Thames Gateway is a term applied to an area around theThames Estuary in the context of discourse around regeneration and further urbanisation. The term was first coined by theUK government and applies to an area of land stretching 70 kilometres (43 mi) east from inner east and south-east London on both sides of theRiver Thames and the Thames Estuary. It stretches fromWestferry inTower Hamlets to theIsle of Sheppey/Southend-on-Sea and extends across threeceremonial counties.
The area was designated during the early years of theBlair ministry as a national priority for urban regeneration because it contained large amounts ofbrownfield land and to take advantage of rail capacity improvements created atStratford and in parts ofKent, by theHigh Speed 1 railway (officially known as the Channel Tunnel Rail Link). The term was first coined by the UK government, with the government and others also use the term Thames Estuary to apply to the area.[1][2] Much of the brownfield land has now been redeveloped.
The Thames Gateway has a population of over 3 million[3] and comprises generallyThameside belts of 16 local government districts:
| County | Districts |
|---|---|
| London | From the North East and South East Londonsub-region, the London boroughs ofBarking and Dagenham,Bexley,Greenwich,Havering,Lewisham,Newham andTower Hamlets. These have non-planning powers similar to unitary authorities, however are influenced in planning by theMayor of London andLondon Assembly. |
| Essex | Planning authorities (influenced only byEssex County Council) (that is, non-metropolitan districts):Basildon,Castle Point andRochford; and the (planning and) unitary authorities ofThurrock andSouthend-on-Sea |
| Kent | Planning authorities (influenced only byKent County Council) (that is, non-metropolitan districts):Dartford,Gravesham and western parts ofSwale; and the (planning and) unitary authority ofMedway |
The immediate settlements next to the types of land indicated, not taking the authorities as a whole, contains about half of the population of those authorities: 1.6 million people and contained in the 2000 survey some of the most deprived wards in the country, characterised by lack of access to public transport, services, employment and affordable quality housing, in particular having manyoverspill estates from earlierslum clearance and London's urban planning – examples being fromThamesmead toSouthend-on-Sea.[4]
Its boundary was drawn to capture the riverside strip that formerly hosted many land-occupying industries, serving London and the South East, whose decline has left a patchy legacy of dereliction and contaminated land. Striking precursor examples of development are those pioneered atCanary Wharf and on theGreenwich Peninsula, which the governments since 2000 have aimed to reflect across this area (having widespread comparable land use to those tracts of land).[4]
Its brownfield land, farmland and wildsalt marshland has been seen by successive governments and planners as having potential to act as a catalyst for the regeneration and growth and for the social advancement of the area, helping to alleviate some of the growth pressures on London and the South East. Amid steep house price inflation and aneconomic boom in 2004 the government also expressed the firm belief that new private sector housing here and elsewhere would reduce that inflation.[5]
Parts of the area are of settled character and/or already densely populated with little scope for housing developments: Southend-on-Sea, for example, is the eighthmost densely populated district in the country outside London and mass expansion is not desired owing to the river at the south, the need for leisure space and animal habitat (mostly in thebuffer zones separating communities) and an economic desire and legal demand to preserve the existing character ofhousing estates.
TheDepartment for Communities and Local Government is responsible for co-ordinating the project.
The Thames Gateway project aims to improve the economy of the region through the development of marshland, farmland and brownfield land, through major transport infrastructure provision and the renaissance of existing urban conurbations.[6]
Comparisons may be drawn with developments east of Paris along theMarne valley, which applied to a significantly smaller volume of land.
Formerly the development was in part delivered by the threeregional development agencies: theLondon Development Agency (LDA – part of theGreater London Authority), theEast of England Development Agency (EEDA) and theSouth East England Development Agency (SEEDA), as well as the national regeneration agency,English Partnerships.
Development that is supplemental to councils' own development plans is delivered through Local Authorities (Councils), special purpose development corporations and local enterprise partnerships, all of which are eligible for grants from government departments funded byHM Treasury. Additional government funds were supplied to the Regional Development Agencies who supported some projects in the Gateway.
Formerly, the development was split into zones each with a different agency responsible for delivery. The zones were:
| Region | Zones | Former delivery agencies |
|---|---|---|
| London |
| London Thames Gateway Development Corporation |
| Greenwich Partnership and Bexley Partnership | |
| South East |
| Kent Thameside Delivery Board, Medway Renaissance Partnership, Swale Forward |
| East | Thurrock Thames Gateway Development Corporation, Basildon Renaissance Partnership and Renaissance Southend |
Before 2003 most conspicuous development was situated west ofBeckton. There have been substantial housing schemes atChafford Hundred,Chatham andGreenhithe and there is a large shopping centre atBluewater.
| Region | Project | Description | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| London, East, South East | High Speed 1 | High speed rail line linkingStratford andEbbsfleet stations in the Gateway area to central London and continental Europe. | Fully operational. |
| London | Thames Gateway Bridge | Road bridge between Beckton and Thamesmead near to the existingWoolwich Ferry. Designed to provide segregated bus, tram or DLR carriage.[citation needed] | Cancelled[7] |
| London | Stratford City | 73 hectares (180 acres) mixed use site of 200 shops, three large department stores, cafés, schools, hotels, parks and health centres. 11,000 residents and 30,000 workers. Part of the site was used for the London 2012 Olympics.[citation needed] | Completed. |
| London | East London Transit | The East London Transit is an intermodal transport scheme to connect housing developments to rail and tube. | Phase I opened Feb 2010. |
| London | White Hart Triangle | Mainly derelict land close toPlumstead railway station that was developed with the aim of creating 2000 new jobs, with funding from theLondon Development Agency andEuropean Union. | Completed |
| East | London Gateway | Port with logistics and a business park. The port was developed atShell Haven, a 607 hectares (1,500 acres) site in Thurrock.[4] The two schemes were originally expected to create up to 16,500 new jobs.[8] | Completed |
| East | Southend-on-Sea | The council is using money provided through the scheme to redevelop the town centre and seafront and create a "transport corridor" along the A13.[citation needed] | |
| East | Basildon District | £2 billion major developments planned. These include the regeneration of Basildon, Wickford, Pitsea and Laindon town centres; a new sporting village, a health and education research centre, investment in the Basildon Enterprise Corridor business area, a wetland nature reserves in the Thames Marshes and investment in housing estates such as Craylands, Five Links and Felmores. | |
| South East | Ebbsfleet Valley | Ebbsfleet Valley was constructed in the area around Ebbsfleet International station. It consists of over 790,000 square metres (8,500,000 sq ft) of mixed-use development, including housing, retail, residential, hotel and leisure sites. | |
| South East | Swanscombe Peninsula | Previously the location of the Swanscombe Cement Works, this 130-hectare (1.3-square-kilometre; 0.50-square-mile) site, partly in both Dartford and Gravesham, is planned to have 2,700 homes and 500,000 sq ft (50,000 m2) of office space.[citation needed] | |
| South East | The Bridge | Lying close to theQueen Elizabeth II Bridge on and around the site of the former Joyce Green Hospital, this 107-hectare (1.07-square-kilometre; 0.41-square-mile) development will have 1.5 million square feet (140,000 m2) of business space and 1500 residences.[citation needed] | |
| South East | Dartford Northern Gateway | In early 2006SEEDA (The South East England Development Agency) purchased a 2.6-hectare site on the edge of Dartford which had been used by Unwins, an off-license chain, which went into administration in 2005. They also purchased the neighbouring Matrix Business Centre to protect its future. They intend to develop the site with a mixture of retail and other businesses and housing.[citation needed] It is also the home to The Orchestra of the Thames Gateway, an organisation that has given more than 230 performances in the Gateway area up until the end of 2009. | |
| South East | Stone Castle | It is located to the north ofBluewater Shopping Centre and will be a mix of residences, a new publicly accessible linear park in St Clement's Valley and a high quality business park set back from St Clement's Way.[citation needed] Phase 1 is known as Waterstone Park, where about 200 of an eventual 650 residences have been built. | |
| South East | Northfleet Embankment | An industrial site of 74hectares (0.74 km2) with 1.9 km of river frontage. Key sites have been acquired bySEEDA to prepare for the re-development of the area, which could potentially begin once the Northfleet Cement Works moves to theMedway Valley in 2008.[citation needed] | |
| South East | Chatham Town Centre & Waterfront | Projected to deliver 1500 new homes, plus a variety of other projects, including theDickens World tourist attraction (opened May 2007, closed 2016); theGreat Lines City Park; refurbishment and expansion of the Pentagon shopping centre with 1,4000 square metres of new stores and leisure facilities; a new 'cultural quarter' centred onMedway REACH, a new 2000 seatauditorium. Funding is being sought for acable car system across theRiver Medway.[citation needed] | |
| South East | Gillingham Waterfront[9] | 1000 new residences and 200 new jobs were projected to be created on this 32-hectare site by 2010. This site includes thePeel Group "Chatham Waters" site and theBerkeley Homes "Victory Pier" housing development. | |
| South East | Rochester Riverside | Key sites have been acquired byMedway Council and other areas are being acquiredSEEDA to prepare for the re-development of the area, with 30 hectares being cleared and decontaminated. Proposed plans include 1700 new residences. Planning permission was granted in late 2017.[10] 2.5 kilometres of new river wall have been constructed, with the site also being raised by 2 metres.[citation needed] | |
| South East | Strood Riverside | About 500 new homes, improved waterfront access and improved flood defences. This site has not yet started construction. | |
| South East | Temple Waterfront | A 21-hectare site with a possible 600 new homes and part of the waterfront designated for nature conservation. According toMedway Renaissance, the potential for a new railway station is being investigated.[citation needed] |
Proposals for a large international airport onCliffe Marshes were dropped from the government'swhite paper on air transport in 2003 after they were rejected by local residents, the local council, as well as conservation charities such as theRSPB. The plan, which would have required the raising the ground level by 15 m.[11] was also rejected by theConfederation of British Industry as too expensive.[12]
On the question of airport capacity, the Government had established the independent Airports Commission, headed until 2015 by SirHoward Davies. The Commission examined the nature, scale and timing of any requirement for additional capacity to maintain the UK's global hub status. The Aviation Policy Framework of March 2013 was an important piece in the jigsaw, setting out the principles which the commission would take into account in presenting its recommendations reported in 2013 and in 2015.[13] The options included an outside possibility of a floating airport off theIsle of Sheppey.[14]
Historically the north ofKent has always been marshland but has been coming under great pressure by developers. A public inquiry found in favour of a rail freight depot proposed byProLogis at Howbury inSlade Green.[15] The proposal was to develop part of theMetropolitan Green Belt in theCrayford Marshes beside the existing railway depot. Roxhill Developments Ltd.[16] had sought to modify the planned 149 acre "sustainable distribution park with modern multi modal connections" since at least 2015.[17]
The London Development Agency perceived some strategic merit in the proposals,[citation needed] but local councillors were not convinced that such a depot would truly encourage train movements as an alternative to road haulage.[citation needed] This scepticism arose partly because the railways in the area are heavily used by scheduled passenger trains, to the extent that the projectedCrossrail programme seemed unlikely to progress to Dartford unless new tracks were laid to boost local rail capacity.[citation needed] TheProLogis appeal was upheld by a 2007 Public Inquiry on the basis that the proposal supported theEnergy policy of the United Kingdom and generated new jobs. Counter-arguments included that eventual warehouse occupiers would not use the site in the manner suggested, that continuous noise levels would exceedWHO Community Noise Guidelines at homes in Moat Lane and that night-time noise levels risked generating complaints from residents at Moat Lane and Oak Road.[15]
The Environment Agency advised that future development in the "Thames Gateway" must go hand-in-hand withflood risk management, and take account of future plans for flood protection. The Agency insisted it was important that effective flood risk management of the whole Estuary be not prejudiced by premature decisions and developments.[18]
The Government addressed some of these environmental concerns by designating the Thames Gateway as the UK's "eco-region", first announced in the 2007 Thames Gateway Delivery Plan.[19] The objective of the "eco-region" was to protect and enhance the sustainability of the "Thames Gateway" in terms of environmental quality, carbon reduction, and support for "green" economic development. This vision was elaborated in the 2008 Thames Gateway "eco-region prospectus",[20] and implementation efforts were led by theHomes and Communities Agency with support across government and [unspecified] local stakeholders.
The liminal and sometimes bleak settings of the Thames Gateway have inspired several cultural works.
