrow-splitting stunt was carried out using an extra-large arrow (for the target) and that the second arrow had a wide, flat arrowhead and was fired along a wire. This wire is briefly visible attached to thefletching of the arrow in the final film. Wiles discusses the scene in his autobiography,My Days with Errol Flynn.
Flynn performed most of his own stunts in the film; exceptions include Robin jumping onto a horse with hands tied behind his back during the hanging scene, scaling the fortress gate and coming down the other side, and a few select shots in the duel between Robin and Guy of Gisbourne.[6]
In 1938,Erich Wolfgang Korngold was conducting opera in Austria when he was asked by Warner Bros. to return to Hollywood and compose a score forThe Adventures of Robin Hood.[13]: 27 Music historian Laurence E. MacDonald notes that many factors made the film a success, including its cast, its Technicolor photography, and fast-paced direction byMichael Curtiz, but "most of all, there is Korngold's glorious music".[14]: 49 Also, film historianRudy Behlmer describes Korngold's contribution to this and his other films:
Korngold's score was a splendid added dimension. His style for the Flynn swashbucklers resembled that of the creators of late 19th-century and early 20th-century German symphonic tone poems. It incorporated chromatic harmonies, lush instrumental effects, passionate climaxes—all performed in a generally romantic manner. Korngold's original and distinctive style was influenced by the Wagnerianleitmotif, the orchestral virtuosity of Richard Strauss, the delicacy and broad melodic sweep ofPuccini, and the long-line development of Gustav Mahler.[15]: 38
In reply to Warner Bros.’ request, Korngold told studio head of production Hal B. Wallis that he was a composer of drama and the heart and felt little connection to what he perceived as "a 90% action picture."[6] Wallis was persistent, and Korngold finally agreed to begin composing on the condition that he not have a contract and work on a week-by-week basis so that he could withdraw if he were dissatisfied with the music he composed. However, Korngold later admitted that the real reason he changed his mind wasAdolf Hitler's November 1937 meeting with Austrian ministers, which convinced Korngold that the situation was no longer safe in his home country.[6] As Korngold feared, Austria wasannexed by the Nazis, and his home in Vienna was confiscated.[15]: 35 This meant that all Jews in Austria were then at risk, so Korngold stayed in the USA until the end ofWorld War II.[16]
Korngold called his film scores "Opern ohne Singen", operas without singing, but otherwise approached their composition just as he would for the operatic stage.The Adventures of Robin Hood was, therefore, a large-scale symphonic work, and despite the studio music department's providing a team of orchestrators, including future Oscar-winnerHugo Friedhofer, to assist Korngold, the amount of work was immense, especially for the limited time he was given to compose. Erich described this dilemma to his father Julius Korngold, one of Vienna's foremost music critics, and the elder Korngold suggested that themes from his 1920 symphonic overture "Sursum Corda" ("Lift Up Your Hearts") would serve splendidly for much of the most demanding action-scene music, and Erich agreed.
It also won for Korngold his secondAcademy Award for Best Original Score and established the symphonic style that was later used in action films during Hollywood's Golden Age.[14]: 50 Modern-day epics such as theStar Wars andIndiana Jones trilogies similarly included original symphonic scores.[14]: 50 ComposerJohn Williams has cited Korngold as his inspiration in scoring theStar Wars series.[17]: 717 The love theme of Robin and Marian went on to become a celebrated concert piece.[citation needed]
Contemporary reviews were highly positive. "A richly produced, bravely bedecked, romantic and colorful show, it leaps boldly to the forefront of this year's best", wroteFrank S. Nugent ofThe New York Times. The movie premiered at theRadio City Music Hall.[18] "It is cinematic pageantry at its best", ravedVariety. "A highly imaginative retelling of folklore in all the hues of Technicolor, deserving handsome box office returns".[19]Film Daily called it "high class entertainment" with "excellent direction" and an "ideal choice" in the casting of Flynn.[20] "Excellent entertainment!" wroteHarrison's Reports. "Adventure, romance, comedy, and human appeal have been skilfully blended to give satisfaction on all counts ... The duel in the closing scenes between the hero and his arch enemy is the most exciting ever filmed".[21]John Mosher ofThe New Yorker called it "a rich, showy, and, for all its tussles, somewhat stolid affair", praising Flynn's performance and the action sequences but finding the "excellent collection" of supporting actors to be "somewhat buried under the medieval panoply".[22]Review aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes reports that 100% of critics gave the film a positive rating based on 51 reviews, with an average score of 9.00/10. The film is 13th on their list of the 100 best classic films.[23] Rotten Tomatoes summarizes the critical consensus as, "Errol Flynn thrills as the legendary title character, and the film embodies the type of imaginative family adventure tailor-made for the silver screen".[24]Metacritic, which uses aweighted average, assigned the film a score of 97 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[25]
The Adventures of Robin Hood became the sixth-highest-grossing film ofthe year,[4] with just over $4 million in revenues[3] at a time when the average ticket price was less than 25 cents.[26]
According to Warner Bros records, the film earned $1,928,000 domestically and $2,053,000 overseas.[2]
In1938,The Adventures of Robin Hood was the eighth-highest-grossing film nationally in the U.S., and the highest-grossing film the same year in the southern states of Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas.[27]
Warner Bros. was so pleased with the results that the studio cast Flynn in two more color epics before the end of the decade:Dodge City andThe Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex.[28]
A sequel,Sir Robin of Locksley, was announced, but never developed.[9]
| Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Academy Awards[29] | Outstanding Production | Hal B. Wallis andHenry Blanke | Nominated |
| Best Art Direction | Carl Jules Weyl | Won | |
| Best Film Editing | Ralph Dawson | Won | |
| Best Original Score | Erich Wolfgang Korngold | Won | |
| DVD Exclusive Awards | Best Deleted Scenes, Outtakes and Bloopers | Michael Crawford and Jeff Kurtti | Nominated |
| National Film Preservation Board | National Film Registry | Inducted | |
| Online Film & Television Association Awards[30] | Hall of Fame – Motion Picture | Inducted | |
| Saturn Awards[31] | Best DVD Classic Film Release | Won | |
Other honors:
The film's popularity inextricably linked Errol Flynn's name and image with that of Robin Hood in the public eye, even more so than those ofDouglas Fairbanks, who had played the role in 1922.[32] The film became a benchmark for later movie adaptations of Robin Hood.
This was the third film to pair Flynn and Olivia de Havilland (afterCaptain Blood andThe Charge of the Light Brigade). They would ultimately star together in nine films, the aforementioned andFour's a Crowd (1938),The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939),Dodge City (1939),Santa Fe Trail (1940),They Died with Their Boots On (1941) andThank Your Lucky Stars (1943), although they shared no scenes in the last film.[33]
Scenes and costumes worn by the characters have been imitated and spoofed endlessly. For instance, in the 1949Bugs Bunny animatedshort film,Rabbit Hood, Bugs is continually told by a dim-witted Little John, "Don't you worry, never fear; Robin Hood will soon be here." When Bugs finally meets Robin at the end of the film, he is stunned to find that it is Errol Flynn, in a spliced-in clip from this film (he subsequently shakes his head and declares, "Itcouldn't be him!"). Other parodies wereDaffy Duck andPorky Pig inRobin Hood Daffy (1958) andGoofy andBlack Pete inGoof Troop episode "Goofin' Hood & His Melancholy Men" (1992).
The cat-and-mouse cartoon duoTom and Jerry have twice taken on the Robin Hood legend, first in the 1958 shortRobin Hoodwinked, which implies heavily that its events take place during the Flynn movie, and again in the 2012 animated featureRobin Hood and His Merry Mouse.
The Court Jester, a musical comedy starringDanny Kaye, is in great measure a spoof of Robin Hood.Basil Rathbone even appears as the villain and has a climactic sword fight with Kaye.
In 1982, comedian and impressionistRich Little played all the major roles in the aptly-titled television specialRich Little's Robin Hood, portrayingGroucho Marx as Robin,Carol Channing as Marian,Humphrey Bogart as Prince John,John Wayne as Little John, and many others. Many features of the Flynn film were lampooned, including the stairway sword fight between Robin and Sir Guy (Little imitatingPeter Sellers asInspector Jacques Clouseau). When the pair execute a maneuver twice, Robin asks, "Didn't we do this just now?" to which Guy replies, "Yes, but we did not get it right!"
The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood, a 1984 telefilm starringGeorge Segal as the outlaw andMorgan Fairchild as Maid Marian, borrows heavily from the Flynn film and spoofs many sequences including the banquet which Robin Hood crashes... disguised as a woman. In one scene, a villager mistakes Robin forIvanhoe. When Robin tells her, "I'm Robin Hood," one of the Sheriff's soldiers mutters to himself, "I thought Errol Flynn was Robin Hood." The looks of many of the characters closely match the originals, primarily the villainous triumvirate ofRoddy McDowall as Prince John,Tom Baker as Sir Guy, andNeil Hallett as the Sheriff.
Most of the 1993Mel Brooks parodyRobin Hood: Men in Tights relied on this film for its aesthetics, although the plot was almost completely a riff onRobin Hood: Prince of Thieves, as well as referencing the1973 Disney version. Mel Brooks also spoofed the Robin Hood legend in his 1975 television seriesWhen Things Were Rotten.
ActorMatthew Poretta, who played Will Scarlet in Brooks's film, went on to play Robin himself in the first two seasons of the television seriesThe New Adventures of Robin Hood, one episode of which featured Robin and his team visiting a Robin Hood festival. One of the contestants in a Robin Hood lookalike contest was dressed to look like Flynn, prompting Robin to wonder just who the contestant was supposed to be.
A fragment of one of the film's sword fighting scenes was converted tosprites byJordan Mechner and used for his 1989platform gamePrince of Persia.[34]
Errol Flynn's acrobatic swordplay became a crucial touchstone for thelight-saber duels choreography inStar Wars movies.[35]
InDisney’s 2010 animated filmTangled, the appearance and personality ofFlynn Rider are partly inspired by that of Errol Flynn,[citation needed] with his surname also being used in homage.[36]
In 2025,The Hollywood Reporter listedThe Adventures of Robin Hood as having the best stunts of 1938.[37]
Knockout Comic (weekly picture paper,Amalgamated Press, London) No 434, June 21, 1947 – No 447, September 20, 1947, 14 issues, 28pp in black-and-white and drawn by Michael Hubbard)[38][39] Produced when the film was first revived afterWorld War II, with several deviations made from the film's plot, thecomic strip's storyline is generally faithful to the look and narrative of the Warner Bros.' film. However, the famous climactic duel between Robin and Sir Guy is reduced to a couple of strip panels, with Robin remaining dressed in his earlier monk's habit. The strip opens with a joust between Robin and Sir Guy, a scene which was in the original screenplay, but was never actually filmed.[15]
London'sWard, Lock & Co. published a thick children's book entitledThe Adventures of Robin Hood to coincide with the film's opening. Although no year is given it must have appeared early in 1938 since Warner's publicity department used the hand-tinted pictures found in the book—whose costume colors are often different from those in the film—for Sunday supplements in newspapers. With very few differences, the storyline hews closely to that of the screenplay, even inserting the fight between Friar Tuck and the disguised King Richard deleted from the final print. 16 color plates and well over 100 black and white stills, all taken from the movie, are scattered throughout the text.
Another, thinner but taller, hardbound edition came out without a date but in what must have been 1955. This is deduced from its dust-jacket, the rear fold-over of which contains an advertisement for Ward, Lock's storybook version ofRogues of Sherwood Forest, a film which appeared in 1955. In this volume only 8 color plates appeared but all the black and white photos are reprinted and the text is identical to the first version. Yet another edition,similar to the second was produced, again, without a year and also sans dust jacket, the picture from the dust-jacket being printed in color directly onto the book's hard cover.
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